Mind the Graph! A Discussion on the Design of the Network

2013, June 4th | Copenhagen

Arts, Humanities, and Complex Networks4th Leonardo satellite symposium at NetSci2013

Mind the Graph!A discussion on the Design of the Network

Paolo Ciuccarelli | @pciuccarelli

DensityDesign Research Lab | @densitydesign

to visualize data and information

to (visually) represent and communicate complex (social)

phenomena

communication design

if you ask Google...

there is no common and well understood definition for design

(Friedman, 2000)

The foundation of design theory rests on the fact that design is by nature an interdisciplinary, integrative discipline

(Friedman, 2003)

Design is the intermediary between information and understanding.

(Grefé R., Executive Director, AIGA)

a story of (disciplinary) promiscuity in three chapters

(so far)

preface

Communication Design & Hard Sciences

Yang-Yu Liu, Jeanx-Jacques Slotine, Albert-László Barabási (and Mauro Martino)Controllability of Complex Networks, 2011

Philosophy

Sociology

History

Literature

Communication Design & Soft Sciences

chapter 1

Centro Ricerche Immanuel Kant / Università Statale di Milano

project by DensityDesign / Valerio Pellegrini

The Atlas of Kant’s Legacy100 words, 200cm x 100cm

project by DensityDesign / Valerio Pellegrini

a (physical) cognitive interface to support humanistic inquiries

Sociology

chapter 2

Sociology (of Science)

chapter 2

Sociology (of Scientific Knowledge)

chapter 2

research activities are a specific type of social activity that is embedded in a wider societal context.

http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/

The important decisions which involve scientists’ work are no longer made by the scientific community alone.

(Carrada, European Commission, 2006)

More and more often they are the result of a complex negotiation with a number of social groups.

(Carrada, European Commission, 2006)

opening the ‘black box’ of science and technology

Bruno Latour | sociologist of science

Actor-Network Theory

techno-scientific controversies

disagreement on disagreement

cartography of controversies(observing and describing)

a geography of power

EMAPSElectronic Maps to Assist Public Science

Global Warming

So here is the question I wish to raise to designers: where are the visualization tools that allow the contradictory and controversial nature of matters of concern to be represented?

(Latour, 2008)

support observation and description

Tourism 10%

Medicine 1,25%

Earth & Planetary Sciences 2,25%

Environmental Science 21,25% Tourism & Management 13,75% Biology 6,25%Geography 6,25%Law 8,75%Social Science 11,25% Business & Management 6,25%Zoology 6,25% Ecology 5%

ACADEMIC

FIELDS

PARTITION

DISTRIBUTION

PROMOTERS OPPONENTS

A Clarke 1

A Stronza 4

AJ Nimon 5

AM Carr 7

AN Wright 2

B Riffenburgh 5

B Stonehouse 46

C Hunter 1

D Landau 2

D Newsome 10

D Roe 2

DA Fennell 10

DJ Enzenbacher 7

DJ Telfer 5

DJ Timothy 4

E Bertram 13

E Eijgelaar 1

E Serrano 11

EJ Stewart 31

G Wall 1

HJ Lynch 4

HM Otley 6

IE Nicholson 1

J Snyder 5

J Splettstoesser 10

K Suter 3

KJ Chwedorzewska 6

KJ White 5

L Krall 1

L Sanson 1

L Tangley 3

LK Kriwoken 5

M Lamers 50

ME Johnston 6MI Ghys 4

MR McClung 1

N Wace 3

P Mason 16

PJ Beck 9

PP Wong 1

R Farreny 13

R Naveen 3

RA Herr 4

RB Powell 9

RJ Reich 2

S Pfeiffer 5

SV Levich 1

SV Scott 7

SV Shirsat 1

T Thomas 2

TG Bauer 18

V Sasidharan 1

WA Polk 3

WM Bush 3

WR Fraser 4

ML Shackley 3

DB Weaver 7

PB Davis 15

M luck 3

GR Cessford 5

D Haase 28

ND Holmes 12

CM Harris 6

CM Hall 34

RH Lemelin 12S Muir 6B Amelung 12

J Marquez 4

K Bastmeijer 8R Buckley 23PT Maher 25

B Lane 11

PJ Tracey 4

C Murray 4

R Metcheva 14

K Walker 4

JS Poland 1

project by DensityDesign / Agabio, Bernardi, Panzuti, Pomè, Pontiroli

The Antarctic Cruises Controversy | Academic Authors Network

Tourism 10%

Medicine 1,25%

ACADEMIC

FIELDS

PARTITION

DISTRIBUTION

PROMOTERS OPPONENTS

A Clarke 1

A Stronza 4

AJ Nimon 5

AM Carr 7

AN Wright 2

B Riffenburgh 5

B Stonehouse 46

C Hunter 1

D Landau 2

D Newsome 10

D Roe 2

DA Fennell 10

DJ Enzenbacher 7

DJ Telfer 5

DJ Timothy 4

E Bertram 13

E Eijgelaar 1

E Serrano 11

EJ Stewart 31

G Wall 1

HJ Lynch 4

HM Otley 6

IE Nicholson 1

J Snyder 5

J Splettstoesser 10

K Suter 3

KJ Chwedorzewska 6

KJ White 5

L Krall 1

L Sanson 1

L Tangley 3

LK Kriwoken 5

M Lamers 50

MR McClung 1

N Wace 3

P Mason 16

PJ Beck 9

PP Wong 1

R Farreny 13

R Naveen 3

RA Herr 4

RB Powell 9

RJ Reich 2

S Pfeiffer 5

SV Levich 1

SV Scott 7

SV Shirsat 1

T Thomas 2

TG Bauer 18

V Sasidharan 1

WA Polk 3

WM Bush 3

WR Fraser 4

ML Shackley 3

DB Weaver 7

PB Davis 15

M luck 3

GR Cessford 5

D Haase 28

ND Holmes 12

CM Harris 6

CM Hall 34

J Marquez 4

B Lane 11

PJ Tracey 4

C Murray 4

R Metcheva 14

K Walker 4

JS Poland 1

Tourism 10%

Medicine 1,25%

ACADEMIC

FIELDS

PARTITION

DISTRIBUTION

PROMOTERS OPPONENTS

A Clarke 1

A Stronza 4

AJ Nimon 5

AM Carr 7

AN Wright 2

B Riffenburgh 5

B Stonehouse 46

C Hunter 1

D Landau 2

D Newsome 10

D Roe 2

DA Fennell 10

DJ Enzenbacher 7

DJ Telfer 5

DJ Timothy 4

E Bertram 13

E Eijgelaar 1

E Serrano 11

EJ Stewart 31

G Wall 1

HJ Lynch 4

HM Otley 6

IE Nicholson 1

J Snyder 5

J Splettstoesser 10

K Suter 3

KJ Chwedorzewska 6

KJ White 5

L Krall 1

L Sanson 1

L Tangley 3

LK Kriwoken 5

M Lamers 50

MR McClung 1

N Wace 3

P Mason 16

PJ Beck 9

PP Wong 1

R Farreny 13

R Naveen 3

RA Herr 4

RB Powell 9

RJ Reich 2

S Pfeiffer 5

SV Levich 1

SV Scott 7

SV Shirsat 1

T Thomas 2

TG Bauer 18

V Sasidharan 1

WA Polk 3

WM Bush 3

WR Fraser 4

ML Shackley 3

DB Weaver 7

PB Davis 15

M luck 3

GR Cessford 5

D Haase 28

ND Holmes 12

CM Harris 6

CM Hall 34

J Marquez 4

B Lane 11

PJ Tracey 4

C Murray 4

R Metcheva 14

K Walker 4

JS Poland 1

promoters opponents

Tourism 10%

Medicine 1,25%

ACADEMIC

FIELDS

PARTITION

DISTRIBUTION

PROMOTERS OPPONENTS

A Clarke 1

A Stronza 4

AJ Nimon 5

AM Carr 7

AN Wright 2

B Riffenburgh 5

B Stonehouse 46

C Hunter 1

D Landau 2

D Newsome 10

D Roe 2

DA Fennell 10

DJ Enzenbacher 7

DJ Telfer 5

DJ Timothy 4

E Bertram 13

E Eijgelaar 1

E Serrano 11

EJ Stewart 31

G Wall 1

HJ Lynch 4

HM Otley 6

IE Nicholson 1

J Snyder 5

J Splettstoesser 10

K Suter 3

KJ Chwedorzewska 6

KJ White 5

L Krall 1

L Sanson 1

L Tangley 3

LK Kriwoken 5

M Lamers 50

MR McClung 1

N Wace 3

P Mason 16

PJ Beck 9

PP Wong 1

R Farreny 13

R Naveen 3

RA Herr 4

RB Powell 9

RJ Reich 2

S Pfeiffer 5

SV Levich 1

SV Scott 7

SV Shirsat 1

T Thomas 2

TG Bauer 18

V Sasidharan 1

WA Polk 3

WM Bush 3

WR Fraser 4

ML Shackley 3

DB Weaver 7

PB Davis 15

M luck 3

GR Cessford 5

D Haase 28

ND Holmes 12

CM Harris 6

CM Hall 34

J Marquez 4

B Lane 11

PJ Tracey 4

C Murray 4

R Metcheva 14

K Walker 4

JS Poland 1

Tourism 10%

Medicine 1,25%

ACADEMIC

FIELDS

PARTITION

DISTRIBUTION

PROMOTERS OPPONENTS

A Clarke 1

A Stronza 4

AJ Nimon 5

AM Carr 7

AN Wright 2

B Riffenburgh 5

B Stonehouse 46

C Hunter 1

D Landau 2

D Newsome 10

D Roe 2

DA Fennell 10

DJ Enzenbacher 7

DJ Telfer 5

DJ Timothy 4

E Bertram 13

E Eijgelaar 1

E Serrano 11

EJ Stewart 31

G Wall 1

HJ Lynch 4

HM Otley 6

IE Nicholson 1

J Snyder 5

J Splettstoesser 10

K Suter 3

KJ Chwedorzewska 6

KJ White 5

L Krall 1

L Sanson 1

L Tangley 3

LK Kriwoken 5

M Lamers 50

MR McClung 1

N Wace 3

P Mason 16

PJ Beck 9

PP Wong 1

R Farreny 13

R Naveen 3

RA Herr 4

RB Powell 9

RJ Reich 2

S Pfeiffer 5

SV Levich 1

SV Scott 7

SV Shirsat 1

T Thomas 2

TG Bauer 18

V Sasidharan 1

WA Polk 3

WM Bush 3

WR Fraser 4

ML Shackley 3

DB Weaver 7

PB Davis 15

M luck 3

GR Cessford 5

D Haase 28

ND Holmes 12

CM Harris 6

CM Hall 34

J Marquez 4

B Lane 11

PJ Tracey 4

C Murray 4

R Metcheva 14

K Walker 4

JS Poland 1

BUSINESS & MANAGEMENT

Tourism 10%

Medicine 1,25%

ACADEMIC

FIELDS

PARTITION

DISTRIBUTION

PROMOTERS OPPONENTS

A Clarke 1

A Stronza 4

AJ Nimon 5

AM Carr 7

AN Wright 2

B Riffenburgh 5

B Stonehouse 46

C Hunter 1

D Landau 2

D Newsome 10

D Roe 2

DA Fennell 10

DJ Enzenbacher 7

DJ Telfer 5

DJ Timothy 4

E Bertram 13

E Eijgelaar 1

E Serrano 11

EJ Stewart 31

G Wall 1

HJ Lynch 4

HM Otley 6

IE Nicholson 1

J Snyder 5

J Splettstoesser 10

K Suter 3

KJ Chwedorzewska 6

KJ White 5

L Krall 1

L Sanson 1

L Tangley 3

LK Kriwoken 5

M Lamers 50

MR McClung 1

N Wace 3

P Mason 16

PJ Beck 9

PP Wong 1

R Farreny 13

R Naveen 3

RA Herr 4

RB Powell 9

RJ Reich 2

S Pfeiffer 5

SV Levich 1

SV Scott 7

SV Shirsat 1

T Thomas 2

TG Bauer 18

V Sasidharan 1

WA Polk 3

WM Bush 3

WR Fraser 4

ML Shackley 3

DB Weaver 7

PB Davis 15

M luck 3

GR Cessford 5

D Haase 28

ND Holmes 12

CM Harris 6

CM Hall 34

J Marquez 4

B Lane 11

PJ Tracey 4

C Murray 4

R Metcheva 14

K Walker 4

JS Poland 1

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

SOCIOLOGY

GEOGRAPHY

When you’re given your first hammer, everything looks like a nail.

we’ve a network,let’s draw a graph!

the irreducibilityof the actor-network

mind the graph! Two issues

the inevitable relation with the Public(s)

mind the graph! Two issues

managingwork

elderlyaging

benefit

caring

service

nursing

people

retirement

services

villagesliving

housing

residential

assisted

carers

council

advice

village

longterm

yorkshire planning

sheltered

patients

health

senior

social

searchfind

community

newcastleupon

vacancies

positions

opportunities based

assistant

worker

communities

research

government

international

googlemicrosoft

employment

coursessupport

education

available

students

degree

choice

activities

career

insurance

alternativeinfo

psychology

vocational

agencies

disability

learning

adults

disabilities

citizen

dementia

domiciliary

respite

symptoms

bodies

treatment

deficiency

vitamin

testvascular

person

depression

disorder

quotes

illness

causesmajor

re2ies

mental

therapy

anxiety beat

bipolarclinical

dealing

e!ects

persons

postnatal

postpartum

severe

suicidal

thoughts

teenage

disabled

physical

exercise

instead

driving

training

schoolssimulationlesson

classes

inter2iate

questions

simulator tips

children

statistics

neglect

reportanimal

domesticviolencevictims

application

trials

family

problemsmemory

lossorganizations

charitablefoundation

financial

organisations

charity

funeralmemorial

costinformation

coverageworld

private

companies

benefits

company

qualityhealthcare

policy

eating

a!ordable

agency

freehospice

individual

active

improvepromote promotingmeaning

hearingaids

deviceimpaired

devices

fractures

facilities

homecare

special

povertyline

bladderbowel

diaper

urineincontinence

product

pantsstress

briefs

diapers

productsurge

continenceurinary

tractinfection

facility

policies

comparison

providers

online

cheapcompareeasy instant

architecture

conditions

condition

chronic

solicitors

willwriting

getting

lawyersmake

makingneed

societyshouldyour

definition

diseases

issues

doctors

disease

hygiene

charities

illnesses

problem1983

clinic

assessment

legislation

recovery

scotland

practice

institutions

centre

retardation hospitals behavioralhospitalnational

psychiatric

nutrition

programs

guidelines

caloriescounterdietary

foodgood

pensionincrease

number

reform

corporation

basiccurrent havepublic

activity

management

residence

accommodation

independent

purchase

apartments

housesproperties

development

projects

estates

propertyluxury real

center

continuing

roadtra"c

deaths safety

accidentsrules

accidenttransport

sensory

smartphonesmobile

weather

applications

department

dignity

fundingpaying

Health

Housing

Carers&Caring

Attitudes

Retirement

Technology

Built Environment

Funding

Personal Finances

Government Polices

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ADWORDS / SINGLE KEYWORDS NETWORK

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“the usual suspects”(legibility, complication, interaction...)

complexity legibility

mind the graph! a dynamic balance

feedback (from the public)

the possibility to observe the temporal dynamics/trends

indications or examples on how-to-use the maps

more details and more aggregation(zoom in and out)

The possibility to interact with the maps:

Filter (hide part of the information)

Rank (make part of the information more visible)

Aggregate (go from data points to categories)

Search and focus (observe specific data points and their neighborhood)

feedback (from the public)

‘untidy’

narration & exploration

mind the graph! hypothesis for a solution

datascape navigation

mind the graph! a circular movement

‘Martini glass’ model. Segel and Heer, 2010. Narrative Visualization: Telling Stories with Data

from use-before-use(participatory design) to

design-after-design(visualization tools as enablers)

chapter 3

Dan, Nicole, Paula / Stanford Humanities Center

Giovanna / Stanford Humanities Center / Grand Tour

first visualization toolsMapping the Republic of Letters + Stanford Vis Group

standing up on a high mountaintop and seeing (at a glance, ed.) broad patterns.

mind the graph! positive feedbacks

Visualization, then, doesn't only present what we do know in a more accessible way – it also reveals what we don't know.

[...] we’ve found that visualizations tend to provide starting points for further inquiry, much of which is often done the old-fashioned way: by reading books.

misled by a spatialization algorithm

mind the graph! new issues

an issue of visual language and rethoric

the visual language and the rhetoric adopted in the tool conveyed a misleading idea of a correspondences network during the Enlightenment as a well-defined and clearly perceivable phenomenon

(Coleman, 2010)

WYSiWiT

What You See is What is There

mind the graph! another misleading evidence

One of the first discoveries was actually not what we visualized, but what we could not visualize.

(Findlen & Edelstein, 2011)

three strategies

1. strategy of dissimulation

networks without graphs

Fineo uses alluvial diagrams to depict the relationships between multiple dimensions of categorial data.

2. strategy of diversification

no single, predetermined, entry point to the data

perform multiple and interrelated selections

direct access to the documents ‘in any moment’

different views at the same time

knowing the amount of letters not showed in the visualizations (ambiguity or incompleteness)

Strategy of diversification | achievements

visualization as part of a process

multiplying the points of observation(objectivity / subjectivity)

atlas of controversy

[…] Data are capta, taken not given, constructed as an interpretation of the phenomenal world, not inherent in it.

(Drucker J., 2011)

the (peculiar) nature of humanistic inquiry

interpretation

sense making

Personally, I think Digital Humanitiesis about building things. If you are not making anything, you are not…a digital humanist

(Ramsay, 2012)

Digital Humanities infrastructures encourage prototyping, generating new projects, beta testing them with audiences both sympathetic and skeptical, and then actually looking at the results

(Burdick, Drucker, Lunenfeld, Presner, & Schnapp, 2012)

from reading to making

‘thinking through making’

tools for the ‘hands’

3. strategy of activation(dirty hands)

Early Modern Time & Networks: a Design + Humanities workshop2012, August

Strategy of activation | learning by doing (together)

Early Modern Time & Networks: a Design + Humanities workshop2012, August

Strategy of activation | learning by doing (together)

low level of interaction with the data and the visualizations

pre-identication of all the nodes and the links

integrate the network with personal information

act on the visual disposition of the elements (moving, deleting or adding nodes or links)

limits and needs emerged from the workshop

How can we make visualizations function as interfaces, in an iterative process that allows the user to explore and tinker?

(Unsworth, 2005)

design challenges

a digital environment

design challenges

exploration and creation of explicit and implicit relationships

design challenges

1. the interface as an environment for interpretative activities

2. allowing the construction of the network

3. Exploiting the multidimensional nature of the data

4. Understanding and revealing data sources

5. Data manipulation and enrichment

design principles

manipulation, enhancement and creation of data through the interface

design challenges

Search, Show Context, Expand on Demand

(Van Ham and Perer, 2009)

project by DensityDesign / Giorgio Uboldi, Giorgio Caviglia

Knot / the prototype

design and humanities

from building to design

Process is the new god; not product. [...] The theory after theory is anchored in MAKING, making in the poetic sense of poiesis, but also in the sense of design carried out in action.

(Schnapp & Presner, 2009)

Digital humanists have much to learn from communication and media design ...

““Digital humanists have

much to learn from communication and media

design about how to juxtapose and integrate

words and images, create hierarchies of reading, forge pathways of understanding, deploy grids and templates to best effect, and develop navigational schemata that

guide and produce meaningful interactions”

(Burdick & Willis, 2011)

[...] how to juxtapose and integrate words and images, create hierarchies of reading, forge pathways of understanding, deploy grids and templates to best effect, and develop navigational schemata that guide and produce meaningful interactions

““Digital humanists have

much to learn from communication and media

design about how to juxtapose and integrate

words and images, create hierarchies of reading, forge pathways of understanding, deploy grids and templates to best effect, and develop navigational schemata that

guide and produce meaningful interactions”

(Burdick & Willis, 2011)

... a practice of representation, a form of modeling ... efficient computation and human communication (Unsworth, 2002)

... visualization, representation, visual thinking, interface (McCarty, 2003)

... interfaces, aesthetics and usability (Kirschenbaum, 2004)

... qualitative, interpretive, experiential, emotive, generative ... (Schnapp & Presner, 2009)

Digital Humanities vocabulary

McCarty, Rough Intellectual Map for Humanities Computing, 2003

design without designers

bringing digital practitioners and humanities scholars together with experts in art and design to consider the past, present, and future of visual epistemology in digital humanities.

learning from communication design, interaction design and industrial design will be vital to 21st century humanistic inquiry”

light incorporation

towards a new (hybrid) way of knowing

humanistic inquiry as a design process

A digitization of the design process,where interfaces become design tools themselves, asked to perform typical design activities(i.e. selecting, organizing, manipulate, modeling, representing)

(Caviglia, 2013)

hard incorporation(hybridization)

next challenges(back to the future)

Infographics / “LaLettura” - Sunday Cultural Supplement of Corriere della Sera / http://bit.ly/z1Uzvh

Qualitative networks / cultural artifacts

Mark Lombardi’s diagrams

narrative structures consisting of a network of lines and notations which are meant to convey a story.

(Lombardi, 1999)

Infographics / “LaLettura” - Sunday Cultural Supplement of Corriere della Sera / http://bit.ly/z1Uzvh

project by DensityDesign / Michele Graffieti

Infographics / Domus - Architecture and Design Magazine / http://j.mp/14iZMqh

project by DensityDesign / Michele Graffieti

Infographics / Domus - Architecture and Design Magazine / http://j.mp/14iZMqh

visual tools vs. cultural processes

The design of digital tools for scholarship is an intellectual responsibility, not a technical task

(Drucker, 2009)

Paolo Ciuccarelli@pciuccarellipaolo.ciuccarelli@polimi.it

DensityDesign Labwww.densitydesign.orgFacebook + Twitter + Flickr + Vimeo + Pinterest: densitydesign

graziethank youtak

Mind the Graph! A Discussion on the Design of the Network

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