Myanmar Family Magazine Volume 2

www.myanmarfamily.org

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ModelqkdwJhpum;vkH;[m Latinpum;vkH;“Modelium”

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yHk (3)

yHk (4)

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yHk(11)

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yHk(12)

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yHk(13)

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yHk(16)

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yHk(19)

E:\backup diver\Drivers Backupqdkonfhae&mwGif backup vkyfxm;aom driver rsm;&Sdygu Yesbutton udk click vkyfyg/ (yHk-20)/ xdkae&mwGif&Sdygonf/xdkaMumifh Yes button udk click vkyfonf/ xdktcg yHk-22wGif jrif&onfh dialog box usvmrnf/

wu,fvdkU E:\backup diver\Drivers Backupqdkonfhae&mwGif backup vkyfxm;aom driver rsm;r&SdyguNo button udk click vkyfyg/ (yHk-20)/ xdktcg yHk-21 wGifjrif&onfh dialog box usvmrnf/ rdrd backup vkyfxm;aomdriver rsm;udk awGUatmif&Smyg/ awGUvQif select vkyfjyD; OKbutton udk click vkyfyg/ xdktcg yHk-22 wGif jrif&onfh dialogbox usvmrnf/

yHk(20)

yHk(21)

yHk(22)

uRefawmfwdkUonf driver tm;vHk;udk restorevkyfrnfjzpfaomaMumifh tm;vHk;udk select vkyfygrnf/ yHk-22 wGif drivertm;vHk;udk select vkyfjyD;om;jzpfaeygonf/ 'Dawmh Startrestore buttonudkom EdSyf&Hkom&Sdawmhonf/ qufvkyfrvm;¿rvkyfbl;vm;¿ ar;onfh dialog box usvmrnf/ (yHk-23)/qufvkyfrnf jzpfaomaMumifh OK button udk click/ xdktcg

driver wpfckcsif;udk restore vkyfaeaMumif;awGU&rnf/ (yHk-24)/

yHk(23)

yHk(24)

wpfcgwpf&H yHk-25 rSm jyxm;aom dialog boxusvmwwfonf/ xdktcg 'Ddrivertm; rnfodkUyifjzpfap in-stall vkyfrnf (Install this driver software anyway)udk a&G;cs,fyg/

yHk(25)

Driver restoration jyD;oGm;onfhtwGuf pufudkreboot vkyf rvkyf ar;vmygjyD/ (yHk - 26 )/ vkyfvdkufavMumovm;vdkU/ click Yes button/

yHk(26)

laptop wpfvHk; 0,fvdkY vufxJa&mufa&mufcsif;yJjzpfjzpf?Windows jyefwifcgeD;bJjzpfjzpf vkyfoifhaom tvkyfwpfckuawmh driver backup jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ vkyfzdkUrcufygbl;/'gayrJh awmfawmfhudk toHk;0ifwJhtvkyfwpfckyg/

uRefawmfeJUtar;rsm;(1)uRefawmf pufydkif&Sifrsm;udk bmmodelar;vQif Toshiba

A300av[k vnf;aumif;? Dell Inspiron 1525uG[kvnf;aumif; ajzoHtjrJMum;&ygonf/ uRefawmfhtck aqmif;yg;wGif Dell Inspiron 1525 udkoHk;xm;ygonf/ Inspiron1525qdkwm model No. r[kwfyg/ series No. omjzpfonf/serial No.eJUvnf; ra&mapcsifyg/ Toshiba A300 onfseries No. jzpfonf/

uRefawmfeJUtar;rsm;(2)'gqdk Windows wifjyD;vdkY 'Dvdk driver restore

jyefvkyf&if jyD;oGm;jyDvm;¿ bmxyfvkyfzdkh vdkao;vJ¿'Dae&mrSm driver eJY toHk;cs Pprogramudk cGJajymvdk

ygw,f/In computing, a device driver or software

driver is a computer program allowing higher-level computer programs to interact with ahardware device.

A driver typically communicates with thedevice through the computer bus orcommunications subsystem to which thehardware is connected.

&Sif;atmifajym&&if Bluetoothudk LaptoprSm wyfxm;w,f/ Driver qdkwm Bluetooth eJU Laptop udk tjyeftvSefcsdwfqufaqmif&Gufay;aom Program jzpfonf/

[kwfjyD Driver wifvdkufwJhtwGuf Laptop uBluetoothudkodoGm;jyD/ uRefawmf Phone u Bluetooth eJULaptopu Bluetoot csdwfjyD; zkef;xJuzdkifawGudk Laptop qDodkUTransfervkyfygr,f/ toHk;cs ProgramudkrwifcJhbl;qdk&ifLaptoponf zkef;rS Transfervkyfvdkufaomzkdifudk rnfodkU vufcHrnfenf;/

'gaMumifh InternetrSaomfvnf;aumif;? DriverCDrSaomfvnf;aumif; uRefawmfwdkU Driver rsm;wifvdkufaomtcg tcsdKUaom Hardware rsm;twGuf xkwfvkyfolrsm;onfDriveromru toHk;cs Programudkyg Install vkyfaponf/jrifomwJh Driver rsm;uawmh Video driver? Sound driver?Bluetooth driver wdkUjzpfonf/ ¤if; Driver rsm;wifvdkufygutqdkyg HardwaretwGuf toHk;cs ProgramwpfckygwifjyD;om;jzpfaeonfudk awGU&rnf/

odkUaomf Driver MagicianuJhodkhaom Softwarersm;eJU Driverrsm;udk Restorevkyfygu tqdkygtoHk;cs Programrsm;ygvmrnf r[kwfyg/ tqdkyg Programtm;xyfjyD; Installvkyfay;zdkUvdktyfygonf/

tcuftcJuif;&Sif;Muygap/NzdK;jrifYodef;

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rsm;xJrS vlodrsm;NyD;awmh? txif½Sm;qkH;jzpfaewJh connection

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trsdK;tpm;vkdrsdK;tokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/ 'grSr[kwftjcm;vkyfaqmifcsufawGaum? uGefysLwmukd (1)vkH;ruxufykdwJh(5)vkH;avmufudkInternet connection sharing vkyfNyD;okH;r,fqkd&ifawmhbroadband connection trsdK;tpm;xJu wpfckckukda½G;cs,f&rSm jzpfygw,f/ company; office eJUtjcm; hotel, university

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connection trsdK;tpm;awGukda½G;cs,fyg/ tJ'gqkd&ifawmhrdrdwkdUtwGuf taumif;rGefqkH; Internet connection&JU0efaqmifrIawGukd &½SdNyD;awmh pdwfauseyfrIukd jzpfay:apEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/ atmufrSmuawmh jrefrmEkdifiHrSmtokH;rsm;NyD;awmhvlodrsm;aewJh Internet connection trsdK;tpm;awGukdazmfjyxm;wmjzpfygw,f/

(1) Dial-Up Connection (Dial-Up Connection

rSmaemufwpfrsdK; Internet & E-mail Dial-Up

Serviceukday;wJh Internet Connection trsdK;tpm;qkdwmvnf;½Sdygw,f/)

(2) iPSTAR Broadband Connection

(3) Broadband Wireless Local Loop

(WLL ConnectionvkdUac:ovkd? Broadband

connectionvkdUvnf;ac:ygw,f)(4) ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber

Line) Broadband Connection

(5) ADSL 2 (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber

Line 2) Broadband Connection

(6) ADSL 2+ (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber

Line 2+) Broadband Connection

(7) WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for

Microwave Access) Connection

(8) Wi-Fi Wireless Connection wkdUjzpfygw,f/tay:rSmazmfjyxm;wJ h Internet connection

trsdK;tpm;tm;vkH;ukd ISP (Internet Service Provider) tjzpfvufcHNyD;awmh 0efaqmifrIay;aewmuawmh jrefrmhqufoG,fa&;(MPT: Ministry of Post and Telecommunication)

eJU BaganNetwkdUjzpfygw,f/ ,aeUtcsdeftcgrSmawmh(MyanTel)qkdNyD;awmh ISP tm;vkH;ukd ae&mwpfae&mwnf;uaepDrHaqmif½Gufvsuf½Sdygw,f/ atmufrSm Internet Connection

tm;vkH;twGuf A[kokw&atmifeJU jrefrmEkdifiHrSmtokH;rsm;aewJh Internet connection awGtaMumif;ukdwpfpkwpfpnf;wnf; avhvmvkdU&atmif &nf½G,fcsufeJU a&;jzpfwmjzpfygw,f/ tm;vkH;vnf; odNyD;om;jzpfcsifvnf;jzpfrSmyg/jrefrmEkdifiHrSm vuf½SdtokH;jyKaewJh Internet connectionrsm;xJuae tokH;rsm;NyD;awmh vlodrsm;wJh Internet

connectionbmtrsdK;tpm;awG½Sdw,f/ b,fvkdrsdK;tokH;jyKEkdifw,fqkdwJh A[kokwav;jzpfjzpf&atmifyg/ Internet

connectionawGtaMumif;ukdvnf; wpfae&mwnf;rSmA[kokwtaeeJUzwfvkdU&atmif ykHav;awG? pmav;awGeJUwwfEdkifoavmuftao;pdwfav; azmfjyay; xm;ygw,f/ rSm;aewJhtcsuftvufawGeJU tjcm;Munfhr&wJh tcsuftvufawG½Sd&if em;vnfcGifhvTwfNyD;awmh onf;cHay;MuygcifAsm/ ('guawmh ed'gef;ayghAsm . . . . )

wpfckcsif;pD&JUtokH;jyKykHeJUtjcm;A[kokw½Sdwmav;awGukd qufzwfMunfh&atmif/1/ Dial-Up Connection

Dial-Up ConnectionukdtokH;jyKr,fqkd&ifawmhp&dwftoufomqkH;eJUtokH;jyKEkdifwJh Connection trsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/ yxrqkH;vkdtyfwmawGuawmh Desktop Computer

(okdU) Laptop; Phone Line (Digital Phone Line); Modem

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Phone LinetaeeJUuawmh Digital

Phone Linejzp f&yg hr,f/ Dial-Up

ConnectiontokH;jyKaewJhtcsdefrSmawmhzkef;ukd t0if? txGuf tm;vkH;ukdtokH;jyKvkdU

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Connection Speedukd tjynfht0eD;yg;tokH;jyKvkdU&EkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/

ISP (Internet Service Provider)taeeJUuawmh Dial-Up ConnectiontwGuf Bagan Netuaea&mif;cswJh Access Kit ukd 0,f,lxm;zkdUvkdtyfrSmjzpfygw,f/Access Kitukd0,f,lzkdUtwGuf avSsmufvTmwifp&mrvkdygbl;cifAsm/ Internet Caférsm;? Storeqkdifrsm;eJU tjcm;uGefysLwmypönf; a&mif;cswJhqkdifrsm;rSm tvG,fwuleJU0,f,lvkdU&Edkifygw,f/Access Kit xJrSmwpfcgwnf;ygwJh User NameeJU Password

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1/ Start > Control Panel > Network Connection

ukda&mufatmifoGm;yg/ (okdU) Start > Connect to > Show

all Connectionuaevnf; wkduf½kdufoGm;Ekdifygw,f/ NyD;&ifawmh Network Connections Box xJukda&muf½SdoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ Network Connection boxxJrS New Tasks

atmuf½Sd Create a New Connection ukdESdyfyg/

2/ tJ'DaemufrSmawmh New Connection Wizard

qkdwJh Boxav;wpfckay:vmrSmjzpfygw,f/

3/ Connect to the Internet ukd Green Ironbubble vkyfxm;ay;yg/ NyD;&if Nextukdqufvkyfyg/

4/ "Set up my connection manually"ukdGreen iron bubblea½G;ay;yg/ aemufNyD;&ifawmh NextukdqufNyD;awmh Clickqufvkyfyg/

5/ yxrqkH;"Connect using a dial up modem"ukda½G;cs,fvkdufyg/ NyD;&if NextukdqufESdyfyg/

6/ ISP Nameae&mwGif "BganNet" okdUr[kwf"Myantel"udk½kdufxnfhay;yg/ xkdUaemuf NextukdqufvufESdyfay;yg/

7/ Phone numberae&mwGif (146)ukd½kdufxnfhyg/146 uaewqifh Internet Service ProviderukdtquftoG,fvkyfay;rSmjzpfygw,f/ 146 vkdif;ukdac:qkdNyD;tokH;jyKwJhtwGuf zkef;zkd;0efaqmifcudkay;&rSmr[kwfygbl;/

8/ xkdUaemuf Internet Account Information

ae&mwGif User Name eJU Passwordukd½kdufxnfhyg/ (User

Name and Passworduawmh Access kitxJrSmyg0ifwJh eHygwfav;rsm;jzpfygw,f/) Confrimjzpfatmif Password ukd aemufwpfBudrfjyef½kdufyg/ NyD;&if Next ukdqufvufoGm;yg/

9/ "Add a shortcut to this connection tomy desktop"ukd checkvkyfvkdU&ygw,f/ tJ'gqkd&ifawmhrdrd DesktoprSm Connection ykHpHav;wpfcka&mufoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ rxm;csifbl;qkd&ifvnf;&ygw,f/ DesktoprSm rxm;bl;qkd&if (Start>Connect to> BaganNet connection)qkdNyD;awmh tqifhqifhoGm;&ygr,f/ NyD;aemuf Finishukd clickvkyfvkdufyg/

10. FinishvkyfNyD;wmeJU "Connect Dial-up Connection"qkdNyD;awmh Boxav;wpfckusvmrSmjzpfygw,f/ tJ'D boxav;rSmProperties udk click vkyfyg/

11/ xkd Properties box av;xJrS "Option" tag

av;ukdoGm;yg/

12/ "Option" tag atmuf½Sd Redialing Options

rSm Redial attempts, Time between redial attempts

and Idle time before hanging up box av;awGae&mwGifrdrdBuKdufESpfouf&ma½G;cs,f NyD;awmhtokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/

13/ xkdUaemufqufvufNyD; Networking tag ukdESdyfvkdufyg/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) ESifh QoS Packet

Scheduler wkdUukd checkvkyfay;yg/ NyD;&if Internet Protocol

(TCP/IP) ukda½G;NyD;aemuf "Properties"ukdESdyfyg/ NyD;aemufOK ukd ESdyfyg/

14/ tJ'DaemufrSmawmh Internet Protocol

Properties boxav;wpfckusvmrSmjzpfygw,f/ Obtain

an IP address automaticallyukd check vkyfay;yg/aemufawmh Use the following DNS server address

ukda½G;ay;yg/ NyD;aemuf 203.81.71.69 ESifh 203.81.71.73

wkdUukd½kdufxnfhxm;yg/ tJ'DaemufrSmawmh OKukd clickvkyfvdkuf yg/aemufqkH;rSmawmh OK ukdESdyfvkdufyg/ xkdUaemuf Connect

Bagan Net Boxav; qDrSm½SdwJh Dial ukd Click vkyfvdkufyg/

tJ'DaemufrSm ModemeJU zkef;uaewqifh zkef;ac:ovkdrsdK;toH Mum;&NyD;awmh ModemrS toH½SnfukdMum;vkduf&NyD;qkdwmeJUInternet Connection csdwfqufrdoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/zkef;vdkif;tm;r,fqkd&if (okdU) vkdif;½Sif;r,fqkd&ifawmh csufcsif;ukdInternet ukdcsdwfqufrdrSmjzpfygw,f/ aemufqkH;rSmawmh rdrdwkdU&JUComputer &JU Taskbar rSm ComputerESpfvkH;qifhykHav;eJUrD;av; vif;vkduf? arSmifvkdufjzpfum Bagan Net Connec-

tion is now ConnectedqkdwJh pmwrf;av;eJU Speed

(52Kbps; 54Kbps; 56Kbps)qkdwJh taMumif;av;ukdjyay;rSmjzpfygw,f/

Dial Up Connection&JUtm;omcsufuawmh- trsm;BuD;odyfr½S dygbl;/ tdrfrSmtvG,fwultokH;jyKEk difw,f/tvG,fwul wyfqif&vkdUtcsdefukefjcif;eJU p&dwfpuoufomrSmjzpfygw,f/

Dial Up Connection&JU tm;enf;csufuawmh-Connection Speed u KbpsavmufyJ&awmh aES;w,fvkdYqkd&rSmjzpfygw,f/ zkef;vkdif;eJUwyfqifNyD;awmhtokH;jyK&vkdUzkef;vkdif;usyfwJhtcsdefawGqkd&if Connection Speed aES;r,f/Internet tokH;jyKaevkdU zkef;qufvkdUr&wmawG½Sdr,f/

atmufrSmawmh Internet; ISP; Phone Exchange;

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aemuf...tay:rSmajymxm;wJhtwkdif;Dial-Up Connection

aemufwpfrsdK;jzpfwJh Internet & E-mail Dial Up Service

taMumif;av;ukdavhvmMunfh&atmif/ olUukdawmh jrefrmEkdifiHrSmBroadband ConnectiontrsdK;tpm;awGr½Sdwkef;u Company

tcsdKUESifh ½kH;tcsdKUrSm tokH;jyKcJh&wJh ConnectiontrsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/ tcktcsdefrSmawmh awmfawmfav;ukd rokH;Muovkd?odwJhvlawGvnf;odyfr½Sdawmhygbl;/ bmjzpfvkdUrokH;awmhvJqkdwmuawmh tckacwfrSm BroadbandwkdUvkdrsdK; Connection Speed

ykdjrefwJh[mawG xGufay:aevkdUjzpfygw,f/ Internet & Email

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ukd Runvkdufygonf/ mpirun hello.out ae&mwGif ./hello.out

qkdí tpm;xkd; Execution vkyfEkdifygonf/ mpirun hello.out

qkdjyD; Run vkdufaomtcg Hello World! I am 0 of 1 qkdjyD;Output xkwfay;wmukd awGY&ygonf/ ykHwGifMunfYyg/ uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY PCwpfvkH;xJrSmyJ RunvkdY Processukd 0 of 1 qkdjyD;jyxm;ygonf/ Parallel computingjzpfvkdY uRefawmfwkdY taeeJYuGefysLwm (2)vkH;? (3)vkH;? tp&SdojzifY wpfNyKdifwnf; y&kd*&rfukdRun Ekdifatmifaqmif&Gufygrnf/ uRefawmfuawmY uGefysLwm(5)vkH;xdcsdwfjyD; Testvkyfzl;ygw,f/ tck TestrSmawmY (3)vkH;aygYAsm/ tJ'DvkdcsdwfqufjyD; Programukd Execution vkyfEkdifzkdYtwGuf uRefawmfwkdY taeeJY RSH serverukd zef;wD;&ygr,f/RSH-server qkdwmbmvJ ¿ rsh-server package xJrSmSet of programsawGyg0ifw,f? tJ'D Programsrsm;uuRefawmfwkdY Users awGukd bmawGaqmif&GufcGifYjyKEkdifovJqkdawmYpufawGukd Remote vkyfEkdif? tjcm;pufrsm;odkY LoginvkyfEkdif?pufawGMum;rSm Filesrsm;u CopyvkyfEkdifwJY Command awGudkRunEkdifatmifcGifYjyKay;xm;ygonf/ (respectively commands

rsm;uawmY -> rsh, rlogin, and rcp )/tJ'D Commands

(3)ckvkH; [m rhosts style authentication ukdtokH;jyKonf/

servers rsm;yg0ifygonf/

5/ RSH Server ukd zef;wD;zkdYtwGuf Remote admin

rsm;jzp faom xinetd-2.3.14.10.el5.1386.rpmESi f Yrsh-server-0.17-37.el5.1386.rpm Servicesrsm;ukduRefawmfwkdY OS installationvkyfxm;wJYacGxJrSm tJ'D Package

rsm;udk Installvkyfygr,f/ InstallvkyfzkdY twGuf /bin xJwGifmount point (/mnt/cdrom)wpfck Createvkyfonf/Create vkyfxm;aom mount point xJokdY /dev/cdrom /

mnt/cdrom qkdjyD; command mount –t iso9660 jzifYmount vkyfvkdufygonf/ iso9660 qkdwmuawmY File type

jzpfygonf/ mountvkyfjyD;ygu uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY tJ'Dservices

(2)ckukd Installvkyfygrnf/ InstallvkyfrnfY Command uawmYrpm (Redhat package management) jzpfygonf/ xkdokdYInstallvkyf&mwGif uRefawmfwdkY InstallvkyfvkdaomServicesrsm;onf rdrdwkdYwifxm;aom Linux OStvkduf Directory ae&mtrsKd;rsdK;wGif&Sdaewwfygonf/ Oyrm/ tckykHwGifjyxm;wmuawmhRedhat 5 Server OS twGufjzpfygonf/ Fedoraqkd&ifb,fvkdajymif;oGm;rvJqkd&ifawmY rpm –ivh /mnt/cdrom/

Fedora/RPMS/xinetd-2.3.14-10.el5.1386.rpm qkdjyD;ajymif;vJoGm;ygrnf/ rdrdwkdY wifxm;aom OSay:wGifrlwnfí&Sdaewwfygonf/

6/ aemufwpfqifY taeeJY uRefawmfwdkY IP address awGukdcreate vkyfygr,f/ykHwGifMunfYyg/ uGefysLwm(3)vkH;qkdawmYuRefawmf IP addressu 192.168.1.2aygY? usefwJY pufawGrSmuawmY 192.168.1.3 eJY 192.168.1.4 jzpfygrnf/

J’D package xJrSm all of these services twGuf vkdtyfwJY

7/ atmufuykHrSmuawmY Ethernet devicesukdjyxm;ygonf/

8/ atmufuykHawGrSmuawmY uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY DNS ESifYHostsnamersm;ukda&;jyxm;ygonf/ Hostsname ESifY IP

addressukda&;xnfY&mwGif Programukd Executionvkyf&mwGifyg0ifrnfY uGefysLwmrsm;&JU Hostsname ESifY IP addressrsm;jzpfygonf/ yg0ifaqmif&GufrnfY uGefysLwmwkdif;wGif hostname

ESifY IP addressrsm;ukd atmufazmfjyygykHtwkdif; jznfYpGufay;&ygrnf/

9/ atmufazmfjyygykHwGif cat commandjzifY hostsname

ESifY IP address ukdMunfYygonf/ jznfYpGuf&efvkdtyfrl&Sdyguvi editor ukd tokH;jyKí 0ifa&mufNznfYpGufa&;om;Ekdifyg onf/vi editorjzifY NznfYpGufa&;om;csif&ifawmY Insert key tjzpfI ukdESdyf í Insert vkyfEkdifonf/ a&;om;jyD;ygu Save vkdvSsifEsc ESdyf :wq jyD;&if Enter &kdufay;&ef/ bmrS Insert rvkyfbl;qkd&ifawmY Esc ESdyf :q! jzifY vi editor rS jyefxGufEkdifygonf/

10/ rsh serverukd RunEkdif&eftwGuf ta&;MuD;qkH;tcsufrSm pufwkdif;wGif Service shellonf disable=yes(default)

jzpfaernf vi editor jzifY 0ifa&mufjyifay;&rnf/ atmufazmfjyygykHonf vi editorjzifY 0ifa&mufjyifxm;aomykHjzpfygonf/pufwkdif;wGif disable= no jzpfae&ygrnf/

11/ aemufwpfqifhtaeeJUcat commandjzifY machines.LINUX

xJwGif hostsname &Sd r&SdMunfYygonf/ hostsname (3)ckvkH;r&Sdygu vi editor jzifY 0ifa&mufNznfYpGufay;&ygrnf/ atmufazmfjyygykHonf jznfYpGufxm;aomykHjzpfygonf/

12/ aemufwpfqifY taeeJY yg0ifaqmif&GufrnfY uGefysLwmwkdif;&JU User Name rsm;udk Add vkyfygrnf/ Add vkyf&mwGifPassword rsm;onf root (#) password rsm;omjzpf&rnf/txufygazmfjycJYaom tcsuftvufrsm;tm;vkH;onf yg0ifaqmif&GufrnfY uGefysLwmwkdif;wGif vkyfaqmif&rnfukd pmzwfolrsm;taeeJY owdxm;apvkdygonf/

13/ txufygtcsuftvufrsm;ukd pufwkdif;wGif aqmif&GufjyD;pD;ygu rsh server run Ekdif&eftwGuf uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY rjzpfraevkyf&rnfY vkyfief;pOfrsm;uawmY atmufazmfjyygykHwGif jyxm;onfY twkdif; Service configurationrS iptables ESifYip6tables ukd stop ay;&ygrnf/ xinetd ESifY rsh ukd restart

ay;&ygrnf/

14/ atmufazmfjyyg ykHrsm;onf rsh commandokH;ípufawGudk run xm;aomykHrsm;jzpfygonf/

yxrOD;pGm uRefawmfYpufuaejyD; rdrdpuf(1)vkH;wnf;ukdt&if run vkdufonf / xkdokdY rdrdpuf(1)vkH;wnf; run jyD;aemuftNcm;pufawGudk run ygonf? ykHwGifMunfYyg/ ls (list) jzifYrun vkdufaomaMumifY pufwkdif;wGif &Sdaeaom Data rsm;ukdawGY&ygrnf/ ykHwGif hello? sun? welcome qkdjyD; Program name

rsm;ukdawGY&ygrnf/

15/ rsh awG runjyD;aemuf uRefawmfwkdY pufawGxJrSm &SdwJYMPI programawGukd runygr,f/ uRefawmfYtaeeJYuawmYWELCOMEvkdY trnfay;xm;wJY uRefawmfY&JU Simple Program

av;ukd TestvkyfjyoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ Programav;uawmYt&rf;&kd;&Sif;wJY Programav;jzpfygw,f/ atmufazmfjyygykHukdMunfYyg vuf&Sda&mufaewJY DirectoryxJrSm Execution vkyfrSmjzpfvkdY PATH vrf;aMumif;ay;vkdufygonf/ PATH vrf;aMumif;export vkyfjyD;aemuf mpirun –np 1 welcome.out qkdjyD;welcome qkdwJY Program ukd run vkdufygonf/ xkdokdY run

&mwGif -np onf number of processor jzpfjyD;? 1 onfprocessor (1)vkH; jzpfonfukdqkdvkdygonf/ atmufrSmjyxm;wJYykHawGrSm processor (1)vkH;? (2)vkH;? (3)vkH; eJY ” welcome

qkdwJY MPI programukd parallel computing vkyfxm;ygonf/Parallel programjzpfaom MPI programukd Execution

vkyfrnfYtcsdeftwGif; uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY Processor tvkH;ta&twGuf b,favmufokH;jyD; run rvJqkdwmukd owfrSwfay;Ekdifygonf/ Programrsm;ukd pufwkdif;wGif ExecutionvkyfEkdif&eftwGuf pufwkdif;wGif Programsrsm;ukd Copyvkyfxm;ay;&ygrnf/ Program tm;vkH;&JU processesrsm;onf 0 rS pía&wGufonf/ Process 0 of 3 is alivewGif Processonf0 jzpfjyD; 3 onf Processor ta&twGufjzpfygonf/ Output

result uawmY

ed*kH;txufrSmazmfjycJYwJY taMumif;t&mrsm;eJY ywfoufí Parallel Computing Fieldonf t&rf;us,fjyefYygonf/

tJ'DxJurS uRefawmfYtaeeJY Parallel programming model &JU special library wpfckjzpfaom MPI taMumif;ukdoma&;om; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ Message passing tvkyfvkyfykHawGukdvnf; txufrSmykHESifYwuG azmfjyxm;ay;ygw,f/ Program(1)yk'fukd processors(3)vkH; ESifY Parallel computingvkyfykHukdazmfjycJYjyD; jzpfygonf/ avYvmaeqJ ausmif;om;wpfOD;jzpfvkdYtxufyg taMumif;t&mESifY ywfoufí vkdtyfcsufrsm;pGm&SdEkdifygonf/ þpmapmifukd avYvmzwfvkduf&onfY pmzwfol?nDtpfukd armifESrrsm;tm;vkH; em;vnfay;MuygvkdY arwåm&yfcHyg&ap/ uRefawmfYtaeESifY uGefysLwmenf;ynmeJYywfoufítenf;i,f avYvmxm;aom Parallel computing taMumif;ukd pmzwf olrsm;taeeJY &ifESD;uGßrf;0ifrl&SdoGm;atmifa&;om;wifjyvkduf& ygonf/

Reference:1. http://users.abo.fi/mats/PP2008/programs/MPI/index.html2. http://www.pdc.kth.se/training/Tutor/MPI/Templates/index-frame.html3. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~rc/classes/intro_mpi/intro_mpi_overview.html4. https://www.cityu.edu.hk/acim/facilities/MPI.htm5. http://www.uppmax.uu.se/support/faqs/faqs/how-can-i-compile-mpi-programs-on-ra-isis6. http://www.mcs.anl.gov/research/projects/mpi/tutorial/gropp/talk.html#Node07. https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/mpi/#What8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing#Parallel_programming_languages9. http://iproc.ru/programming/mpich-windows/10. http://iproc.ru/11. https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/parallel_comp/#Whatis12. http://kb.iu.edu/data/angf.html13. http://www.cfd-online.com/Wiki/Parallel_computing

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Dr.Zero

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Dr.Zero

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qHk;wJhtxd toH&SdefqufqJGxm; (*DwmrSmqdk&if b,fvufuGufudkrvTwfbJ qufzdxm;)&rSmjzpfygw,f/ Tie [m tNrJwrf;toHjcif;xyfwlnDwJh NoteawGudkomqufygw,f/ Note (2)vHk;xufruvnf; qufvdkY&ygw,f/ tJ'Dvdkqufxm;&iftNrJwrf; yxrqHk;tvHk;udkom toHxGufatmifwD;&rSmjzpfNyD;usefwJh Tie eJYqufxm;wJh Note tm;vHk;ukdrwD;bJ toH&SdefomqJGxm;&rSmjzpfygw,f/ oabmuawmh Minim(2)vHk;udk Tie

vkyfxm;&if Semi-brevewpfvHk;eJY oabmcsif;twlwlygyJ/'DvdkygyJ... Crochet(2)vHk;udk Tie vkyfxm;wm[m Minim wvHk;eJYwefzdk;csif;? wD;yHkcsif; twlwlygyJ/ atmufuyHkrSm jyxm;ygw,f/

'gqdk&if bmjzpfvdkY tvkyf½IyfcHNyD; TievkyfaerSmvJ?Crochet (2) vHk;udk Tie vkyfr,fhtpm; Minim wpfvHk;wnf;a&;vdkuf&ifrNyD;bl;vm;vdkY ar;p&m&Sdygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk a&;vdkYr&wJhae&mawG&Sdygw,f/ Oyrm bm;wpfbm; tqHk;utvHk;udkaemufwbm;&Jhtptxd toH&SdefqJGxm;csifwJhtcgrsdK;us&if Tie

eJYa&;rS&ygw,f/ bm;wpfck&JYtqHk;tvHk;u Crochetudkaemufbm;tpu Crochet txd toH&SdefqJGcsifwJhtcg Minim

eJYa&;vdkY r&awmhygbl;/ a&;vdkuf&if tJ'D bar&JY&Sd&r,fhtvHk;a&xufausmfxGufoGm;ygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dvdk tcgrsdK;rSm TieudkoHk;&ygw,f/ Time SignaturetaMumif;us&if ydk&Sif;oGm;ygvdrfhr,f/ aemufNyD; toHwoHwnf;udk 3-4 bm;avmuf qufNyD;toH&SdefqJGxm;csif&ifvnf; Tie udkoHk;rS &rSmyg/ ta&;BuD;wmwpfcku Note awGudkomvQif TievkyfvdkY&ygw,f/ RestawGudkb,fawmhrS Tiervkyfygbl;/

Legato (Slur)

Legato (tcsdKUu Legado vdkYvJ a&;ygw,f/ Guitar

rSm trsm;qHk;oHk;ygw,f/ Slur vkdYvJ ac:ygw,f)qdkwmuawmhtoHrwlwJh Note tenf;qHk; (2)vHk;udk rsOf;auG;av;eJY qufay;xm;wm yg/ 'Dvdkqufxm;&if yxr NoteudkwD;NyD; rsOfauG;eJYqufjyxm;wJh 'kwd,NoteudkrwD;bJ tJ'DNote&JYtvHk;&SdwJhae&mudk acsmacsmarGYarGYav;a&mufoGm;atmif *DwmvufuGufay:rSm zdxm;wJhvufudk rMuGbJ yGwfwdkufa&TUjcif; (slide or gliss)?'grSr[kwf toHjrifh&mudkjy&if aemufvufwpfacsmif;eJY vSrf;zdvdkufjcif; (hammer-on) (odkYr[kwf) toHedrfh&mudkjyxm;&if'kwd,tvHk;&SdwJhae&mudkyg NydKifwlt&ifzdxm;NyD; yxrtvHk;udkwD;NyD;rS tJ'DyxrtvHk;udk zdxm;wJhvufacsmif;udk MuGvdkufjcif;('kwd,tvHk;ae&mudk zdxm;wJhvufudkrvTwf&yg) (pull-off)wkdYudkvkyf&rSmjzpfygw,f/ PianorSmawmh yxrtvHk;ukd vufrvTwfbJzdxm;&if; aemuftvHk;udk qufwD;vdkufwmyg/ 'DvkdLegatovkyf&if toH[m acsmacsmarGYarGY vSvSyyav;xGufvmygw,f/ atmufu erlemyHkpHudkMunfhyg/ Beat 1 eJY 2[m Tie

jzpfNyD; Beat 3 eJY 4 u tvHk;awG[m Legato jzpfygw,f/

HarryLwin

'D Note awGudk *DwmeJYwD;Munfh&if 1 rSm G udkwD;NyD; 2rSm rwD;bJ vufudkqufzdxm;NyD; toH&SdefqJGxm;&ygr,f/ 3 uA note ukdwD;NyD; & rSm rwD;bJ G udk vufeJY zdxm;NyD;rS A udkESdyfxm;wJh vufudk MuGvdkuf&rSm (pull-off) jzpfygw,f/ 4 rSmA note ukdwD;NyD; & rSm rwD;bJ B Note udk vufeJY vSrf;aygufvdkYyJjzpfjzpf (Hammer-on)? A udk zdxm;wJhvufudk rMuGbJ BNote udka&mufwJhtxd zdqJGoGm;NyD;yJjzpfjzpf (slide or gliss)vuftqifajyovdk wD;&rSmjzpfygw,f/ aemufwpfbm;u 1rSm C udkwD;NyD; 2-3-4 txd toH&Sdef qJGxm;&rSmjzpfygw,f/

Staccato and Tenuto

Staccato qdkwmuawmh toHjywfjywfwD;&r,fh Note

awGyg/ wD;NyD;wmeJY csufcsif; b&dwfzrf;NyD; toH&SdefukdowfNyD;wD;&rSmjzpfygw,f/ olwd k Yud ka&;wJ htcg Note awG&JUatmufwnfhwnfh 'grSr[kwf tay:wnfhwnfhrSm tpuf (dot)av;awGxnfhNyD;a&;xm;&ygw,f/

rsOf;wdk(dash)av;awGeJY a&;jyxm;&ifawmh Tenuto

vdkYac:ygw,f/ tJ'gqdk tJ'D Note&JYwefzdk; (toH&Sdef) tjynfhwD;&ygr,f/ enf;enf;vnf; ydkNyD; zdwD; (stress or emphasize)&ygw,f/ SostenutovdkYvnf; ac:ygw,f/

Dotted Notes and Rests

tpufav;wpfpuf (Dot)udk Note wvHk;&Jh aemufrSmuyfvsufxnfhvdkuf&if tJ'D Noteudk Dotted NotevkdY ac:ygw,f/ Dot[molxnfhvdkufwJh Note&JY wefzdk;wpf0ufeJY nDygw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'Dvdkxnfhvdkuf&if tJ'D Note&JYwefzdk;[m wpf0uf(wenf;tm;jzif wpfqcJG)xyfNyD;wdk;oGm; (toH&SnfoGm;)ygw,f/Oyrm Minim wpfvHk;udk Dot xnfhvkduf&if rlv Minim wefzdk;uCrochet 2vHk;? aemufxyf Dot &Jh wefzdk;u Minim &Jhwpf0ufqdkawmh aemufxyf Crochet 1 vHk;jzpfwJhtwGuf pkpkaygif;Crochet 3vHk;pm&SdoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ usefwJh noteawGyJ jzpfjzpf?Rest awGyJjzpfjzpf[mvnf; 'Doabmw&m;twdkif;yJ jzpfygw,f/atmufuOyrmudkMunfhyg/

Dot udka&;wJhtcg Line Note awGtwGufqkd&if Note

Head a&;xm;wJh Line &Jh tay:uyfvQuf Space rSm a&;&rSmjzpfygw,f/ Space Note awGtwGuf qkd&if tJ'D Note Head

&SdwJh SpacerSma&;&rSm jzpfygw,f/ atmufuOyrmrSm Dotted

NoteawG&Jh a&;om;yHkeJYwD;zdkYyHkpHudk jyxm;ygw,f/

'Dawmh Dotwpfcktpm; ESpfckxnfhvdkuf&ifvnf; 'Doabmw&m;twdkif;yJ quf,l&ygr,f/ tJ'Dawmh DotESpfckxnfhvdkuf&iftJ'D Note[m aemufxyftoH av;yHkoHk;yHk (75%) xyf&Snfvmygr,f/ Oyrm Minim wpfvHk;udk Double Dot xnfhvkduf&if rlvMinim wefzdk;u Crochet 2vHk;? yxr Dot &JYwefzdk;u Minim

&Jh wpf0ufqdkawmh aemufxyf Crochet 1 vHk;? 'kwd, Dot&JYwefzdk;u yxr Dot &Jh wpf0ufqdkawmh aemufxyf Quaver

1vHk; jzpfwJhtwGuf pkpkaygif; Crochet 3vHk;eJY Quaver 1vHk;pm(odkYr[kwf Quaver 7vHk;pm)&SdoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ MinimeJYCrochettwGuf atmufuOyrmrSmjyxm;ygw,f/ usefwJh note

awGeJY RestawGtwGufvnf; 'Dabmw&m;twdkif;yJ jzpfygw,f/

Triple Dot awGUcJh&ifvnf; 'Dtwdkif;yJ qufwGufoGm;vdkufyg/ Dotted RestawGuawmh awGU&cJygw,f/ Compound

Time awGjzpfwJh 6/8 wkdY 9/4 wkdYawGrSmyJ tawGUrsm;ygw,f/'gayr,fh awGYvm&ifvnf; 'DvdkyJrSwf,l&ygr,f/

'gqdk&if Dotted NoteawGeJY RestawGtaMumif;&Sif;oGm;avmufygNyD/Tones and Interval awG&JUtaMumif;udk qufygOD;r,f ....

HarryLwin

Myanmar Family Magazine Volume 2

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