Myanmar Family Magazine Volume 2

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17


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18

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21


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27


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28


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29


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30


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31


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32


aqG;aEG;csifygw,f/ tck ukrÜPDawGrSm HR

Department (Human Resources

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Office (tvkyftrIaqmiftzG J U)vk d Uac:wJhXme wpfck&Sdao;w,f/ tJ'DukrÜPDXmewGif;u tpnf;ta0;udpö? vkyfief;wpfckvkH;vnfywfa&;eJU XmewGif; 0efxrf;tajymif;a&TUudpöawGukd jyKvkyf&ygw,f/Executive Office DepartmentupDr HXme(Admin Department)?vlYpGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfXme (Human

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33


ModelqkdwJhpum;vkH;[m Latinpum;vkH;“Modelium”

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A model is an abstract representation of an

item or a concept—a car, a plane, or a building—or

a part of something, such as a tire, a wing, or a

room.

Main object wpfckckukd zef;wD;wnfaqmufMuygpkdYOyrm/ Buildingwpfck wnfaqmufzkdUqkd&if t&ifqkH; Architect

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pDrHcsuf? BudKwifBuHqcsuf? txl;ojzifU Miniature(okdYr[kwf)Main objectawG SystemESifh

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wnfaqmufzefwD;vkdufjcif;onf vufawGUwnfaqmuf&mwGifrdrdukd,fukd Confidence awGjrifhrm;vmEdkifygonf/ tusOf;tm;jzifh ajymjy&&if Modelsonf Designer\ Intentions

ESifh Actual resultstMum; uGm[rIawG? jcm;em;csufawGukdReduce vkyfay;ygonf/ Modelukd tokH;jyKjcif;aMumifh okawoevkyfief;? wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;awGtwGuf ykdrkd Efficiently

jzpfvmygonf/ ,cktcsdeftcgrSmqkd&if vlawG[m model &

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34


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36

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37

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yHk(19)

E:\backup diver\Drivers Backupqdkonfhae&mwGif backup vkyfxm;aom driver rsm;&Sdygu Yesbutton udk click vkyfyg/ (yHk-20)/ xdkae&mwGif&Sdygonf/xdkaMumifh Yes button udk click vkyfonf/ xdktcg yHk-22wGif jrif&onfh dialog box usvmrnf/

wu,fvdkU E:\backup diver\Drivers Backupqdkonfhae&mwGif backup vkyfxm;aom driver rsm;r&SdyguNo button udk click vkyfyg/ (yHk-20)/ xdktcg yHk-21 wGifjrif&onfh dialog box usvmrnf/ rdrd backup vkyfxm;aomdriver rsm;udk awGUatmif&Smyg/ awGUvQif select vkyfjyD; OKbutton udk click vkyfyg/ xdktcg yHk-22 wGif jrif&onfh dialogbox usvmrnf/


40

yHk(20)

yHk(21)

yHk(22)

uRefawmfwdkUonf driver tm;vHk;udk restorevkyfrnfjzpfaomaMumifh tm;vHk;udk select vkyfygrnf/ yHk-22 wGif drivertm;vHk;udk select vkyfjyD;om;jzpfaeygonf/ 'Dawmh Startrestore buttonudkom EdSyf&Hkom&Sdawmhonf/ qufvkyfrvm;¿rvkyfbl;vm;¿ ar;onfh dialog box usvmrnf/ (yHk-23)/qufvkyfrnf jzpfaomaMumifh OK button udk click/ xdktcg

driver wpfckcsif;udk restore vkyfaeaMumif;awGU&rnf/ (yHk-24)/

yHk(23)

yHk(24)

wpfcgwpf&H yHk-25 rSm jyxm;aom dialog boxusvmwwfonf/ xdktcg 'Ddrivertm; rnfodkUyifjzpfap in-stall vkyfrnf (Install this driver software anyway)udk a&G;cs,fyg/

yHk(25)

Driver restoration jyD;oGm;onfhtwGuf pufudkreboot vkyf rvkyf ar;vmygjyD/ (yHk - 26 )/ vkyfvdkufavMumovm;vdkU/ click Yes button/


41

yHk(26)

laptop wpfvHk; 0,fvdkY vufxJa&mufa&mufcsif;yJjzpfjzpf?Windows jyefwifcgeD;bJjzpfjzpf vkyfoifhaom tvkyfwpfckuawmh driver backup jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ vkyfzdkUrcufygbl;/'gayrJh awmfawmfhudk toHk;0ifwJhtvkyfwpfckyg/

uRefawmfeJUtar;rsm;(1)uRefawmf pufydkif&Sifrsm;udk bmmodelar;vQif Toshiba

A300av[k vnf;aumif;? Dell Inspiron 1525uG[kvnf;aumif; ajzoHtjrJMum;&ygonf/ uRefawmfhtck aqmif;yg;wGif Dell Inspiron 1525 udkoHk;xm;ygonf/ Inspiron1525qdkwm model No. r[kwfyg/ series No. omjzpfonf/serial No.eJUvnf; ra&mapcsifyg/ Toshiba A300 onfseries No. jzpfonf/

uRefawmfeJUtar;rsm;(2)'gqdk Windows wifjyD;vdkY 'Dvdk driver restore

jyefvkyf&if jyD;oGm;jyDvm;¿ bmxyfvkyfzdkh vdkao;vJ¿'Dae&mrSm driver eJY toHk;cs Pprogramudk cGJajymvdk

ygw,f/In computing, a device driver or software

driver is a computer program allowing higher-level computer programs to interact with ahardware device.

A driver typically communicates with thedevice through the computer bus orcommunications subsystem to which thehardware is connected.

&Sif;atmifajym&&if Bluetoothudk LaptoprSm wyfxm;w,f/ Driver qdkwm Bluetooth eJU Laptop udk tjyeftvSefcsdwfqufaqmif&Gufay;aom Program jzpfonf/

[kwfjyD Driver wifvdkufwJhtwGuf Laptop uBluetoothudkodoGm;jyD/ uRefawmf Phone u Bluetooth eJULaptopu Bluetoot csdwfjyD; zkef;xJuzdkifawGudk Laptop qDodkUTransfervkyfygr,f/ toHk;cs ProgramudkrwifcJhbl;qdk&ifLaptoponf zkef;rS Transfervkyfvdkufaomzkdifudk rnfodkU vufcHrnfenf;/

'gaMumifh InternetrSaomfvnf;aumif;? DriverCDrSaomfvnf;aumif; uRefawmfwdkU Driver rsm;wifvdkufaomtcg tcsdKUaom Hardware rsm;twGuf xkwfvkyfolrsm;onfDriveromru toHk;cs Programudkyg Install vkyfaponf/jrifomwJh Driver rsm;uawmh Video driver? Sound driver?Bluetooth driver wdkUjzpfonf/ ¤if; Driver rsm;wifvdkufygutqdkyg HardwaretwGuf toHk;cs ProgramwpfckygwifjyD;om;jzpfaeonfudk awGU&rnf/

odkUaomf Driver MagicianuJhodkhaom Softwarersm;eJU Driverrsm;udk Restorevkyfygu tqdkygtoHk;cs Programrsm;ygvmrnf r[kwfyg/ tqdkyg Programtm;xyfjyD; Installvkyfay;zdkUvdktyfygonf/

tcuftcJuif;&Sif;Muygap/NzdK;jrifYodef;


42

jrefrmEkdifiHrSmvuf½SdtokH;jyKaewJh Internet connection

rsm;xJrS vlodrsm;NyD;awmh? txif½Sm;qkH;jzpfaewJh connection

trsdK;tpm;awGukdajymjyay;r,f/ yxrqkH;taeeJU tokH;jyKrnfholawG[m Internet connectiontokH;jyKawmhr,f qkd&if rdrdwkdUbmtwGufaMumifh Internet connection ukdtokH;jyKrSmvJqkdwmukdt&ifqkH;pOf;pm;&ygr,f/ Oyrm - website awGMunfhr,f? data awGukd download/ upload vkyfr,f (a'gif;r,f?wifr,fqkdwJhae&mrSm tenf;i,favmufyJ½SdwJh zkdifqkd'ftrsdK;tpm;ukdqkdvkdwmygcifAsm/) csufwif;vkyfr,f? arvf;ykdUr,f? uGefeuf½Sifaumif;&ifpum;ajymr,fqkd&ifawmh Dial-Up connection

trsdK;tpm;vkdrsdK;tokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/ 'grSr[kwftjcm;vkyfaqmifcsufawGaum? uGefysLwmukd (1)vkH;ruxufykdwJh(5)vkH;avmufudkInternet connection sharing vkyfNyD;okH;r,fqkd&ifawmhbroadband connection trsdK;tpm;xJu wpfckckukda½G;cs,f&rSm jzpfygw,f/ company; office eJUtjcm; hotel, university

awGrSmqkd&ifawmh ADSL connectionukd speedenf;wJh[mrsdK;? rdrdwkdUcompanytvkdufb,fvkdtrsdK;tpm;okH;&ifykdtqifajyrvJqkdwmukdaocsm pOf;pm;NyD;awmhrS Internet

connection trsdK;tpm;awGukda½G;cs,fyg/ tJ'gqkd&ifawmhrdrdwkdUtwGuf taumif;rGefqkH; Internet connection&JU0efaqmifrIawGukd &½SdNyD;awmh pdwfauseyfrIukd jzpfay:apEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/ atmufrSmuawmh jrefrmEkdifiHrSmtokH;rsm;NyD;awmhvlodrsm;aewJh Internet connection trsdK;tpm;awGukdazmfjyxm;wmjzpfygw,f/

(1) Dial-Up Connection (Dial-Up Connection

rSmaemufwpfrsdK; Internet & E-mail Dial-Up

Serviceukday;wJh Internet Connection trsdK;tpm;qkdwmvnf;½Sdygw,f/)

(2) iPSTAR Broadband Connection

(3) Broadband Wireless Local Loop

(WLL ConnectionvkdUac:ovkd? Broadband

connectionvkdUvnf;ac:ygw,f)(4) ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber

Line) Broadband Connection

(5) ADSL 2 (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber

Line 2) Broadband Connection

(6) ADSL 2+ (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber

Line 2+) Broadband Connection

(7) WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for

Microwave Access) Connection

(8) Wi-Fi Wireless Connection wkdUjzpfygw,f/tay:rSmazmfjyxm;wJ h Internet connection

trsdK;tpm;tm;vkH;ukd ISP (Internet Service Provider) tjzpfvufcHNyD;awmh 0efaqmifrIay;aewmuawmh jrefrmhqufoG,fa&;(MPT: Ministry of Post and Telecommunication)

eJU BaganNetwkdUjzpfygw,f/ ,aeUtcsdeftcgrSmawmh(MyanTel)qkdNyD;awmh ISP tm;vkH;ukd ae&mwpfae&mwnf;uaepDrHaqmif½Gufvsuf½Sdygw,f/ atmufrSm Internet Connection

tm;vkH;twGuf A[kokw&atmifeJU jrefrmEkdifiHrSmtokH;rsm;aewJh Internet connection awGtaMumif;ukdwpfpkwpfpnf;wnf; avhvmvkdU&atmif &nf½G,fcsufeJU a&;jzpfwmjzpfygw,f/ tm;vkH;vnf; odNyD;om;jzpfcsifvnf;jzpfrSmyg/jrefrmEkdifiHrSm vuf½SdtokH;jyKaewJh Internet connectionrsm;xJuae tokH;rsm;NyD;awmh vlodrsm;wJh Internet

connectionbmtrsdK;tpm;awG½Sdw,f/ b,fvkdrsdK;tokH;jyKEkdifw,fqkdwJh A[kokwav;jzpfjzpf&atmifyg/ Internet

connectionawGtaMumif;ukdvnf; wpfae&mwnf;rSmA[kokwtaeeJUzwfvkdU&atmif ykHav;awG? pmav;awGeJUwwfEdkifoavmuftao;pdwfav; azmfjyay; xm;ygw,f/ rSm;aewJhtcsuftvufawGeJU tjcm;Munfhr&wJh tcsuftvufawG½Sd&if em;vnfcGifhvTwfNyD;awmh onf;cHay;MuygcifAsm/ ('guawmh ed'gef;ayghAsm . . . . )


43

wpfckcsif;pD&JUtokH;jyKykHeJUtjcm;A[kokw½Sdwmav;awGukd qufzwfMunfh&atmif/1/ Dial-Up Connection

Dial-Up ConnectionukdtokH;jyKr,fqkd&ifawmhp&dwftoufomqkH;eJUtokH;jyKEkdifwJh Connection trsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/ yxrqkH;vkdtyfwmawGuawmh Desktop Computer

(okdU) Laptop; Phone Line (Digital Phone Line); Modem

and ISP (Internet Service ProviderukdvSrf;csdwfquftokH;jyKzkdUvkdtyfwJh Access Prepaid Dial-Up Kit)wkdUvkdtyfygw,f/ System RequirementtaeeJUvnf; odyftrsm;BuD;rvkdtyfygbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh uGefysLwmtrsdK;tpm;? Hard Disk Space; Memory ; OS

b,ftrsdK;tpm;&,fvkdU pdwfylaep&mrvkdygbl;cifAsm/ jrefrmEkdifiH&JUrnfonfhae&ma'owGifrqkd Computer; Digital Phone

Line; Modem; Access KitwkdU½Sdygutcsdefra½G;wyfqiftokH;jyKEkdifwJhConnection

trsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,fcifAsm/Desktop Computer (or) Laptop

eJU Phone Line½SdNyDqkdwmeJU Modemukdt&ifqkH;½Sm&ygr,f/ bmjzpfvkdU Modem

vkdtyfvJqkd&ifawmh Computeruaeem;vnfvufcHwJh Digital Data (1,0) awGukdAnalog data (toH; voice)tjzpfajymif;ay;r,fh Mum;cHypönf;wpfckjzpfvkdU vkdtyfwmjzpfygw,f/ rdrdwkdUModem uae Analog data awGukd zkef;vkdif;uaewqifh tjcm;Modemukda&mufoGm;r,f/ NyD;awmhtjcm; Modem uaerdrdwkdUuGefysLwmawGqDukd Digital datatjzpf jyefvnfay;ykdUay;r,fht&mwpfcktjzpf Modemukd tokH;jyK&wmjzpfygw,f/Modem&JU Speedukdawmh Kbps(Kilo Bit Per Second)eJUowfrSwfygw,f/ Modem ypönf;0,fwkdif; olwkdU&JU emrnftrsdK;tpm;NyD;&if Data ykdUvTwfEkdifwJh Speed (52Kbps; 56Kbps

qkdNyD;awmh)ukd Modem bl;cGHay:rSmyg azmfjyxm;wwfMuygw,f/DesktoprSmqkd&ifawmh Modem ukdwyfqiftokH;jyK&rSmjzpfygw,f/ ModemrSmvnf; tokH;jyKEkdifwJhtrsdK;tpm;taeeJUInternal Modem eJU External ModemqkdNyD;awmhESpfrsdK;½Sdygw,f/ Internal Modemuawmh uGefysLwmtwGif;xJrSmPCI Expansion Slot wpfckwnf;rSmxnfhNyD;awmhtokH;jyKEkdifwJhBoardtrsdK;tpm;wpfckjzpfygw,f/ External ModemuawmhuGefysLwmab;rSmyJjzpfjzpf wpfae&m&mrSmwifxm;NyD;awmh

yvyfxkd;NyD;awmhtokH;jyK&wJh Boxav;eJUjzpfygw,f/ (Dial-Up

Connection Account wpfckwnf;ukd Sharing ay;NyD;awmhtokH;jyKcsifw,fqkd&ifawmh External ModemvkdrsdK; Boxav;ukd0,f,ltokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/) Internal Modemxuffenf;enf;aps;BuD;NyD;awmh SpeedeJeJenf;ygw,f/ trsm;qkH;uawmhrsufpd½Sif;oufomatmif Internal Modemukd tokH;jyKygw,f/Modem Card0,fwJhtcgrSmygvmwJh Modemukd rdrdwkdUuGefysLwmrSmtvG,fwulwyfqifNyD;awmh Modem Driver Install vkyfumModemukd pwiftokH;jyKEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/ (Modem aumif;raumif;? tvkyfvkyfrvkyfodcsifw,fqkd&ifawmh Phone Line rSm

Modem BudK;ukdwyfNyD;awmh Dial Munfhyg/Modem uae toH½SnfvkdrsdK;Mum;&&ifawmhModem tvkyfvkyfw,f/ aumif;w,fqkdwmukdodEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/) LaptoprSmawmhModem[m wygwnf;ygwwfMuygw,f/Laptop Modemuawmh wpfcgwnf;yg0ifaevkdU Installvkyfp&mrvkdygbl;cifAsm/ ½kd;½kd;Modemxuf tenf;i,f SpeedjrefNyD;awmh zkef;vkdif;eJUcsdwfquf tokH;jyK&ifvnf;tvG,fwulcsdwfqufEkdifygw,f/

Phone LinetaeeJUuawmh Digital

Phone Linejzp f&yg hr,f/ Dial-Up

ConnectiontokH;jyKaewJhtcsdefrSmawmhzkef;ukd t0if? txGuf tm;vkH;ukdtokH;jyKvkdU

&EkdifrSmr[kwfygbl;/ zkef;vkdif;eJUcsdwfqufNyD;awmhtokH;jyKaewmjzpfvkdU zkef;vkdif;usyfwJh tcsdefawGrSmqkd&if ConnectionukdcsdwfqufzkdUtwGufawmh tcuftcJtenf;i,fawmh½SdEkdifygw,f/rdrdwkdUtdrfzkef;uae wqifhtokH;jyK&rSmjzpfvkdU ½kH;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;?tifwmeufqkdifeJU tjcm;zkef;tokH;jyKrIawGrsm;wJh reufykdif;eJUnaeykdif;rSmawmh Connection SpeeduaES;aewwfygw,f/ nykdif;eJUreufapmapm qkd&ifawmh Modem Speedtwkdif; Internet

Connection Speedukd tjynfht0eD;yg;tokH;jyKvkdU&EkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/

ISP (Internet Service Provider)taeeJUuawmh Dial-Up ConnectiontwGuf Bagan Netuaea&mif;cswJh Access Kit ukd 0,f,lxm;zkdUvkdtyfrSmjzpfygw,f/Access Kitukd0,f,lzkdUtwGuf avSsmufvTmwifp&mrvkdygbl;cifAsm/ Internet Caférsm;? Storeqkdifrsm;eJU tjcm;uGefysLwmypönf; a&mif;cswJhqkdifrsm;rSm tvG,fwuleJU0,f,lvkdU&Edkifygw,f/Access Kit xJrSmwpfcgwnf;ygwJh User NameeJU Password


44

ukd½kdufxnfhNyD;awmh Internet Connectionukd csdwfqufEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/ rdrdwkdUtokH;jyKcsifwJh Access KittcsdeftrsdK;tpm;(15em&D? em&D 30? em&D 60) ukdvkdufNyD;awmh 9000? 16000?28000 qkdNyD;awmh aps;EIef;trsdK;rsdK;eJU 0,f,ltokH;jyKvkdU&½SdEkdifygw,f/ Access KitxJrSm User Name and PasswordwkdUtjyif rdrdwkdUtokH;jyKaewJh Operating SystemtrsdK;tpm;tvkduf b,fvkdcsdwfquftokH;jyK&r,fqkdwmukdazmfjyay;xm;wJhpm½Gufav;vnf;yg0ifygw,f/ tckawmh atmufuvifhav;uaewqifh Dial-Up ConnectioncsdwfqufrIukd avhvmEdkifygw,fcifAsm/

1/ Start > Control Panel > Network Connection

ukda&mufatmifoGm;yg/ (okdU) Start > Connect to > Show

all Connectionuaevnf; wkduf½kdufoGm;Ekdifygw,f/ NyD;&ifawmh Network Connections Box xJukda&muf½SdoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ Network Connection boxxJrS New Tasks

atmuf½Sd Create a New Connection ukdESdyfyg/

2/ tJ'DaemufrSmawmh New Connection Wizard

qkdwJh Boxav;wpfckay:vmrSmjzpfygw,f/

3/ Connect to the Internet ukd Green Ironbubble vkyfxm;ay;yg/ NyD;&if Nextukdqufvkyfyg/

4/ "Set up my connection manually"ukdGreen iron bubblea½G;ay;yg/ aemufNyD;&ifawmh NextukdqufNyD;awmh Clickqufvkyfyg/

5/ yxrqkH;"Connect using a dial up modem"ukda½G;cs,fvkdufyg/ NyD;&if NextukdqufESdyfyg/


45

6/ ISP Nameae&mwGif "BganNet" okdUr[kwf"Myantel"udk½kdufxnfhay;yg/ xkdUaemuf NextukdqufvufESdyfay;yg/

7/ Phone numberae&mwGif (146)ukd½kdufxnfhyg/146 uaewqifh Internet Service ProviderukdtquftoG,fvkyfay;rSmjzpfygw,f/ 146 vkdif;ukdac:qkdNyD;tokH;jyKwJhtwGuf zkef;zkd;0efaqmifcudkay;&rSmr[kwfygbl;/

8/ xkdUaemuf Internet Account Information

ae&mwGif User Name eJU Passwordukd½kdufxnfhyg/ (User

Name and Passworduawmh Access kitxJrSmyg0ifwJh eHygwfav;rsm;jzpfygw,f/) Confrimjzpfatmif Password ukd aemufwpfBudrfjyef½kdufyg/ NyD;&if Next ukdqufvufoGm;yg/

9/ "Add a shortcut to this connection tomy desktop"ukd checkvkyfvkdU&ygw,f/ tJ'gqkd&ifawmhrdrd DesktoprSm Connection ykHpHav;wpfcka&mufoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ rxm;csifbl;qkd&ifvnf;&ygw,f/ DesktoprSm rxm;bl;qkd&if (Start>Connect to> BaganNet connection)qkdNyD;awmh tqifhqifhoGm;&ygr,f/ NyD;aemuf Finishukd clickvkyfvkdufyg/

10. FinishvkyfNyD;wmeJU "Connect Dial-up Connection"qkdNyD;awmh Boxav;wpfckusvmrSmjzpfygw,f/ tJ'D boxav;rSmProperties udk click vkyfyg/


46

11/ xkd Properties box av;xJrS "Option" tag

av;ukdoGm;yg/

12/ "Option" tag atmuf½Sd Redialing Options

rSm Redial attempts, Time between redial attempts

and Idle time before hanging up box av;awGae&mwGifrdrdBuKdufESpfouf&ma½G;cs,f NyD;awmhtokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/

13/ xkdUaemufqufvufNyD; Networking tag ukdESdyfvkdufyg/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) ESifh QoS Packet

Scheduler wkdUukd checkvkyfay;yg/ NyD;&if Internet Protocol

(TCP/IP) ukda½G;NyD;aemuf "Properties"ukdESdyfyg/ NyD;aemufOK ukd ESdyfyg/

14/ tJ'DaemufrSmawmh Internet Protocol

Properties boxav;wpfckusvmrSmjzpfygw,f/ Obtain

an IP address automaticallyukd check vkyfay;yg/aemufawmh Use the following DNS server address

ukda½G;ay;yg/ NyD;aemuf 203.81.71.69 ESifh 203.81.71.73

wkdUukd½kdufxnfhxm;yg/ tJ'DaemufrSmawmh OKukd clickvkyfvdkuf yg/aemufqkH;rSmawmh OK ukdESdyfvkdufyg/ xkdUaemuf Connect

Bagan Net Boxav; qDrSm½SdwJh Dial ukd Click vkyfvdkufyg/

tJ'DaemufrSm ModemeJU zkef;uaewqifh zkef;ac:ovkdrsdK;toH Mum;&NyD;awmh ModemrS toH½SnfukdMum;vkduf&NyD;qkdwmeJUInternet Connection csdwfqufrdoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/zkef;vdkif;tm;r,fqkd&if (okdU) vkdif;½Sif;r,fqkd&ifawmh csufcsif;ukdInternet ukdcsdwfqufrdrSmjzpfygw,f/ aemufqkH;rSmawmh rdrdwkdU&JUComputer &JU Taskbar rSm ComputerESpfvkH;qifhykHav;eJUrD;av; vif;vkduf? arSmifvkdufjzpfum Bagan Net Connec-

tion is now ConnectedqkdwJh pmwrf;av;eJU Speed

(52Kbps; 54Kbps; 56Kbps)qkdwJh taMumif;av;ukdjyay;rSmjzpfygw,f/


47

Dial Up Connection&JUtm;omcsufuawmh- trsm;BuD;odyfr½S dygbl;/ tdrfrSmtvG,fwultokH;jyKEk difw,f/tvG,fwul wyfqif&vkdUtcsdefukefjcif;eJU p&dwfpuoufomrSmjzpfygw,f/

Dial Up Connection&JU tm;enf;csufuawmh-Connection Speed u KbpsavmufyJ&awmh aES;w,fvkdYqkd&rSmjzpfygw,f/ zkef;vkdif;eJUwyfqifNyD;awmhtokH;jyK&vkdUzkef;vkdif;usyfwJhtcsdefawGqkd&if Connection Speed aES;r,f/Internet tokH;jyKaevkdU zkef;qufvkdUr&wmawG½Sdr,f/

atmufrSmawmh Internet; ISP; Phone Exchange;

Modem wkdU b,fvkdqufoG,fvJqkdwmukdjyxm;wJh ykHav;ukdavhvmMunfh&atmif/

aemuf...tay:rSmajymxm;wJhtwkdif;Dial-Up Connection

aemufwpfrsdK;jzpfwJh Internet & E-mail Dial Up Service

taMumif;av;ukdavhvmMunfh&atmif/ olUukdawmh jrefrmEkdifiHrSmBroadband ConnectiontrsdK;tpm;awGr½Sdwkef;u Company

tcsdKUESifh ½kH;tcsdKUrSm tokH;jyKcJh&wJh ConnectiontrsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/ tcktcsdefrSmawmh awmfawmfav;ukd rokH;Muovkd?odwJhvlawGvnf;odyfr½Sdawmhygbl;/ bmjzpfvkdUrokH;awmhvJqkdwmuawmh tckacwfrSm BroadbandwkdUvkdrsdK; Connection Speed

ykdjrefwJh[mawG xGufay:aevkdUjzpfygw,f/ Internet & Email

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48

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49

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50

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51

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53

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54

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Rural


55

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57

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58

Parallel computers trsdK;tpm;taeeJY(2)rsdK;&Sdygw,f/tJ'D parallel architectures rsm;uawmh

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onf Multiuser, Multitasking and Multiprocessing jzpfonfhtjyif SMP(Symmetrical Multiprocessing) Support

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rsm;? Utilitiesrsm;ukdvnf; Supportvkyfay;Ekdifygonf/ Parallel

programming Issues&Jh &nfrSef;csufuawmh Execution time

awGukd Reduce vkyfzkdYygyJ/ Execution time awGuawmhComputation time

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processors)

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take to send and receive messages)

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Advantages of Parallel Programming qdkwmbmawGvJ¿ Need to solve larger problems

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59

Parallel Computer Architectures qkdwmbmvJ¿Parallel Computer Architectures twGuf tajccH

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Each processor has its own memory addresses and data has to be sent from one processor to another

Collection of computers which may be dual or quad-core nodes

Each node uses its own local memory Work together to solve a problem Communicate between nodes and cores

via messagesnodes are networked together (ykHwGifMunfY&ef/)

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All processors share the same “memory addresses”

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data (ykHwGifMunfY&ef/)

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MPI onf Parallel programs awGukd Express vkyfzkdYtwGuf

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aMumifY tokH;jyKNcif; jzpfygonf/


60

Message Passing tvkyfvkyfykH

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61

rsm;ukd Detail r&Sif;jyawmYygbl;/ tqifYwkdif;wGif tm;vkH;em;vnfEkdifatmif a&;om;xm;ygonf/1/ yxrqkH; tqifYaeeJY uRefawmfwdkY MPI program udkInstall vkyfygr,f/ Linux {/f Source code wGif rpm,

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qkdwJY uRefawmfwkdY Create vkyfxm;wJhDirectoryxJ Copy

vkyfvkdufygw,f/ Copy vkyfxm;aom Packageukd command

tar(Tape archive format)ukdtokH;jyKjyD; –zxvof (option)

jzifY Unzip vkyfvkdufygonf/ ( As knowledge-> tar format

awmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif Source codersm;ygvmwwfjyD; rdrdpufay:wGifjyefjyD; Compile vkyfay;&ygonf/ okdYrSom Execute

vkyfEkdifonfY Binary file xGufvmrnf jzpfonf/ Source

codersm;ygvmonfqkdaomfvnf; Binary filersm;vnf;ygvmwwfygonf/ Source codexnfYay;&Ncif;rSm pufwkdif;wGifOperate vkyfEkdif&eftwGuf jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifY tar format

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2/ Unzip vkyfjyD;aemuf uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY mpich-1.2.7

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xJrS Binary files rsm;jzpfaom configure ESifY makelinks

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3/ Make jyKvkyfjyD;aemuf mpich-1.2.3xJrS bin/ &Sd&mokdYoGm;ygonf/ mpich-1.2.7 /examples/basic/ atmufwGifhello++.ccqkdwJY MPI program &Sdygw,f/ qkdvkdcsifwmuawmYtJ'D hello++.ccqkdwJY Programukd bin/ xJwGif mpiCC

command jzifY Compile vkyf&efjzpfygonf/ ykHwGifMunfYyg/./mpiCC ../examples/basic/hello++.cc –o hello.out

qkdjyD; Compilevkyfxm;ygonf/ (-o) optiononf binxJwGifhello++.o ay:ap&efjzpfjyD; J hello.outonf uRefawmfwkdYresult (output) &zkdYtwGuf Run&rnfY Program name

jzpfygonf/ (./)onf ,ckvuf&Sd tvkyfvkyfaeaom directory

atmufwGif tvkyfvkyfvkyfrnf[k ajymNcif;jzpfygonf/


62

4/ CompilevkyfjyD;ygu bin/ xJwGif hello++.o file ESifYbinary file (.exe) jzpfaom hello.out awGY&ygrnf/ hello.out

qkdwJY .exe file ukd binxJwGif RunEkdif&ef uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJYPATH vrf;aMumif;ay;&ygr,f/ ykHwGifMunfYyg export qkdjyD;bin xJokYd PATH vrf;aMumif;ay;xm;ygonf K PATH

vrf;aMumif;ay;jyD;aemuf mpirun qkdjyD; hello.out qkdwJY .exe

ukd Runvkdufygonf/ mpirun hello.out ae&mwGif ./hello.out

qkdí tpm;xkd; Execution vkyfEkdifygonf/ mpirun hello.out

qkdjyD; Run vkdufaomtcg Hello World! I am 0 of 1 qkdjyD;Output xkwfay;wmukd awGY&ygonf/ ykHwGifMunfYyg/ uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY PCwpfvkH;xJrSmyJ RunvkdY Processukd 0 of 1 qkdjyD;jyxm;ygonf/ Parallel computingjzpfvkdY uRefawmfwkdY taeeJYuGefysLwm (2)vkH;? (3)vkH;? tp&SdojzifY wpfNyKdifwnf; y&kd*&rfukdRun Ekdifatmifaqmif&Gufygrnf/ uRefawmfuawmY uGefysLwm(5)vkH;xdcsdwfjyD; Testvkyfzl;ygw,f/ tck TestrSmawmY (3)vkH;aygYAsm/ tJ'DvkdcsdwfqufjyD; Programukd Execution vkyfEkdifzkdYtwGuf uRefawmfwkdY taeeJY RSH serverukd zef;wD;&ygr,f/RSH-server qkdwmbmvJ ¿ rsh-server package xJrSmSet of programsawGyg0ifw,f? tJ'D Programsrsm;uuRefawmfwkdY Users awGukd bmawGaqmif&GufcGifYjyKEkdifovJqkdawmYpufawGukd Remote vkyfEkdif? tjcm;pufrsm;odkY LoginvkyfEkdif?pufawGMum;rSm Filesrsm;u CopyvkyfEkdifwJY Command awGudkRunEkdifatmifcGifYjyKay;xm;ygonf/ (respectively commands

rsm;uawmY -> rsh, rlogin, and rcp )/tJ'D Commands

(3)ckvkH; [m rhosts style authentication ukdtokH;jyKonf/

servers rsm;yg0ifygonf/

5/ RSH Server ukd zef;wD;zkdYtwGuf Remote admin

rsm;jzp faom xinetd-2.3.14.10.el5.1386.rpmESi f Yrsh-server-0.17-37.el5.1386.rpm Servicesrsm;ukduRefawmfwkdY OS installationvkyfxm;wJYacGxJrSm tJ'D Package

rsm;udk Installvkyfygr,f/ InstallvkyfzkdY twGuf /bin xJwGifmount point (/mnt/cdrom)wpfck Createvkyfonf/Create vkyfxm;aom mount point xJokdY /dev/cdrom /

mnt/cdrom qkdjyD; command mount –t iso9660 jzifYmount vkyfvkdufygonf/ iso9660 qkdwmuawmY File type

jzpfygonf/ mountvkyfjyD;ygu uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY tJ'Dservices

(2)ckukd Installvkyfygrnf/ InstallvkyfrnfY Command uawmYrpm (Redhat package management) jzpfygonf/ xkdokdYInstallvkyf&mwGif uRefawmfwdkY InstallvkyfvkdaomServicesrsm;onf rdrdwkdYwifxm;aom Linux OStvkduf Directory ae&mtrsKd;rsdK;wGif&Sdaewwfygonf/ Oyrm/ tckykHwGifjyxm;wmuawmhRedhat 5 Server OS twGufjzpfygonf/ Fedoraqkd&ifb,fvkdajymif;oGm;rvJqkd&ifawmY rpm –ivh /mnt/cdrom/

Fedora/RPMS/xinetd-2.3.14-10.el5.1386.rpm qkdjyD;ajymif;vJoGm;ygrnf/ rdrdwkdY wifxm;aom OSay:wGifrlwnfí&Sdaewwfygonf/

6/ aemufwpfqifY taeeJY uRefawmfwdkY IP address awGukdcreate vkyfygr,f/ykHwGifMunfYyg/ uGefysLwm(3)vkH;qkdawmYuRefawmf IP addressu 192.168.1.2aygY? usefwJY pufawGrSmuawmY 192.168.1.3 eJY 192.168.1.4 jzpfygrnf/


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J’D package xJrSm all of these services twGuf vkdtyfwJY

7/ atmufuykHrSmuawmY Ethernet devicesukdjyxm;ygonf/

8/ atmufuykHawGrSmuawmY uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY DNS ESifYHostsnamersm;ukda&;jyxm;ygonf/ Hostsname ESifY IP

addressukda&;xnfY&mwGif Programukd Executionvkyf&mwGifyg0ifrnfY uGefysLwmrsm;&JU Hostsname ESifY IP addressrsm;jzpfygonf/ yg0ifaqmif&GufrnfY uGefysLwmwkdif;wGif hostname

ESifY IP addressrsm;ukd atmufazmfjyygykHtwkdif; jznfYpGufay;&ygrnf/

9/ atmufazmfjyygykHwGif cat commandjzifY hostsname

ESifY IP address ukdMunfYygonf/ jznfYpGuf&efvkdtyfrl&Sdyguvi editor ukd tokH;jyKí 0ifa&mufNznfYpGufa&;om;Ekdifyg onf/vi editorjzifY NznfYpGufa&;om;csif&ifawmY Insert key tjzpfI ukdESdyf í Insert vkyfEkdifonf/ a&;om;jyD;ygu Save vkdvSsifEsc ESdyf :wq jyD;&if Enter &kdufay;&ef/ bmrS Insert rvkyfbl;qkd&ifawmY Esc ESdyf :q! jzifY vi editor rS jyefxGufEkdifygonf/


64

10/ rsh serverukd RunEkdif&eftwGuf ta&;MuD;qkH;tcsufrSm pufwkdif;wGif Service shellonf disable=yes(default)

jzpfaernf vi editor jzifY 0ifa&mufjyifay;&rnf/ atmufazmfjyygykHonf vi editorjzifY 0ifa&mufjyifxm;aomykHjzpfygonf/pufwkdif;wGif disable= no jzpfae&ygrnf/

11/ aemufwpfqifhtaeeJUcat commandjzifY machines.LINUX

xJwGif hostsname &Sd r&SdMunfYygonf/ hostsname (3)ckvkH;r&Sdygu vi editor jzifY 0ifa&mufNznfYpGufay;&ygrnf/ atmufazmfjyygykHonf jznfYpGufxm;aomykHjzpfygonf/

12/ aemufwpfqifY taeeJY yg0ifaqmif&GufrnfY uGefysLwmwkdif;&JU User Name rsm;udk Add vkyfygrnf/ Add vkyf&mwGifPassword rsm;onf root (#) password rsm;omjzpf&rnf/txufygazmfjycJYaom tcsuftvufrsm;tm;vkH;onf yg0ifaqmif&GufrnfY uGefysLwmwkdif;wGif vkyfaqmif&rnfukd pmzwfolrsm;taeeJY owdxm;apvkdygonf/

13/ txufygtcsuftvufrsm;ukd pufwkdif;wGif aqmif&GufjyD;pD;ygu rsh server run Ekdif&eftwGuf uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY rjzpfraevkyf&rnfY vkyfief;pOfrsm;uawmY atmufazmfjyygykHwGif jyxm;onfY twkdif; Service configurationrS iptables ESifYip6tables ukd stop ay;&ygrnf/ xinetd ESifY rsh ukd restart

ay;&ygrnf/

65


14/ atmufazmfjyyg ykHrsm;onf rsh commandokH;ípufawGudk run xm;aomykHrsm;jzpfygonf/

yxrOD;pGm uRefawmfYpufuaejyD; rdrdpuf(1)vkH;wnf;ukdt&if run vkdufonf / xkdokdY rdrdpuf(1)vkH;wnf; run jyD;aemuftNcm;pufawGudk run ygonf? ykHwGifMunfYyg/ ls (list) jzifYrun vkdufaomaMumifY pufwkdif;wGif &Sdaeaom Data rsm;ukdawGY&ygrnf/ ykHwGif hello? sun? welcome qkdjyD; Program name

rsm;ukdawGY&ygrnf/

15/ rsh awG runjyD;aemuf uRefawmfwkdY pufawGxJrSm &SdwJYMPI programawGukd runygr,f/ uRefawmfYtaeeJYuawmYWELCOMEvkdY trnfay;xm;wJY uRefawmfY&JU Simple Program

av;ukd TestvkyfjyoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ Programav;uawmYt&rf;&kd;&Sif;wJY Programav;jzpfygw,f/ atmufazmfjyygykHukdMunfYyg vuf&Sda&mufaewJY DirectoryxJrSm Execution vkyfrSmjzpfvkdY PATH vrf;aMumif;ay;vkdufygonf/ PATH vrf;aMumif;export vkyfjyD;aemuf mpirun –np 1 welcome.out qkdjyD;welcome qkdwJY Program ukd run vkdufygonf/ xkdokdY run

&mwGif -np onf number of processor jzpfjyD;? 1 onfprocessor (1)vkH; jzpfonfukdqkdvkdygonf/ atmufrSmjyxm;wJYykHawGrSm processor (1)vkH;? (2)vkH;? (3)vkH; eJY ” welcome

qkdwJY MPI programukd parallel computing vkyfxm;ygonf/Parallel programjzpfaom MPI programukd Execution

vkyfrnfYtcsdeftwGif; uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY Processor tvkH;ta&twGuf b,favmufokH;jyD; run rvJqkdwmukd owfrSwfay;Ekdifygonf/ Programrsm;ukd pufwkdif;wGif ExecutionvkyfEkdif&eftwGuf pufwkdif;wGif Programsrsm;ukd Copyvkyfxm;ay;&ygrnf/ Program tm;vkH;&JU processesrsm;onf 0 rS pía&wGufonf/ Process 0 of 3 is alivewGif Processonf0 jzpfjyD; 3 onf Processor ta&twGufjzpfygonf/ Output

result uawmY


66

ed*kH;txufrSmazmfjycJYwJY taMumif;t&mrsm;eJY ywfoufí Parallel Computing Fieldonf t&rf;us,fjyefYygonf/

tJ'DxJurS uRefawmfYtaeeJY Parallel programming model &JU special library wpfckjzpfaom MPI taMumif;ukdoma&;om; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ Message passing tvkyfvkyfykHawGukdvnf; txufrSmykHESifYwuG azmfjyxm;ay;ygw,f/ Program(1)yk'fukd processors(3)vkH; ESifY Parallel computingvkyfykHukdazmfjycJYjyD; jzpfygonf/ avYvmaeqJ ausmif;om;wpfOD;jzpfvkdYtxufyg taMumif;t&mESifY ywfoufí vkdtyfcsufrsm;pGm&SdEkdifygonf/ þpmapmifukd avYvmzwfvkduf&onfY pmzwfol?nDtpfukd armifESrrsm;tm;vkH; em;vnfay;MuygvkdY arwåm&yfcHyg&ap/ uRefawmfYtaeESifY uGefysLwmenf;ynmeJYywfoufítenf;i,f avYvmxm;aom Parallel computing taMumif;ukd pmzwf olrsm;taeeJY &ifESD;uGßrf;0ifrl&SdoGm;atmifa&;om;wifjyvkduf& ygonf/

Reference:1. http://users.abo.fi/mats/PP2008/programs/MPI/index.html2. http://www.pdc.kth.se/training/Tutor/MPI/Templates/index-frame.html3. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~rc/classes/intro_mpi/intro_mpi_overview.html4. https://www.cityu.edu.hk/acim/facilities/MPI.htm5. http://www.uppmax.uu.se/support/faqs/faqs/how-can-i-compile-mpi-programs-on-ra-isis6. http://www.mcs.anl.gov/research/projects/mpi/tutorial/gropp/talk.html#Node07. https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/mpi/#What8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing#Parallel_programming_languages9. http://iproc.ru/programming/mpich-windows/10. http://iproc.ru/11. https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/parallel_comp/#Whatis12. http://kb.iu.edu/data/angf.html13. http://www.cfd-online.com/Wiki/Parallel_computing


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68


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69


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70


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w,fqdkwmu rdrdcE¨mudk,fxJu aoG;awGudkazmufxkwfNyD;tjcm;olwpfa,muftwGuftoHk;jyKvkduf&wmyg/ uRefawmfwkdU cE¨mudk,frSm&SdwJh aoG;qJvf(blood cells)awG[m oufwrf;&Sdygw,f/ aoG;qJvfav;awG oufwrf;aphvdkY aeYpOfaoG;qJvftopf awGvnf; arG;zGm;xkwfvkyfaeygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdU aoG;rvSL&ifvnf; tJ'DaoG;qJvfav;awGu oufwrf;aphwJh tvdkvdkysufpD;? zsufqD;cH&awmhrSmyg/ aoG;vSLvdkufjcif;tm;jzifU 'DaoG;awG[m vltoufwpfacsmif;udk u,fwifoGm;Edkifygw,f/ vSLvdkufwJhaoG;yrmPudkvnf; cE¨mudk,fuwjznf; jznf;csif;jyefvnfjznfUwifay;oGm;rSmyg/

aoG;vSLwJhtcg uRefawmfwkdUcEmudk,frSm vnfywfaewJhaoG;yrmPxJu 450 pDpDavmufazmufxkwfay;vdkufwmyg/ t&G,fa&mufNyD;om; uRefawmfwkdYudk,fcE¨mrSm aoG;5000 pDpD (wpfvDwm a&oefUbl; 5 bl;cefY)&Sdygw,f/ wpfcgvSL&if a&oefUbl;wpfbl;&JU wpf0ufpmavmufavsmhoGm;wJh

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ygw,f/ 'gaMumifU aoG;vSL&SifawG[m aoG;rvSLcif t&ifqkH;aoG;ppfcH&ygw,f/ ul;pufEdkifwJha&m*gawGjzpfwJh ckcHtm;usqif;rIa&m*g? tonf;a&miftom;0gbDydk;? pDydk; umvom;a&m*gawGudkppfaq;jyD; r&SdrSom oefU&Sif;wJhaoG;tjzpf vSLvkdU&ygw,f/

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oufwrf;aphwJhtcsdefrSm aoG;eDO[m tqkwfeJYcE¨mudk,fwpfoQL;awGqDukd vSnfhywfaewJhtywfaygif; 75000 avmufoGm;jyD;ygjyD/ aeYpOf aoG;eDOaygif; 300 bDvD,Havmuf ysufpD;aejyD; jyefjyD;awmhvnf; topfawGeJY jznfhwif;aeygw,f/

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Platelet &Jh oufwrf;uawmh 5 &ufuae 9 &uftxd&SdjyD; aoG;aMumav;awGaygufoGm;wJh tcg aoG;wdwfapzdkU t"dutcef;u@uaeyg0ifygw,f/ ykHrSefrSm aoG;wpfrdkufc&dkvDwmudk 150-400( 150-400 Platelets per one

microLiter )&Sdygw,f/ Platelet awGavsmhenf;oGm;wJhtcgaoG;rcJwm? aoG;xGufvG,fwJh a&m*ga0'emawG cHpm;&ygw,f/

Plasma aoG;&nfMunfxJrSmawmh y&dkwif;awG? cEmudk,ftwGuf ta&;BuD;wJhj'yfaygif;awGygygw,f/

rdrd&JUaoG;eJY olwyg;&JU toufwpfacsmif;udku,fwifvdkufEdkifw,fqdkwJhyDwdrsdK;[m udk,fwdkifaoG;vSLzl;rScHpm;EdkifrSmyg/ pmzwfol[m usef;rmwJh a&m*guif;pifwJholwpfa,mufjzpfw,fqdk&if jyefvnfjynfhwif;vmr,fhoifUcEmudk,fuaoG;udk wpfBudrfwpfcgavmuf vSL'gef;MunfhzdkU wkdufwGef;vdkygw,f/ oifhaoG;wpfpufeJU toufqufEdkifr,fh vlawG&Sdw,fqdkwm odvmwJhaemufrSm rGefjrwfvSwJhaoG;vSL&SifqkdwJh b0udkydkifqdkifEdkifygjyD/ 'Daqmif;yg;av;udkzwfjyD; aoG;vSL&Sifwpfa,mufwdk;vmjyDqdk&ifyJ aoG;vdktyfwJha0'em&SifawGtwGufa&m? aoG;vSL&Sif&JU apwemtwGufa&m0rf;ajrmuf&ygjyD/oifhaoG;jzifh toufu,fyg vdkUwdkufwGef;&if;.. .. .. /

um,okc? pdwÅokc jynfhpkHEdkifMuygap/

Dr.Zero

72


z,f&Sm;EdkifaumfzDrIefUwGifyg&Sdaom"gwfu cEmudk,fta&jym;ü

ysufqD;oGm;onfh qJvfrsm;tm; z,f&Sm;ypfEdkifonfUtjyifqJvfrsm;cHEdkif&nfaumif;rGefatmifvnf; yHydk;ay;EdkifaMumif;od&onf/

"gwfcGJcef;wGif <uufrsm;ukd aumfzDwdkufauR;jyD; c&rf;vGefa&mifjcnfudkcHum prf;oyfcJh&m <uufrsm;\ ta&jym;wGiftema&m*gwpfpHkwpf&mrjzpfyGm;aMumif; ¤if;wdkUu ajymMum;onf/xdkodkUprf;oyf&mwGif <uufrsm;cEmudk,f&Sd tarT;trSifrsm;udk&dwfjyD; prf;oyfcJhjcif;jzpfaMumif;od&onf/

1/ aumfzDwpfaeUESpfcGuf aomufoHk;ygvQif ta&jym;uifqmjzpfyGm;rI umuG,fEdkifonf[kqdkaumfzD aomufoHk;jcif;onf c&rf;vGefa&mifjcnfaMumifU jzpfapwwfaom cEmudk,f ta&jym;uifqm jzpfyGm;rIudk

umuG,fay;&mwGif taxmuftuljyKaMumif; tar&duefEdkifiH e,l;*smpDwuúodkvfrS okawoeynm&Sifrsm;uxkwfazmfajymMum;onf/

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BuHUcdkifa&;pdwfa&mudk,fyg usef;rmBuHUcdkifa&;twGuf aiGukefus

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enf;vrf;jzpfonfhtjyif pdwfzdpD;rIESifU cE¨mudk,fusef;rmBuHUcdkifrItwGuf taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;wpfckyifjzpfaMumif; pydefokawoeynm&Sifrsm;u xkwfazmfajymMum;vkdufonf/

avsmhustaES;tajy;avhusifhjcif;aMumifh cE¨mudk,ftpdwf

tydkif;rsm;wGif <uufom;rsm; cdkifrmoefpGrf;rIudk jzpfaponfhtjyif tonf;tqDzHk;jcif;? ESvHk;aoG;aMumusOf;jcif;ESifUaoG;aMumydwfqdkYrIrsm;udk avsmhusapaMumif;od&onf/awGU&Sd&

taES;tajy;avhusifhjcif;onf trsdK;om;? trsdK;orD;2000udk okawoejyKcJh&m tonf;tqDzHk;jcif;? ESvHk;aoG;aMumusOf;jcif;a&m*grsm; jzpfyGm;rIr&SdaMumif; awGU&Sd&onf[kpydefokawoDynm&Sifrsm;u ajymMum;onf/

73


oHk;ESpfMumokawoejyKxdkUtjyif tcsdeftawmfrsm;rsm;ü pm;aomufcsifpdwf

vnf; rsm;wwfMuNyD; vufawGUvnf; pm;aomufwwfMuonfjzpf&m t0vGefrIjzpfyGm;&mwGif trsdK;om;rsm;xuftrsdK;orD;OD;a&uydkrdkrsm;aMumif; oHk;ESpfMumokawoejyKxm;onfh okawoejyKcsufü azmfjyxm;onf/ xdkodkYjzpf& jcif;rSmtpm;tpmESifhywfoufaom tm&HkcHpm;rIjzpfaponfh OD;aESmuftwGif;&Sd ae&mtpdwftydkif;onf trsdK;om;rsm;wGif &SdonfhyrmPxuf trsdK;orD;rsm;ü&SdaomyrmPu ydkBuD;rm;aMumif;jyifopfokawoeynm&Sifrsm;\ okawoejyKcsufü qufvufazmfjyxm;onf/

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pdwfqEudkxdef;csKyfEdkifrIüvnf; trsdK;om;rsm;xuf trsdK;orD;rsm;u ydkrdktm;enf;avh&SdaMumif; jyifopfokawoeynm&Sifrsm;\okawoejyKcsufüazmfjyxm;onf/

xdef;csKyfoifhxdkUaMumifh trsdK;orD;rsm;taejzifUtpm;tpm pm;

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rjzpfyGm;Edkif aeUpOf eHeufydkif;tdyf,mxp tcsdefü a&wpfvDwmcefUaomufoHk;ygu udkvufpxa&m usqif;aponfhtjyif udk,fvufavUusifUcef; (10)rdepfcefU jyKvkyfay;vQif tpmtdrfESifhtluifqmrsm;rjzpfyGm;apEdkifaMumif; ¤if;wdkYu ajymMum;onf/

4/eHeufydkif;ü oefU&Sif;aoma& yHkrSefaomufoHk;vQif udk,ftav;tcsdefusqif;apEdkif[kqdk

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yHUydkUay;odkYaomf wpfaeYvQif tenf;qHk; a&(3)vDwmcefY

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3/ tdkifaygh em;Muyfrsm;rSwqifh em;udkufa&m*gjzpfay:apEdkiftdEd,EdkifiH taemufawmifbuf&Sd rPdayguwfusbm

aq;ynmaumvdyfrS avUvmrIwpfckwGif tdkifaygh(ipod)rsm;udkem;axmifjcif;onf em;udkufa&m*gudkjzpfay:apEdkifonf[ktifwmeufowif;wGifazmfjyxm;onf/

em;Muyfrsm;udk wpfOD;rS wpfOD;odkY rQa0toHk;jyKem;axmifjcif;onf usef;rma&;twGuf tEÅ&m,frsm;aMumif;?yxrqHk;ol\em;MuyfrS bufwD;&D;,m;rsm;onf tjcm;wpfOD;\ em;odkYul;puf0ifa&mufoGm;aMumif; tdEd,odyÜHokawoDrsm;u &SmazGawGU&SdcJhMuonf/

tdkifaygh (iPod)ESifU trfyD-3(MP3)Playerrsm;udkyHkrSefoHk;í em;axmifolrsm;onf yHkrSefroHk;pGJolrsm;xuf bufwD;&D;,m;ul;pufrIEIef; ydkíjrifhrm;onf[k okawoDrsm;uqdkonf/

tdkifaygh(iPod)udk Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfwvJvJ em;axmifolrsm;onf ¤if;wdkU\em;wGif bufwD;&D;,m;rsm; &SifoefBuD;xGm;rIEIef; tvGefjrefqefvmMuonf/ em;MuyfjzifhyHkrSefem;axmifol 92% &mcdkifEIef;\em;wGif bufwD;&D;,m;rsm;udkawGU&aMumif; avhvmrIwGifazmfjyxm;onf/

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Tie, Legato (Slur) and StaccatoTie

yH kr SefNoteawGud k em;vnfNyD;wJ htcg olwd k Yuk drlvwefzdk;xufydkNyD;toH&Sdef &SnfatmifqJGNyD;wD;&wJh oauFwawGtaMumif;ajymygr,f/

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rsOf;auG;av;eJY qufay;xm;wmyg/ 'Dvdkqufxm;&if yxr Note

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eJYqufxm;&if yxr Crochet udk olusr,fh Beat rSm wD;NyD;uyfvsuf Beat rSm 'kwd, CrochetudkrwD;bJ tJ'D Beat

qHk;wJhtxd toH&SdefqufqJGxm; (*DwmrSmqdk&if b,fvufuGufudkrvTwfbJ qufzdxm;)&rSmjzpfygw,f/ Tie [m tNrJwrf;toHjcif;xyfwlnDwJh NoteawGudkomqufygw,f/ Note (2)vHk;xufruvnf; qufvdkY&ygw,f/ tJ'Dvdkqufxm;&iftNrJwrf; yxrqHk;tvHk;udkom toHxGufatmifwD;&rSmjzpfNyD;usefwJh Tie eJYqufxm;wJh Note tm;vHk;ukdrwD;bJ toH&SdefomqJGxm;&rSmjzpfygw,f/ oabmuawmh Minim(2)vHk;udk Tie

vkyfxm;&if Semi-brevewpfvHk;eJY oabmcsif;twlwlygyJ/'DvdkygyJ... Crochet(2)vHk;udk Tie vkyfxm;wm[m Minim wvHk;eJYwefzdk;csif;? wD;yHkcsif; twlwlygyJ/ atmufuyHkrSm jyxm;ygw,f/

'gqdk&if bmjzpfvdkY tvkyf½IyfcHNyD; TievkyfaerSmvJ?Crochet (2) vHk;udk Tie vkyfr,fhtpm; Minim wpfvHk;wnf;a&;vdkuf&ifrNyD;bl;vm;vdkY ar;p&m&Sdygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk a&;vdkYr&wJhae&mawG&Sdygw,f/ Oyrm bm;wpfbm; tqHk;utvHk;udkaemufwbm;&Jhtptxd toH&SdefqJGxm;csifwJhtcgrsdK;us&if Tie

eJYa&;rS&ygw,f/ bm;wpfck&JYtqHk;tvHk;u Crochetudkaemufbm;tpu Crochet txd toH&SdefqJGcsifwJhtcg Minim

eJYa&;vdkY r&awmhygbl;/ a&;vdkuf&if tJ'D bar&JY&Sd&r,fhtvHk;a&xufausmfxGufoGm;ygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dvdk tcgrsdK;rSm TieudkoHk;&ygw,f/ Time SignaturetaMumif;us&if ydk&Sif;oGm;ygvdrfhr,f/ aemufNyD; toHwoHwnf;udk 3-4 bm;avmuf qufNyD;toH&SdefqJGxm;csif&ifvnf; Tie udkoHk;rS &rSmyg/ ta&;BuD;wmwpfcku Note awGudkomvQif TievkyfvdkY&ygw,f/ RestawGudkb,fawmhrS Tiervkyfygbl;/

Legato (Slur)

Legato (tcsdKUu Legado vdkYvJ a&;ygw,f/ Guitar

rSm trsm;qHk;oHk;ygw,f/ Slur vkdYvJ ac:ygw,f)qdkwmuawmhtoHrwlwJh Note tenf;qHk; (2)vHk;udk rsOf;auG;av;eJY qufay;xm;wm yg/ 'Dvdkqufxm;&if yxr NoteudkwD;NyD; rsOfauG;eJYqufjyxm;wJh 'kwd,NoteudkrwD;bJ tJ'DNote&JYtvHk;&SdwJhae&mudk acsmacsmarGYarGYav;a&mufoGm;atmif *DwmvufuGufay:rSm zdxm;wJhvufudk rMuGbJ yGwfwdkufa&TUjcif; (slide or gliss)?'grSr[kwf toHjrifh&mudkjy&if aemufvufwpfacsmif;eJY vSrf;zdvdkufjcif; (hammer-on) (odkYr[kwf) toHedrfh&mudkjyxm;&if'kwd,tvHk;&SdwJhae&mudkyg NydKifwlt&ifzdxm;NyD; yxrtvHk;udkwD;NyD;rS tJ'DyxrtvHk;udk zdxm;wJhvufacsmif;udk MuGvdkufjcif;('kwd,tvHk;ae&mudk zdxm;wJhvufudkrvTwf&yg) (pull-off)wkdYudkvkyf&rSmjzpfygw,f/ PianorSmawmh yxrtvHk;ukd vufrvTwfbJzdxm;&if; aemuftvHk;udk qufwD;vdkufwmyg/ 'DvkdLegatovkyf&if toH[m acsmacsmarGYarGY vSvSyyav;xGufvmygw,f/ atmufu erlemyHkpHudkMunfhyg/ Beat 1 eJY 2[m Tie

jzpfNyD; Beat 3 eJY 4 u tvHk;awG[m Legato jzpfygw,f/

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'D Note awGudk *DwmeJYwD;Munfh&if 1 rSm G udkwD;NyD; 2rSm rwD;bJ vufudkqufzdxm;NyD; toH&SdefqJGxm;&ygr,f/ 3 uA note ukdwD;NyD; & rSm rwD;bJ G udk vufeJY zdxm;NyD;rS A udkESdyfxm;wJh vufudk MuGvdkuf&rSm (pull-off) jzpfygw,f/ 4 rSmA note ukdwD;NyD; & rSm rwD;bJ B Note udk vufeJY vSrf;aygufvdkYyJjzpfjzpf (Hammer-on)? A udk zdxm;wJhvufudk rMuGbJ BNote udka&mufwJhtxd zdqJGoGm;NyD;yJjzpfjzpf (slide or gliss)vuftqifajyovdk wD;&rSmjzpfygw,f/ aemufwpfbm;u 1rSm C udkwD;NyD; 2-3-4 txd toH&Sdef qJGxm;&rSmjzpfygw,f/

Staccato and Tenuto

Staccato qdkwmuawmh toHjywfjywfwD;&r,fh Note

awGyg/ wD;NyD;wmeJY csufcsif; b&dwfzrf;NyD; toH&SdefukdowfNyD;wD;&rSmjzpfygw,f/ olwd k Yud ka&;wJ htcg Note awG&JUatmufwnfhwnfh 'grSr[kwf tay:wnfhwnfhrSm tpuf (dot)av;awGxnfhNyD;a&;xm;&ygw,f/

rsOf;wdk(dash)av;awGeJY a&;jyxm;&ifawmh Tenuto

vdkYac:ygw,f/ tJ'gqdk tJ'D Note&JYwefzdk; (toH&Sdef) tjynfhwD;&ygr,f/ enf;enf;vnf; ydkNyD; zdwD; (stress or emphasize)&ygw,f/ SostenutovdkYvnf; ac:ygw,f/

Dotted Notes and Rests

tpufav;wpfpuf (Dot)udk Note wvHk;&Jh aemufrSmuyfvsufxnfhvdkuf&if tJ'D Noteudk Dotted NotevkdY ac:ygw,f/ Dot[molxnfhvdkufwJh Note&JY wefzdk;wpf0ufeJY nDygw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'Dvdkxnfhvdkuf&if tJ'D Note&JYwefzdk;[m wpf0uf(wenf;tm;jzif wpfqcJG)xyfNyD;wdk;oGm; (toH&SnfoGm;)ygw,f/Oyrm Minim wpfvHk;udk Dot xnfhvkduf&if rlv Minim wefzdk;uCrochet 2vHk;? aemufxyf Dot &Jh wefzdk;u Minim &Jhwpf0ufqdkawmh aemufxyf Crochet 1 vHk;jzpfwJhtwGuf pkpkaygif;Crochet 3vHk;pm&SdoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ usefwJh noteawGyJ jzpfjzpf?Rest awGyJjzpfjzpf[mvnf; 'Doabmw&m;twdkif;yJ jzpfygw,f/atmufuOyrmudkMunfhyg/

Dot udka&;wJhtcg Line Note awGtwGufqkd&if Note

Head a&;xm;wJh Line &Jh tay:uyfvQuf Space rSm a&;&rSmjzpfygw,f/ Space Note awGtwGuf qkd&if tJ'D Note Head

&SdwJh SpacerSma&;&rSm jzpfygw,f/ atmufuOyrmrSm Dotted

NoteawG&Jh a&;om;yHkeJYwD;zdkYyHkpHudk jyxm;ygw,f/

'Dawmh Dotwpfcktpm; ESpfckxnfhvdkuf&ifvnf; 'Doabmw&m;twdkif;yJ quf,l&ygr,f/ tJ'Dawmh DotESpfckxnfhvdkuf&iftJ'D Note[m aemufxyftoH av;yHkoHk;yHk (75%) xyf&Snfvmygr,f/ Oyrm Minim wpfvHk;udk Double Dot xnfhvkduf&if rlvMinim wefzdk;u Crochet 2vHk;? yxr Dot &JYwefzdk;u Minim

&Jh wpf0ufqdkawmh aemufxyf Crochet 1 vHk;? 'kwd, Dot&JYwefzdk;u yxr Dot &Jh wpf0ufqdkawmh aemufxyf Quaver

1vHk; jzpfwJhtwGuf pkpkaygif; Crochet 3vHk;eJY Quaver 1vHk;pm(odkYr[kwf Quaver 7vHk;pm)&SdoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ MinimeJYCrochettwGuf atmufuOyrmrSmjyxm;ygw,f/ usefwJh note

awGeJY RestawGtwGufvnf; 'Dabmw&m;twdkif;yJ jzpfygw,f/

Triple Dot awGUcJh&ifvnf; 'Dtwdkif;yJ qufwGufoGm;vdkufyg/ Dotted RestawGuawmh awGU&cJygw,f/ Compound

Time awGjzpfwJh 6/8 wkdY 9/4 wkdYawGrSmyJ tawGUrsm;ygw,f/'gayr,fh awGYvm&ifvnf; 'DvdkyJrSwf,l&ygr,f/

'gqdk&if Dotted NoteawGeJY RestawGtaMumif;&Sif;oGm;avmufygNyD/Tones and Interval awG&JUtaMumif;udk qufygOD;r,f ....

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Myanmar Family Magazine Volume 2

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Transcript of Myanmar Family Magazine Volume 2