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VisionPlanning Environment
Income &
Services
Population
Development Issues, Goals, Objectives
Strategies and PPAs
Land Use and Physical Framework
Investment
Program
Economic Activity
Physical Resources/
Transport
VisionPlanning Environment
Income &
Services
Population
Development Issues, Goals, Objectives
Strategies and PPAs
Land Use and Physical Framework
Investment
Program
Economic Activity
Physical Resources/
Transport
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DRIVERS
Population
Economy
Physical Resources
SYMPTOMS
Income
Services
Land Use
2 GOALS
OBJECTIVES
3 STRATEGIES
4 PROGRAMS
PROJECTS
ACTIVITIES
1 DEVELOPMENT
ISSUES/
PROBLEMS
PLANNING ENVIRONMENT
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Identifying DRR Approaches and
Interventions Options
Eliminate or avoid remove a risk trigger
or deny a risk-creating activity
1
2
3
4
Reduce or mitigate reduce frequency or
the severity by changing physical
characteristics or operations
Share or transfer shift the risk-bearing
responsibility to another party
Accept or retain fund potential losses
with own resources
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Eliminate or remove a risk trigger or risk source
Avoid risk or deny a risk-creating activity by
not locating in the area of potential hazardimpact
not purchasing vulnerable land or building
refusing to engage in functions that couldpotentially be impacted
Risk Elimination/Avoidance1
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Reduce frequency or the severity bychanging physical characteristics or
operations of a system or element/s
at risk
Risk Reduction / Mitigation2
Risk or loss prevention instituting
measures to reduce the frequency
of occurrence of hazards adverseimpact.
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Risk or loss reduction by mitigation reducing theseverity of hazard impact by improving the survivability
of people, property and functions through actions
completed prior to hazard impact.
Strategies and PPAs under this option include:
instituting structural and non-structural measures to
mitigate the negative effects of the hazard;
alleviating the socio-economic vulnerabilities or
improving and enhancing coping mechanisms of
communities at risk to disasters and other natural
hazards that trigger them.
Risk Reduction / Mitigation2
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Risk or loss reduction by preparedness
reducing the severity of hazard impact by
improving capability to rescue, salvage, and
recover through actions completed afterhazard impact.
Strategies & PPAs may include:
the installation of early warning systems,
awareness & IEC programs,
evacuation plans & programs.
Risk Reduction / Mitigation2
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Segregation of exposure by
duplication or redundancy
increasing system sustainability
by providing back-up support for
elements that may become non-
functional after the hazard
impact (concept of spare tire orstand-by generator)
Risk Reduction/Mitigation2
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Segregation of exposure by
separation increasing system
capacity and robustness through
geographic, physical and
operational separation of
facilities and functions
(decentralizing services orfunctions)
Risk Reduction/Mitigation2
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Risk sharing or risk transfer shifting therisk-bearing responsibility to another party.
Involves use of financial and economicmeasures particularly the use of theinsurance system to cover and pay forfuture damages.
3
In some literatures, the segregation ofexposure by separation is considered as arisk spreading or risk transfer option.
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Risk retention or acceptance4
fully accept the risks
(the do-nothing scenario)
make arrangements to pay forfinancial losses related to thehazard impact
fund potential losses with ownresources
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Examples of DRR Approaches and Strategies
Avoid or
Eliminate Risks
Reduce and Mitigate
Risks
Share and Transfer
Risks
Risk Retention
Infra-
structurerisks
Prohibit
developmentBuyout or
relocate
structureDestroy structure
Strengthen structures
ability to resist hazardChange use or
occupancy pattern of
structureEnforce stricter zoning
and building standardsDevelop response plans
and improve hazards
warning systemsBuild redundantinfrastructure systems
Secure items from
damage and loss
Develop alternate
locations for keyfunctionsInstitute a geologic
hazard abatement
district for
homeowners to
share in future
repair costsReal estate
disclosures
Take no actionSelf-insure the
stocksTreat physical
losses as
expenses
Source: EMI, 2005
Note: Options may require the combination of several approaches/strategies;
the better option/s determined via benefit-cost analysis (cost of option is lessthan averted losses when option is implemented).
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Avoid or Eliminate
Risks
Reduce and Mitigate Risks Share and Transfer
Risks
Risk Retention
Social
and
Cultural
Risks
Deny
occupancy of
hazardous
buildings
Protect
cultural assets
through
zoning
standards
Integrate socio-
cultural indicators
into risk
assessment
Fund hospitals and
social services
mitigationIdentify needs of
vulnerablepopulations (e.g.
elderly,
handicapped,
immigrants)
Promote
incentives for
homeowners,
renters and
businesses to
purchase
insurance
Create mutual
aid
agreements
Take no
action
Prepare
shelter
plans for
displaced
residents
Source: EMI, 2005
Examples of DRR Strategies
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Avoid or
Eliminate Risks
Reduce and Mitigate Risks Share and Transfer
Risks
Risk
Retention
EconomicRisks
Avoid oreliminate
capital stock
risks by
mandating
smart
growth oravoiding high
risk areas
Develop
business
retention andjob placementprograms
Provide incentives tomitigate or reduce risk
Diversify income sources
Attract wide range of
business types
Mitigate risks to key
income generators (base
industries, large
employment sectors)Incentives for smart
growth
Build economic alliances
and partnership
Sharedresponsibilities
between
government and
private /
business sector
Take noaction
Special
Funds or
lines of
creditsfor lost
revenues
Source: EMI, 2005
Examples of DRR Strategies
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Avoid or Eliminate
Risks
Reduce and Mitigate Risks Share and Transfer
Risks
Risk
Retention
NaturalResource/
Environ-
mental
Risks
Eliminatesources of
pollution
Mandate use of
technologies
(e.g. emissionsfree vehicles)
Enforce strict
zoning
Eliminate pointsources of pollution
Launch clean-up
efforts
Regulate use and
storage of potentialpollutants
Reduce densities in
sensitive areas
Habitat conservation
plans
Incentives for use of
specific technologies
Incentives for good
development
decisions
Develop transferof development
rights programs,
or environmental
land swaps
Greater shared
responsibilities of
Indigenous
Peoples in the
management and
protection of
forests
Take noaction
Brownfield
clean-up
and reusecosts
Source: EMI, 2005
Examples of DRR Strategies
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Concern(Hazard)
DRR related PPAs(Structural Measures ) (Non-structural Measures)
Control Works(Temporary)
Restraint Works(Permanent)
Preparedness & Prevention
Earthquake
and rainfall
induced
Landslide
- Cutting
unstable
soil &rock mass
- Shaping of
slope
(stepping)- Vegetation- Drainage
- Cast-in-place
concrete crib- Pre-cast block,
ground anchor
and gravity retaining
wall- Concrete spraying
works- Crib retaining wall- soil nailing
- Hazard resistant
design of the slope &buildings
- Construction ofbuilding at the toe of
the slope- Risk transfer
(Insurance, re-insurance, Cat
bonds)*
DRR-related PPAs
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Concern(Hazard)
DRR related PPAs(Structural Measures ) (Non-structural Measures)
Control Works(Temporary)
Restraint Works(Permanent)
Preparedness & Prevention
Storm /
Flood
- Sand bag
dykes
beside
river
- Diversion
trenches
- Artificial
channels
- Mechanical land
treatment of slope, such
as terracing to reduce the
runoff coefficient
- Construction of
dams/dykes
- Construction of levees
beside river
- Construction of bridges- Other flood control
structures i.e. spillways,
concrete channels,
drainage etc
- Hazard-resistant design
and construction codes
- Flood and storm
forecasting
- Flood evacuation
training programs
- Coastal zone
management plan
- Financial alternatives- Risk transfer (Insurance,
re-insurance, Cat
bonds)*
DRR-related PPAs
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Concern(Hazard)
DRR related PPAs(Structural Measures ) (Non-structural Measures)
Control Works(Temporary)
Restraint Works(Permanent)
Preparedness & Prevention
Volcanic
Eruption
- Excavation
of trench- Shaping of
slope
(stepping)
- Vegetation
- drainage
- Construction of
dykes
- Volcanic resistant design
(i.e. roof slope- Evacuation planning
- Public awareness &
training program
- Delineation of buffer
zones
- Risk transfer (Insurance,
re-insurance, Cat bonds)*
DRR-related PPAs
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Concern(Hazard)
DRR related PPAs(Structural Measures ) (Non-structural Measures)
Control Works(Temporary)
Restraint Works(Permanent)
Preparedness & Prevention
Earthquake None For concrete structural:
- Reinforce building with
steel moment frame
- Increase lateral support
by infilling opening
- Protect wall by stiffening
floor
For wood and other
building structures:
- Follow the existing
building code for
retrofitting of the building
under threat of the
earthquake impact.
- Hazard-resistant design
& construction codes
- Early warning system
and training
- Earthquake evacuation
planning and training
programs
- Earthquake macro and
micro zoning
- Monitoring and
evaluation of old building
for retrofitting buildings
- Financial alternatives
- Risk transfer (Insurance,
re-insurance, Cat bonds)
DRR-related PPAs
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Codes of Practice in Land Use Planning *
* For areas prone to natural hazards (mass movements, flooding & snow avalanches)
Red zones building is strictly prohibitedBlue zones building is possible but with restrictions,
provided certain safety requirements are met.
Yellow zones building is possible without restriction`
Buildings exposed to hazards have to be designed
corresponding to the hazards possible impacts
To minimize fatalities, the establishment of warning
systems and evacuation plans by the communities are
required.
Events involving large number of people have to beavoided as much as possible
(The Case of Switzerland)
Source: World Meteorolological Organization (2006)
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Risk Management via
Land Use Planning
(The Case of National
Land Use Plan ofLebanon)
In zones susceptible to flooding,
the rules of land development
must necessarily be restrictive:
reduced construction rights, banning housing projects for the
purpose of real estate
development
no installations intended for
public use
no obstruction of riverwatercourses
prohibition of closed fencing &
the obligation to reserve at least
80% of the land for use as
gardens, lawns, orchards or
vegetable gardens.
M i t i DRA R lt i th Pl
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INVESTMENT
PROGRAMMING
& BUDGETING
DRIVERS
Population
Economy
Physical Resources
SYMPTOMS
Income
Services
Land Use2 GOALS
OBJECTIVES/
TARGETS
3 STRATEGIES4 PROGRAMS
PROJECTS
ACTIVITIES
1 DEVELOPMENT
ISSUES/PROBLEMS
PLANNING ENVIRONMENT
Housing backlog
Proportion of households who
are informal settlers
Proportion of households with
makeshift housing
aa houses are in high risk area A
Lack of affordable housing
Risk of fatality of residents
in high risk area A is 1 to 10
persons per 1000
population per year
Provide safe
affordable housing
for xx
HH in yy areas
Provide access to safe new housing
sites
Prepare shelter plans for families that
will be relocated from the high risk
areas
Improve sites/ services in yy areas
Private sector-led development of
affordable housing
Provide livelihood opportunities
PROJECTS/ACTIVITIESPROGRAMS
Skills development
Microfinance
Livelihood Program
Access road
construction project
New housing road access
program
Resettlement program Site acquisition and
extension of utility lines
DRR-enhanced Settlements Land Use PlanningMainstreaming DRA Results in the Plan
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Development
Issues &
Challenges
Goal Objective/
Target
Strategy/
Policy
Program/
Projects/
ActivitiesDerived from
the matrix onascertainingthe risk
issues andconcerns
Medium-long term
IntersectoralResponds to
a generalproblem
Broadstatement
Short termSectoralResponds to
a specific
problem
SpecificMeasurableAchievable
RealisticTimebound
Short-long termSectoral/
intersectoralLocation specific
States howgoal/objective isto be achieved
Guides PPA
identification andimplementationDerived by
looking at driversof problems
Short-mediumterm
Sectoral/
intersectoralLocation
specific
Translates
strategy intoaction
Development Planning Framework Matrix
See the 4 cases shown in pages 144-146 of the Guidelines
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Enhancing Planning Decisions
Issues/Problems Goals Objectives Strategies Programs Projects
Low incomes,
lack of livelihood
opportunities
Increase
incomes/
livelihood
opportunities
Provide
employment to
xx families in
yy areas.
Encourage export
competitive industries
Export infrastructure
program
Port repair project
(to reduce handling
costs)
Regional highway
project (to support
export market)
Skills training for
export productivity
program
Training for
productivity project
in yy areas
Provide microfinance Microfinance
program
Pilot micro-finance
projectHigh dropout rate
for elementary
school
Decrease
elementary
dropout rate
Improve
school
retention in yy
areas.
Improve physical
access to schools
Road to school
improvement program
Build/repair school
access road project
Classroom building
program in yy areas
Classroom constn
in yy areas
Provide subsidy for
poor students
Subsidized school
lunch program
Subsidized school
lunch project in yy
areas
Lack of affordable
housing Provideaffordablehousing
Provide
affordable
housing for xx
house-holds
Provide access to
new housing sites
New housing road
access program
Access road
construction project
Improve sites/
services in yy areas
CMP program in yy
areas
CMP project in yy
areas
Private sector-led
development of
affordable housing
Land titling and
admini-stration
program
Land titling project
in yy areas
Source: Table 22, page 111 of PDPFP Vol.2
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Enhancing Planning Decisions
Issues/ Problems Goals Objectives Strategies Programs Projects
Urban encroach-
ment into prime
agricultural lands
Mitigate
indiscriminate
land conversion;
protect selectedagricultural land
Prevent
unnecessary land
conversion in yy
areas
Encourage urban
expansion to
environment-tally
compatible areas
Urban expansion
road program
Access road
constn project
Review and
update land useplans and zoning
Updated land use
plans and zoningfor yy areas
Improve agri
incomes to dis-
courage conversion
Agricultural
productivity
program
Agricultural
productivity
research project
Flooding Protect
communities in
flood prone areas
Protect xx
households in yy
areasProtect and
rehabilitate
watershed
Watershed
rehabilitation
program
Tree planting
project in yy areas
Production forestproject in yy areas
Provide protective
infrastructure
Flood control
program
Retention pond
and dike project
Relocate or
discourage
settlement in
flood-prone areas
Provide alternative
livelihood for
residents of flood-
prone areas
Alternative
livelihood program
for flood prone
communities
Port expansion
project (accommo-
date families in
flood prone areas)
Environmental
degradation
Curb environ-
mental
degradation
Significantly
reduce industrial
discharge into yy
areas
Implement existing
anti-pollution
regulations
Bantay kalikasan
program
Environment
police project in yy
areas
Legislation higher
pollution penalties
Encourage use of
environment friendly
technology
Green technology
program
Reduced tariffs on
green technology
equipmentSource: Table 23, page 112 of PDPFP Vol.2
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PPA Summary Matrix
Goal/
Objective
Strategies Program/
Proj Des-cription
Location
(w/ map)
Timeframe Lead
Agency
Goal 1
Objective 1
Objective 2
Strategy 1
Strategy 1
Strategy 2
Project 1
Program 1
Project 1
Project 2Project 3
Program 2
Program 1
2006
2006-2008
2006
20072008
2006
Goal 2
Objective 1 Strategy 1 Project 1 2007-2010
Goal 3
Objective 1 Strategy 1
Strategy 2
Project 1
Program 1
Project 1
Project 2
2009
2010-2011
2010
2011
Legislative
Require-ments
STRATEGIES AND PPAs Corresponds to urgency/priorityrevealed in risk prioritization
matrix during risk evaluation