Post on 01-Mar-2018
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Monitoring Media Coveof the 2016 Election
Final Report
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Overview
Introduction and explanation of the methodology.
Findings from pre-election day period, starting Septem16 February 2016.
Findings from election day and post-election coverage.
Findings from social media usage by presidential candi
elections.
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BACKGROUNDWhy monitor media coverage of elections?
The goal of ACME’s project is to contribute to accurate, fair, impa
balanced coverage of the 2016 elections. ACME’s specific objecti To monitor, document and share trends in media coverage of t
general elections.
To monitor media compliance with election reporting guidelineregulations.
To influence journalists, editors and media owners to provide inthat is more accurate, impartial and fair.
To empower civil society and the public to demand adherence professional standards in media coverage of elections.
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Methodology (1)Scope of study
A purposive sample of print and electronic media.
September-March coverage of presidential and parliamentaelections by newspaper, television and radio.
Media content types: News, current affairs, and commenta
Social media usage by presidential candidates during electi
Data collection methodStory/article is the unit of analysis.
Content analysis.
Key informant interviews.
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Methodology (2)
Sampling
9 newspapers5 televisions channels
33 radio stations
Twitter profiles of presidential candidates Yoweri M
Kizza Besigye and Amama Mbabazi. The choice of Twwas informed by the frequency of use of the platformthree presidential candidates during elections, compFacebook, for instance.
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Methodology (3)Sampling
PRINT PUBLICATIONS (9) TELEVISION (5)
Dailies - New Vision, DailyMonitor, Red Pepper, Bukedde
Public channels –
UBCBukedde
Weeklies - The Independent,
Etop, Rupiny and Orumuri
Private channels – NT
Uganda, NBS & WBS
Tri-weekly - The Observer SOCIAL MEDIA/TWITTER
@kagutamuseveni
@amamambabazi
@kizzabesigye1
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RADIO (33)
Languages: English, Luganda, Ateso, Luo, Lumasaba, LusogLugbara and Runyakitara
Stations: UBC, Bukedde, Arua One, Baba FM, Buddu FM, B
FM, Capital Radio, Central Broadcasting Services, Dokolo,
Broadcasting Services, Kasese Guide, KFM, Kioga Veritus F
FM, Nenah, Nile, Open Gate FM, Radio Amani, Radio pacisRhino, Radio Sapienta, Radio West, Rock FM, Rukungiri FM
FM, Simba, Spice FM, Sun, Top Radio, Voice of Africa FM, V
Kigezi, Voice of Life, Voice of Teso, Voice of Toro
Methodology (4)Sampling
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Monitoring/Research Questions (1
What topics do the media focus on in their coverage of the
What type of reports do the media produce [news,
commentary/opinion, features/special reports, etc]?
What is the nature of the reporting [conventional, interpretinvestigative, enterprise]?
Who are the sources in media coverage [ordinary people, p
officials, candidates, regulators, civil society, diplomats, religleaders, central government officials, local leaders, police/seetc]?
What is the number and gender of the sources?
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Monitoring/Research Questions (2
Which political parties are focused on in media coverage?
Which presidential candidates are focused on in media covHow much time or space is dedicated to each party?
How much time or space is dedicated to each presidential c
What is the tone of coverage?
How often do news stories interrogate candidate or party pHow often do news stories include background and context
How did presidential candidates use Twitter?
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THE RESULTSSeptember 2015 – 16 February 2016
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Type of election
Presidential election most covered by all three med
-Newspapers (65%)-TV (70.8%)
-Radio (53.8%)
Observation: Radio covered the parliamentary electiothan newspapers and television.
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Type of election by media type
Newspaper TV Radio
65.0 70.8
53.8
21.7 13.8
23.5
13.3 15.422.7
Type of election (%)
Presidential Parliamentary Both
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Type of election by newspaper
69.0 71.5 72.8
55.066.4
30.3
40.2
57.470.1
15.417.1 10.7
33.323.0
50.040.2
36.8 11.1
15.6 11.4 16.5 11.6 10.619.7 19.5
5.918.8
Type of election (%) N=4,116
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Type of election by television
Bukedde NBS NTV Uganda UBC WBS
64.7 69.9 72.2 74.3 73.7
20.9 15.2 12.9 8.0 10.3
14.5 15.0 14.9 17.7 16.0
Type of election (%) N=2,274
Presidential Parliamentary Both
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Type of content by media type
Newspaper TV Radio
10.4 3.9 2.0
89.6 96.1 98.0
Type of article (%)
Commentary News
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Total space/time to election coverag
Newspaper: A total of 3,005,615cm² space allocated tocoverage. Of the total, Daily Monitor provided most spafollowed by New Vision (25.1%).
Television: A total of 10,873 minutes allocated to electicoverage by TV stations monitored. NBS topped (31.5%providing time to election stories.
Radio: Radio stations monitored allocated 10,257 minuelection coverage.
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Space to election stories - newspape
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Orumuri
Rupiny
Etop
The Independent
The Observer
Bukedde
Red Pepper
New Vision
Monitor
0.9
1.2
1.8
3.5
9.1
12.9
19.5
2
Space by publications (%) Area=3,005,615cm2
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Time to election stories - televisio
WBS
Bukedde
UBC
NTV Uganda
NBS
11.5
13.4
17.1
26.4
Time by station to elections (%) Time=10,873 minutes
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Radio time to election coverage per re
Northern
South-Western
West Nile
Western
Eastern
Kampala
Central
4.5
8.5
11.9
12.3
17.7
20.3
Time to news stories per region (%) Time=10,257 m
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Number of election stories
Newspaper: A total of 4,116 election stories were published in
newspapers between September and February. Of the total, D(26%) had the highest number of stories and Rupiny (1.7%) had
Television: A total of 2,274 election stories were aired by TV stmonitored. Of the total, NTV Uganda (27.7%), aired the most n
stories and WBS broadcast the least number WBS TV (18.7%).
Radio: There were 2,587 election stories aired on radio stationmonitored.
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Number of election stories - newspa
Orumuri
Rupiny
The Independent
Etop
The Observer
Bukedde
Red Pepper
New Vision
Monitor
1.7
2.0
2.8
3.2
10.2
12.7
19.6
21.2
Number of election stories (%)N=4,116
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Number of election stories - televis
WBS
UBC
Bukedde
NBS
NTV Uganda
13.7
15.4
18.6
24
Number of election stories (%) N=2,274
N b f di t i
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Number of radio news stories per reg
Northern
South-Western
West Nile
Western
Eastern
Kampala
Central
7.5
7.8
11.2
13.4
14.7
Number of radio news stories per region (%) N=3,960 N1=3,879
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Most covered candidate
Museveni was the most covered candidate by newspatelevision (45%) and radio stations monitored (41%).
Overall trend: Notable drop in space and time allocatMuseveni, Besigye and Mbabazi between December a
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Most covered candidate - newspap
Biraro
Bwanika
Kyalya
Mabirizi
Baryamureeba
Besigye
Mbabazi
Museveni
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.3
2.5
21.3
29.1
Space to candidates (%) Area=2,061,343.74cm2
M t d did t
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Most covered candidate per newspa
26.4
11.3
23.8 19.3 20.4
47.031.9
25.933.6
1.6
5.4
4.7
2.0 2.3
0.6
6.4
4.6
0.81.6
3.8
3.9
1.4 2.1
0.50.0
5.50.1
19.927.3
25.0
21.624.4
12.6
16.7 22.9 28.61.9
3.0
1.9
2.0
0.7
1.9
6.2 0.8
3.2
4.5
1.2
1.8
0.41.9
5.70.4
1.3
4.2
1.2
3.5
0.5
5.5
1.1
44.052.1
30.9
51.343.4
37.6 41.2
23.834.5
Space to candidates by publication (%) Area=2,061,343.74cm
d d d l
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Most covered candidate - television
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0
Biraro
Kyalya
Mabirizi
Bwanika
Baryamureeba
Mbabazi
Besigye
Museveni
2.0
2.0
2.2
3.3
4.6
19.2
21.6
Time to candidates (%) Time=7,511 minutes
Most covered candidate per TV statio
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Most covered candidate per TV statio
Bukedde NBS NTV Uganda UBC WBS
24.0 20.1 21.912.3
17
2.52.3
8.3
5.22.
1.41.8
3.8
0.41.
21.3 28.5
27.6
4.5
20
6.1 2.4
3.3
2.2
4.
2.4 2.2
2.6
1.8
2.
2.4 2.2
2.2
1.1
2.
39.9 40.530.2
72.6
49
Time to candidates (%) Time=7,511 minutes
Mbabazi Baryamureeba Biraro Besigye Bwanika Mabirizi Kyalya
M d did di
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Most covered candidate - radio
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0
Mabirizi
Biraro
Bwanika
Baryamureeba
Kyalya
Besigye
Mbabazi
Museveni
1.9
2.0
2.6
2.9
3.2
22.8
23.5
Time to candidates (%) Time=7,634 minutes
#T d M t d did t
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#Trends: Most covered candidate – news
16.7
29.5
39
44.2
39.7
43.8
39.4
25.728
22.5
37
27.6
21.119.8
16.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
September October November December January
Museveni Mbabazi Besigye
#T d L t d did t
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#Trends: Least covered candidate – news
3.0
2.1
4.6
1.0
3.4
2.5
4.2
1.2
2.6
1.5
3.6
1.6
2.3
0.3
4.6
0.8
2.9
1.6
4.5
0.7
November December January Febru
Space to candidates (%)
#T d M t d did t t l
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#Trends: Most covered candidate – telev
19.120.2
14.8
32.8
24.2
18.9 18.413.6
32.8
53.4
45.2 43.8
NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY
Time to candidates (%)
#Trends Least co ered candidate tele
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#Trends: Least covered candidate – telev
3.7
1.3
2.5
2.3.3
0.5
4.6
0
4.3
0.4
3.4
1.
3.5 3.5
4.5
2.
9.1
1.8
6.6
2.
November December January Feb
Time to candidates (%)
#Trends: Most covered candidate rad
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#Trends: Most covered candidate – rad
17.4
20.8
24.4
27.5 28.2 24.4
39.3
46.7
37.3
November December January Fe
Besigye Mbabazi Museveni
#Trends: Least covered candidate rad
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#Trends: Least covered candidate – rad
1.7
0.7
2.4
2.2
1.7
0.5
3.5
1.1
3.0
1.3
2.3
2.6
4.6
0.1
3.12.9
4.7
1.7
2.6
1.4
November December January February
Time to candidates (%)
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Pictures of presidential candidates
Museveni had the highest number of pictures overall (39.1%the front page (38.2%).
Kyalya had the least number of pictures overall (2.5%), whilfeatured least on cover in terms of pictures (2%).
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Pictures of candidates overall - newsp
Kyalya
Biraro
Mabirizi
Bwanika
Baryamureeba
Besigye
Mbabazi
Museveni
2.5
2.7
2.8
3.6
3.8
22.4
23.1
Number of pictures overall (%) n=2,552
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Pictures of candidates overall by newsp
New Vision Monitor RedPepper The Observer Bukedde The
Independent
Orumuri Rupiny Etop
43.9
27.2
47.1
31.4
50.4
33.9 35.130.8 31.1
21.9
27.2
15.3
29.2
19.8
23.2 21.321.2
28.4
18.7
22.3
29.5 31.917.8
26.822.3
23.114.9
4.5
4.7
1.3 1.84.3
3.6
4.35.8 4.1
4.1
5.5
1.9 1.3 2.35.4
4.3 9.610.8
1.8
3.2
1.9 2.2 2.6 3.6
4.31.9 4.1
2.94.7
1.7 0.9 0.6 1.85.3 1.9
4.12.3 5.2 1.1 1.3 2.3 1.8 3.2 5.8 2.7
Number of pictures overall (%) n=2,552
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Pictures of candidates on front pag
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 3
Bwanika
Kyalya
Mabirizi
Biraro
Baryamureeba
Besigye
Mbabazi
Museveni
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.2
2.7
24.5
26.5
Pictures on front page (%) n=408
Pictures of candidates on front page
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newspaper
New Vision Monitor RedPepper The
Observer
Bukedde Orumuri Rupiny Etop
58.8
32.1 31.626.9
50.0
30.0 33.3 33.3
15.0
32.1
18.4 26.9
27.5
23.3
33.3 33.3
11.325.7
39.5
42.3
22.5
20.0
25.0
11.1
5.00.9 1.3
6.7
2.5 2.8 2.6
6.7
8.3
11.1
2.5 1.8 2.61.9
3.3
2.5 1.8 2.66.7 11.1
2.5 2.8 1.3 1.9 3.3
Pictures on front page (%) n=408
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Front page coverage
There were 950 front page stories on presidential cMbabazi received the most (32.4%) coverage on fro
followed by Museveni (30%) and Besigye (23.7%).
Mabirizi least covered on front page (2.3%).
Overall trend: Mbabazi dominated front page from Seto October, before losing the slot to Museveni from Nonwards.
Front page coverage - newspaper
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Front page coverage newspaper
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
Mabirizi
Bwanika
Kyalya
Biraro
Baryamureeba
Besigye
Museveni
Mbabazi
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.7
3.6
23.7
Front page coverage (%) n=950
Front page coverage per newspaper
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Front page coverage per newspaper
Bukedde Etop Monitor New Vision Orumuri RedPepper Rupiny The
Observer
31.0
15.4
28.3 25.418.2
44.1 42.9 40.8
4.2
15.4
3.64.4
9.1
1.5 7.1
1.6
2.87.7 3.6 3.4 6.8
1.00.8
19.7
30.828.3
22.0 18.2
20.821.4
24.82.8
2.5
3.4 6.8
1.5 0.8
2.8
2.5
3.46.8
1.0 0.8
2.8
3.3
3.4
6.8 1.0 0.8
33.8 30.8 27.934.6
27.3 29.2 28.6 29.6
Front page coverage by candidate (%) n=950
#Trends: Front page coverage of candi
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p g g
54.5
40.2
28.8
36.1
27.8
33.6 32.9
21 20.8 20.8
7.3
26.8
31.5
39.6
30.2
SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY
Front page coverage (%) n=950
Mbabazi Besigye Museveni
Most covered topic
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Most covered topic
Politics was the most covered topic overall by newstelevision and TV from September to February.
However, in September and October, the proportiocovered by newspapers was higher than in other m
Most covered topic by media type
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Most covered topic by media type
Petition
Foreign affairs
Other
Land
Natural resources
Energy
Corruption
Human rights
Agriculture
Education
Health
Infrastructure
SecurityEconomy
Politics
0.0
0.7
1.2
2.3
2.5
2.8
3.6
5.1
5.5
6.6
7.6
7.9
7.9
10.0
36.4
Newspaper (%) n=5,462
Foreign affairs
Other
Land
Natural resources
Corruption
Energy
Human rights
Agriculture
Education
Health
Security
Infrastructure
Economy
Politics
0.7
1.5
2.8
2.9
3.13.3
4.4
5.8
7.1
8.1
9.2
10.010.4
30.8
Television(%) n=4,707
Foreign affairs
Land
Other
Natural resources
Energy
Corruption
Agriculture
Human rights
Health
Education
Infrastructure
Economy
Security
Politics
0
1
1
1
1
Radio
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Trends: Most covered topics
–
newspap
Foreign Affairs
Land
Natural resources
Energy
Agriculture
Health
Education
Infrastructure
Corruption
Other
Economy
Security
Human rights
Politics
0.7
0.7
0.8
1.5
2.4
2.5
2.9
3.2
3.5
3.6
4.7
7.1
7.359.2
OCTOBER (%) n=723
Foreign Affairs
Energy
Natural resources
Land
Health
Corruption
Agriculture
Infrastructure
Education
Other
Security
Human rights
EconomyPolitics
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.7
1.8
1.8
2.3
2.7
2.7
3.2
5.0
6.1
6.666.7
SEPTEMBER (%) n=441
Foreign affairs
Other
Land
Natural resources
Energy
Human rights
Corruption
Agriculture
Health
Security
Infrastructure
Education
Economy
Politics
NOVEMBE
#Trends: Most covered topic – newspa
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#Trends: Most covered topic newspa
Foreign affairs
other
Natural resources
Land
Energy
Corruption
Human rights
Agriculture
Education
Security
Infrastructure
Health
Economy
Politics
0.4
0.9
2.3
2.3
3.0
4.4
4.5
7.0
7.4
7.4
8.7
10.010.4
31.5
DECEMBER (%) n=1,720
Foreign affairs
Other
Land
Energy
Corruption
Natural resources
Human rights
Agriculture
Education
Health
Security
Infrastructure
Economy
Politics
0.8
0.8
3.0
3.1
3.53.7
4.8
6.9
7.4
7.9
8.1
8.6
11.2
30.5
JANUARY (%) n=1,719
Other
Foreign affairs
Land
Natural resources
Corruption
Agriculture
Energy
Humanrights
Education
Health
Infrastructure
Security
Economy
Politics
FEBRU
Tone of coverage
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g
Generally, the tone of coverage by all three media twas neutral, averaging 60%.
Newspaper: Orumuri (97%), Etop (74%) and New Visihad stories with the most neutral tone.
Television: Bukedde (66.7), NTV (66%) and UBC (60%)stories with the most neutral tone.
Candidates: Mbabazi and Besigye had the most numbstories with negative tone across all three media.
Story tone by media type
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y y yp
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Newspaper TV Radio
23.8 29.4 28.5
60.761.3 60.5
15.5 9.3 11.0
Tone of coverage (%)
Positive Neutral Negative
Newspaper story tone
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p p y
17.2 23.6 22.915.6
54.4
10.925.0
2.4
73.3 60.7 61.6
57.2
36.3
74.5
62.597.6
9.5 15.7 15.527.2
9.3 14.5 12.50.0
Tone of coverage (%) N=4,116 N1=2,796
Positive Neutral Negative
Television story tone
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Bukedde NBS NTV Uganda UBC WBS
27.2 31.124.0
36.9 31.3
66.7 55.6 66.1
59.9
55.2
6.213.3 9.9
3.213.5
Tone of coverage (%) N=2,274, N1=1,820
Positive Neutral Negative
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Newspaper story tone by candidate
19.032.3 31.3
20.228.2 26.7 31.3
62.2
62.0 63.4
62.1
67.3 67.5 63.5
18.8
5.7 5.4
17.8
4.5 5.8 5.2
Tone of coverage (%) n=2409
Positive Neutral Negative
TV story tone by candidate
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22.134.2 36.5
28.035.5 30.2
37.9
62.6
62.5 58.861.3
60.562.3
55.2
15.43.3 4.7 10.8
4.0 7.5 6.9
Tone of coverage (%) n=2,372
Positive Neutral Negative
Radio story tone by candidate
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26.039.8 45.1
29.246.3 47.9
39.6
61.4
58.0 52.8
59.7
52.6 49.357.6
12.62.2 2.1
11.01.1 2.7 2.8
Tone of coverage (%) n=3,296
Positive Neutral Negative
#Trends: Newspaper story tone
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p p y
20.5
13.6
30.4
17.7 21.6
58 58.2 56.4
66.763.3
21.4 28.2
13.2 15.6 15.1
SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY
Tone of coverage (%)
Positive Neutral Negative
#Trends: Television story tone
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y
27.9
20.1
26.9
62.1
69.9
64.1
10 10.0 9.0
NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEB
Tone of coverage (%)
Positive Neutral Negative
#Trends: Radio story tone
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32
24.318.8
6063.5
71.3
8
12.29.9
November December January Fe
Positive Neutral Negative
Reporting approach
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The most dominant reporting approach by all three mwas Conventional.
Among the newspapers, Etop, The Independent, The Ostood out for having a fair mix of the four reporting ap
Overall trend:
Conventional reporting highest between November a
February. Dominance of conventional reporting pronounced in r
TV.
Reporting approach by media typ
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Newspaper TV Radio
69.9
83.1 82.7
10.3
6.7 4.911.14.7 4.6
8.6 5.5 7.9
Reporting approach (%)
Conventional Interpretive Investigative Enterprise
Reporting approach per newspape
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77.766.9
56.466.7
90.1
50.0
65.2 67.6
5.812.8
16.19.2
3.0
32.2 1.5
16.2
10.010.4
16.4 16.0
3.6
4.216.7
4.4
6.5 9.9 11.0 8.2 3.213.6 16.7 11.8
Reporting approach (%) N=4,116 N1=3,688
Conventional Interpretive Investigative Enterprise
Reporting approach per TV statio
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Bukedde NBS NTV Uganda UBC WBS
96.4
73.0 78.886.2 85.
0.7
7.5
8.8
8.6 7.20.7
8.5
7.50.9 2.9
2.1
11.0 4.9 4.3 3.9
Reporting approach (%) N=2,274, N1=2,179
Conventional Interpretive Investigative Enterprise
Background and context
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Background and context
Most election stories by the media contained backgro
context, but the percentages of stories that lacked it isworrying.
Background & context by media ty
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g y y
Newspaper TV Radio
37.0 43.4 49.3
63.0 56.6 50.7
Background context (%)
No Yes
Background & context by newspap
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50.637.9
21.8
38.0
20.3
44.8 45.5
64.1
49.462.1
78.2
62.0
79.7
55.2 54.5
35.9
Background (%) N=4,116 N1=2,135
No Yes
Background & context by televisio
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g y
Bukedde NBS NTV Uganda UBC WBS
52.1 47.939.1 33.9 40.4
47.9 52.160.9 66.1
59.6
Background (%) N=2,446, N1=1,455
No Yes
#Trends: Background & context - news
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32.329.4
34.437.2
45.1
52
67.7 70.665.6
62.8
54.9
47
SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBR
Background & context (%)
#Trends: Background & context - telev
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32.4
40.2
49.7
67.6
59.8
50.3
November December January Fe
No Yes
#Trends: Background & context - ra
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47.6
39
59.0
452.4
61
41.0
5
November December January Feb
No Yes
Interrogation of claims Generally the media did not interrogate claims and
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Generally, the media did not interrogate claims andmade by presidential candidates.
It’s however noteworthy that Daily Monitor introduFactchecker and Truthometer as a way of interrogaand promises by presidential candidates.
Interrogation of claims by media ty
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Newspaper TV Radio
61.877.7 73.7
38.222.3 26.3
Interrogation of claims (%)
No Yes
Interrogation of claims by newspap
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69.953.8 58.0
71.354.0 62.5
47.1
91.4
30.146.2 42.0
28.746.0 37.5 52.9
8.6
Interrogation of claims (%) N=4,116 N1=1,88
No Yes
Interrogation of claims & promises by te
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Bukedde NBS NTV Uganda UBC WBS
91.0
69.878.5 80.0
69.4
9.0
30.2 21.5 20.0 30.6
Interrogation of claims (%) N=2,274, N1=1,249
No Yes
#Trends: Interrogation of claims - news
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61.9
63.4 62.261.8
65.1
60
38.1 36.6 37.8 38.234.9
39
SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBR
Interrogation of claims (%)
#Trends: Interrogation of claims - telev
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70.8
81.576.2 76.8
29.2
18.5
23.8 23.2
NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUAR
Interrogation of claims (%)
#Trends: Interrogation of claims - ra
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70
76.2
70.8
30
23.829.2
November December January Fe
No Yes
SourcingNumber of sources
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Overall, most election stories were single-sourced.
The problem of single sourcing more pronounced in ra
Overall trend: An increase in the use of at least two sourc
Gender of sources
Male voices dominant in election stories.
Overall trend: Increase in number of female sources betwand February across all three media types.
Number of sources by media type
( )
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Newspaper TV Radio
57.2 62.075.0
19.121.0
16.39.88.6
5.613.8
8.4 3.1
Number of sources (%)
One source Two sources Three sources Multiple sources
Gender of sources by media type
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Newspaper TV Radio
15.8 14.6 12.9
84.2 85.4 87.1
Gender of sources (%)
Female Male
Gender of sources by newspaper
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17.2 13.9 14.3 14.1 14.432.1 33.7
18.7
82.8 86.1 85.7 85.9 85.667.9 66.3
81.3
Gender of sources (%) n=6,607
Female Male
Gender of sources by televisionG d f (%) 3 569
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Bukedde NBS NTV Uganda UBC WBS
20.5 12.9 14.0 10.3 12.9
79.5 87.1 86.0 89.7 87.1
Gender of sources (%) n=3,569
Female Male
#Trends: Gender of sources - newspa
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84.3 82.2 84.1 82.785.3 83.6
15.7 17.8 15.9 17.414.7 16.4
SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUAR
Gender of sources (%)
#Trends: Gender of sources - televis
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12.616.0
11.514.3
87.4
84.0
88.5
85.7
NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY
Gender of sources (%)
#Trends: Gender of sources - radi
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11.4 13.3 12.2
88.6 86.7 87.8
November December January
Female Male
Sourcing by occupation
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Presidential candidates are dominant sources in election st
Dearth in the use of experts as sources, particularly by radiInclusion of ordinary persons’ voices in election stories was
encouraging.
Occupation of source by media typNewspaper (%) n=6,900 Radio (%Television (%) n=3,601
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Donor
Army
Business person
Judicial Officer
Election observerReligious leader
Executive
NGO/CSO official
Anonymous
Electoral Commission…
Police Representative
Expert
Candidates agent
Parliamentary candidate
Party official
Ordinary person
Presidential candidate
0.2
0.5
0.6
1.1
1.21.6
1.9
2.8
3.6
3.6
3.6
4.2
4.3
13.1
15.4
16.1
26.0
p p ( ) ,
Business pers
Ot
Do
Ar
Election obser
Judicial Offi
Anonymo
Exp
Religious lea
Execut
NGO/CSO offi
Candidates ag
Police Representat
Ordinary pers
Electoral Commiss
Party offi
Parliamentary candid
Presidential candid
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.9
0.9
1.2
1.4
1.8
3.7
3.7
4.0
4.4
6.0
9.8
10.7
15.4
34.9
Other (Specify)
Business person
Donor
Army
Anonymous
Election observer
Judicial Officer
Executive
Religious leader
Police Representative
NGO/CSO official
Candidates agent
Expert
Electoral Commission…
Party official
Ordinary person
Parliamentary candidate
Presidential candidate
POST-ELECTION COVERAGE
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Period: 18 February - 31 March 2016
Key events: Election day, the petition and activities of the opp
Space/Time to post-election covera
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New Vision and NTV Uganda provided the most spa
time respectively, to coverage of post-election activiBesigye was the most covered presidential candidat
and television, while newspapers covered Museveni
Space to post-election coverage - news
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Rupiny
Etop
Orumuri
The Independent
Bukedde
The Observer
Monitor
Red Pepper
New Vision
2.6
2.9
3.2
7.1
11.0
14.1
17.0
18.5
Space by publication(%) Area=352,424.35 Cm2
Time to post-election coverage - telev
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UBC
Bukedde
WBS
NBS
NTV Uganda
4.2
4.8
15.9
31.8
Time by TV station (%) Time=1,164 minutes
Most covered candidate - newspape
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Kyalya
Baryamureeba
Biraro
Bwanika
Mabirizi
Mbabazi
Besigye
Museveni
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
27.5
30.8
Space to candidates (%) Area=232,174.58 Cm2
Most covered candidate - televisio
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Kyalya
Bwanika
Baryamureeba
Biraro
Museveni
Mbabazi
Besigye
0.5
1.6
1.7
2.5
21.3
Time to candidates (%) Time=840 minutes
Most covered candidate by televisio
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Bukedde NBS NTV Uganda UBC WBS
25.233.0 29.9
59.350.3
2.4 1.3
9.3
5.4
54.244.0 37.2
2.929.5
1.2
2.0
2.20.9
0.4
20.5 18.623.8 28.5
18.0
Time to candidates (%) Time=840 minutes
Most covered candidate
–
radio
Ti t did t (%) Ti 1 110 i t
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0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
Kyalya
Biraro
Baryamureeba
Bwanika
Mabirizi
Mbabazi
Museveni
Besigye
2.0
2.3
2.3
2.5
3.7
23.8
Time to candidates (%) Time=1,110 minutes
Electoral administration by media ty
(election day)
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Newspaper TV Radio
39.5 36.7 29.8
22.1 21.7 29.8
24.1 23.1 23.8
0.61.4 1.1
13.8 17.1 15.5
Electoral administration (%)
Results Administration Transparency&Accountability Voter Education Vot
Electoral administration by newspap
Electoral administration (%) n=793
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29.4
43.237.4
58.2
36.8 41.2
73.3 72.7
38.5
19.0
21.624.3
23.1
29.429.4
20.0
34.624.2
33.032.7
15.7
20.617.6
6.7
27.323.1
0.6
1.93.8
26.9
2.3 3.7 3.013.2 11.8
Electoral administration (%) n=793
Voter Inform
Voter Educa
Transparen
Administrat
Results
Electoral administration by televisio
Electoral administration (%) n=281
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Bukedde NBS NTV Uganda UBC WBS
26.740.0
32.019.0
54.1
13.3
23.8
25.2
4.8
18.9
20.0
21.020.4
42.9
27.0
6.7
1.9
1.033.3
13.3 21.433.3
Electoral administration (%) n=281
Results Administration Transparency&Accountability Voter Education Voter In
Most covered topic - newspapers
Most covered topics (%) n=1 042
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Energy
Natural resources
Foreign affairs
Land
HealthEducation
Other
Agriculture
Infrastructure
Corruption
Economy
Human rights
Security
Petition
Politics
0.4
0.6
1.2
1.2
1.31.7
1.9
2.1
2.3
3.9
4.0
11.6
11.7
16.4
Most covered topics (%) n=1,042
Most covered topic - television
Most covered topic (%) n=411
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Infrastructure
Agriculture
Energy
LandHealth
Natural resources
Education
Economy
Foreign affairs
Other
Corruption
Human rightsSecurity
Petition
Politics
0
0
0
00.24
0.24
0.49
0.73
1.22
2.43
3.16
15.0917.52
25.06
p ( )
Most covered topic - radio
Most covered topics (%) n=1 073
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Energy
Natural resources
Land
Infrastructure
Agriculture
Health
Education
Corruption
Economy
Foreign affairs
Other
Human rights
Petition
Security
Politics
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.7
0.8
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.4
12.2
18.1
19.1
Most covered topics (%) n=1,073
Candidate tone
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Tone of coverage for presidential candidates was
dominantly neutral across all three media types.
Tone of newspaper coverage by candid
Tone of coverage (%) n=559
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13.428.6 35.3
11.9
33.3 40.030.8
1
73.8 50.047.1
64.440.0 33.3
38.5 6
12.821.4 17.6 23.8 26.7 26.7 30.8
1
f g
Positive Neutral Negative
Tone of television coverage by candid
Tone of coverage (%) n=220
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16.7
66.7
12.0
100.0
14
69.2
33.3
100.062.7
100.0 72
14.125.3
12
Positive Neutral Negative
Tone of radio coverage by candidat
Tone of coverage (%) N=751, N1=454, n=645
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23.733.3 41.7
25.938.1 30.4 31.6 2
70.466.7 58.3
63.5
61.9 69.6 68.46
5.9 10.6
Positive Neutral Negative
Sourcing
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Single-sourced stories dominant in post-election co
with Bukedde newspaper and UBC TV having the hignumber of single-sourced stories.
Judicial officers were the most quoted sources in poelection reporting.
Number of sources by media type
Number of sources (%)
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Newspaper TV Radio
38.724.8
68.8
20.5
10.8
21.5
14.6
6.3
6.626.1
58.1
3.1
One source Two sources Three sources Multiple sources
Number of sources by newspaper
Number of sources (%) N=668, N1=555
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28.2 24.7 30.3
50.0
69.860.0
31.6
50.0
24.3 27.2 11.8
14.4
17.530.0
47.413.6
27.2
14.5
15.6
4.8 15.8
33.3
33.9
21.0
43.4
20.07.9 10.0 5.3
16.7
Number of sources (%) N 668, N1 555
One source Two sources Three sources Multiple sources
Number of sources by television
Number of sources (%) N=252, N1=222
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Bukedde NBS NTV Uganda UBC WBS
38.529.6
7.8
61.5
31.6
30.8
8.6
10.4
7.7
10.5
0.0
7.4
2.6
30.8
5.3
30.8
54.3
79.2
52.6
One source Two sources Three sources Multiple sources
Sourcing by occupation - newspape
Sourcing by occupation (%) n=1,624
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Business person
Donor
Army
Witness
Public Officer
Election observerReligious leader
Report/Policy/Law
Anonymous
NGO/CSO official
Candidates agent
Police Representative
Expert
Party official
Electoral Commission official
Ordinary person
Presidential candidate
Parliamentary candidate
Judicial Officer
0.10.30.50.6
1.42.02.1
2.32.7
3.04.6
6.77.3
8.49.2
9.911.0
12
Sourcing by occupation - television
Sourcing by occupation (%) n=1,089
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Report/Policy/Law
Anonymous
Army
Election observer
Religious leader
Public Officer
NGO/CSO official
Electoral Commission official
Expert
Police Representative
Candidates agent
Ordinary person
Parliamentary candidateParty official
Presidential candidate
Judicial Officer
0.28
0.55
0.83
0.831.56
1.74
4.13
4.96
4.96
6.98
7.44
8.63
9.3712.49
Sourcing by occupation - radio
J di i l Offi 14 5
Sourcing by occupation (%) n=888
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Anonymous
Business person
Donor
Uganda Communications…
Witness
Executive
Army
Election observer
Public Officer
Religious leader
Candidates agent
Ordinary person
Expert
NGO/CSO official
Electoral Commission official
Police Representative
Party official
Presidential candidate
Parliamentary candidate
Judicial Officer
0.10.10.20.20.2
0.60.7
1.02.4
2.83.2
3.64.6
5.911.0
11.712.112.2
13.014.5
SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE IN THE 2016 ELE
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According to a 2015 Afrobarometer report, 6% of Ugandans get their nmedia channels. Majority of them (95%) use Facebook as their main n
In this study, we explore how Museveni, Mbabazi and Besigye used Twelections.
Introduction
Three candidates – Museveni, Mbabazi, Besigye - were choseb f h f f h f d h l l f
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basis of the frequency of their use of Twitter and the level oftheir tweets.
Selection, tools and handles
Why Twitter?Searchable conversations.
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Tools
Socialbakers, Yoast and Twitter internal analytics.
Twitter handles @kagutamuseveni @amamambabazi @kizzabesigye1
Note: Candidates also used their party/group Twitter handles focampaigns, but only those through which the candidates officialwere monitored.
Definitions - 1
Total followers: The total number of profile followers durinselected time range.
R l ti h i f ll Th t h i f ll
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Relative change in followers: The percentage change in follduring a selected time range.
Absolute change in followers: The total change in followersselected time range.
Interactions are both outgoing and incoming
Total tweets: The total number of tweets made by a profile
the selected time range.Average tweets per day: The sum of all engagement rates o
tweets made over the month divided by the total tweets mathe same time period.
Definitions -2
Retweet count: Number of times the Profile has been retwduring a selected time range.
Mentions: Total number of ‘organic’ mentions made about
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Mentions: Total number of organic mentions made about Profile during a selected time range.
Influencers: List of the top users most frequently interactinProfile through individual mentions.
Outgoing interactions: Replies, retweets or mentions of a uProfile.
Incoming interaction: Replies, retweets or mentions of the users.
Total following: The total number of users the Profile is follduring a selected time range.
Total number of followers
Total Number of followers(%)
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-
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
December January February March
Yoweri Museveni Amama Mbabazi Kizza Besigye
Trends in Twitter followers
All three candidates had a steady increase in number of fo
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yeach month.
In relative terms, Besigye’s following grew the most by 20.8January compared to Mbabazi (7.2%) and Museveni (10.6%
Trends in Twitter followers
February March
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y
Yoweri Museveni 4.37% 3.84%
Amama Mbabazi 3.37% 5.19%
Kizza Besigye 32.22% 16.27%
Absolute change in number of followe
35,000
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-
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
December January February March
Yoweri Museveni Amama Mbabazi KizzaBesigye
Following
There is a significant difference in the approach of candidat
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receiving information through their Twitter timelines, indicanumber of profiles they follow. Yet the larger and more divefollowing, the wider one’s topics and the more likely one is tin discussion, share information and respond to queries.
Total number of Twitter profiles follow
December January February Mar
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14 16 17 17
6,241 6,326 6,342 6,57
319 323 325 331
Total number of tweets
300
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0
50
100
150
200
250
December January February March
Yoweri Museveni Amama Mbabazi Kizza Besigye
Average tweets per day
December January February March
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4.6 5.4 4.9 1.4
0.4 8.6 4.1 0.2
0.9 0.9 1.4 2.1
S
E
L
E
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E
C
T
T
W
E
E
T
S
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S
E
L
E
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C
T
T
W
E
E
T
S
Total number of interactions
30000
35000
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0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
December January February March
Yoweri Museveni Amama Mbabazi Kizza Besigye
Total number of retweets
6,000
7,000
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-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
December January February March
Yoweri Museveni Amama Mbabazi Kizza Besigye
Total number of mentions
30,000
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-
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
December January February March
Yoweri Museveni Amama Mbabazi Kizza Besig
Top influencers from December - Febr
@kagutamuseveni @amamambabazi @kizzabesigye1
1. @TeamSevo 1. @Tjozra 1. @FDCOfficia
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992 mentions 899 mentions 731 me
2. @lenonmullar
908 mentions
(Just one month- Jan)
2. @talemwa2008
806 mentions
2. @Byamugisha
322 me
3. @amonrukundo
635 mentions
3. @jude_mugabi
749 mentions
3. @jude_muga
302 me
4. @kiryowakk
626 mentions
4. @Amama2016
643 mentions
4. @BMKGift
214 me
5. @hkashillingi
376 mentions
5. @JMNkangi
595 mentions
5. @#vote4chan
212 me
@lenonmullar
… OT a ‘
bot
’
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Total number of replies
2,500
3,000
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-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
December January February March
Yoweri Museveni Amama Mbabazi Kizza Besigye
Response to questions on Twitter
On the whole, candidates were slow to answer questions dh h dl
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sent to their Twitter handles.
Of the 3,410 questions addressed to @kagutamuseveni, noresponded to from December 2015 to March 2016.
@AmamaMbabazi answered eight out of the 2,148 questiohis handle.
@KizzaBesigye1 received the fewest number of questions –
and responded to two of them in the period monitored.
Summary of conclusions
All three presidential candidates used Twitter in the same h di i l di l f id
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they use traditional media platforms: as a space to provide
but not a space to listen, respond and debate.There were numerous opportunities lost by the presidenti
engaging with large following; such as answering questionsdistinguishing themselves from their rivals by mentioning tname (handle).
While supporters of the three candidates were quite combTwitter, they kept the conversation cordial, only hinting on in covert ways.
Inquiries and information:
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Inquiries and information:
Website: www.acme-ug.org
Facebook: ACME.UG
Twitter: ACME_Uganda
Email: info@acme-ug.org