Muscles and Movement

The JointBest unit representation of how the body

moves

• Where two or more bones contact

• Includes many components:• BONES• LIGAMENTS• MUSCLES• TENDONS• NERVES

The BONES• Bones are ORGANS• FUNCTION: framework for

body• FUNCTION: Protection

for……..• FUNCTION: Act as levers • FUNCTION: Forms RBC• FUNCTION: Storage of

minerals, especially calcium and phosphorous.

BONES and TENDONS: A TEAM

• Skeletal Muscles are attached to bones by TENDONS.

• TENDONS are cords of dense connective tissue

Arrangement of bones and design of joints

These are the two factors that determine the type or range of motion

possible in an organisms’ body….

THE MUSCLES: Working in antagonistic pairs

MAINTAINING CONTROL

• Ligaments:• Tough band-like

structures that strengthen the joint. • Contains different

nerve endings…

• Nerves• Works with ligaments

to control positions of the joints• Prevents over-extension

of joint and its parts.

NUTRITION

• Blood– Supplies joints with….– Damaged blood

vessels causes haemorrhage

– Results in swelling

JOINT TYPE: HINGE JOINT

JOINT TYPE: HINGE JOINT

Cartilage: reduces friction and absorbs compression

JOINT TYPE: HINGE JOINT

Synovial Fluid: lubricates to…… and provides nutrients for cells

JOINT TYPE: HINGE JOINT

Joint Capsule: surrounds joint, encloses Synovial cavity, unites connecting bones

JOINT TYPE: HINGE JOINT

Tendons: Attach muscle to bone

JOINT TYPE: HINGE JOINTLigaments: Connects bone to bone

JOINT TYPE: HINGE JOINTBiceps: contracts to bring out flexion (bending) of arm

JOINT TYPE: HINGE JOINTTriceps: contracts to cause extension (straightening) of the arm

JOINT TYPE: HINGE JOINTHumerus: act as lever that allows anchorage of muscles of elbow

JOINT TYPE: HINGE JOINTRadius: act as lever for the biceps muscle

JOINT TYPE: HINGE JOINTUlna: act as lever for the _______________muscle

JOINT TYPE: KNEE JOINT

Just like the elbow, the knee joint:

(1)Can move freely (diarthrotic joints)

(2)Is also of the synovial type – why do you think this is so?

JOINT TYPE: BALL-&-SOCKET JOINTS

What do you think is the difference in the design of this joint?

Case Study: KNEE SURGERY

Case Study Review Question

• What would be the result of a decrease in synovial fluid at a freely movable joint?