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SWrucWural Analysis of HisWorical ConsWrucWions – Jerzy Jasieńko (ed) © 2012 DPNH ProcławH PolandH ISSN 0860-2395H ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7

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=== == === == =aF=================================================================bF=================================================================cF===

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=fn=cigK=NN=the=results=çf=the=cçupled=analysis=fçr=the=mçdel=with=the=hçrizçntal=interface=elements=are=presentedK=qhe=maximum=principal= strains= and= the= crack=pattern= çf= the= frçnt= façade= EcigK=NNbI=NNcF=highlight=the=damage=mechanism=develçping=during=and=after=the=tunnel=cçnstructiçnK=fn=the=assumed=sagging=zçneI= the=façade=is=subject= tç=a=dçwnwards=deflectiçn=with=develçpment=çf= tensile=strains=at=the=baseK=qhusI=the=cracks=start=at=the=lçwer=part=çf=the=structure=and=then=prçpagate=tç=the=upper=partK=

4TV=

A=certain=amçunt=çf=diffuse=damage=is=due=tç=the=interface=shear=stiffnessI=acting=as=hçrizçntal=restrain=EcigK= NNaFK= qhe= last= effect= is= gçverning= the= respçnse= when= the= pile= fçundatiçn= is= mçdelled= by=embedded= beam= elements= EcigK= NMFK= qhese= elements= transfer= tç= the= structure= a= settlement= prçfile=lçcated= at= deeper= levelI= where= the= magnitude= çf= bçth= vertical= and= hçrizçntal= displacements= in= the=transversal=directiçn=is=greaterK= fn=the=sagging=caseI=the=lateral=restrain=prçvides=a=cçmpressiçn=at=the=façade=base;=the=cçmpressive=strains=çverrule=the=tensile=strains=generated=by=the=building=deflectiçnI=significantly=reducing=the=extensiçn=çf= the=damageK=qhe= impact= çf= this= effect=becçmes=clearer= if= the=same=analysis= is= perfçrmed=çn=a= building= mçdel= with= interface= elements= characterized=by= negligible=shear=stiffness=Esmççth=interfaceI=cigK=NOFK=cigK= NPa= shçws= a= quantitative= cçmparisçn= between= the= three= analyzed= cases= in= terms= çf= maximum=crack=widthI= which= is= an= indicatçr= çf= the=glçbal=damageK=qhis= value= increases=significantly= frçm=the=maximum=level=çf=hçrizçntal=restrain=Eembedded=beamsF=tç=the=negligible=transfer=çf=hçrizçntal=strain=Esmççth=interfaceFK==qhe=results=çf=the=numerical=analysis=are=then=cçmpared=with=the=damage=assessment=accçrding=tç=the=iimiting=qensile=ptrain=jethçd=xVI=NMzI=a=simplified=analytical=prçcedure=cçmmçnly=used=in=practice=fçr=the=preliminary=damage=classificatiçnK=qhe=iqpj=methçd=cçnsists=in=a=Oa=decçupled=sçilJstructure=analysis=in=which=the=structure=is=mçdelled=as=a=linear=elastic=beamK=fnput=data=and=results=are=listed=in=qable=NK=qable=O=shçws=the=relatiçn=between=the=iqpj=çutput=and=the=expected=level=çf=damageK=cçr=the =analyzed =situatiçnI =the =iqpj =predicts =a =slight =damage =levelK =qhe =numerical =analysis =shçws =a =larger= range= çf= pçssible= resultsI= depending= çn= the= mçdelling= apprçach= and= the= interface= parameters=adçpted=tç=simulate=the=sçilJstructure=interactiçn=EcigK=NPbFK=cield=measurements=shçwed=thatI=in=case=çf=cçntinuçus=fççtingsI=the=hçrizçntal=strains=transmitted=tç=the=structure=are=significantly=lçwer= than=the=greenfield=çnes=xNNzK=Cçnsidering=the=strçng=effect=çf= fçundatiçn=mçdelling=çn= the=final=damage=assessmentI=further=field=and=experimental=investigatiçns=are=requiredI=especially=çn=pile=fçundatiçnI=tç=verify=the=damage=assessment=prçceduresK=

=

M

R

NM

NR

OM

OR

M R NM NR OMqunelling=phase

Crac

k=w

idth

=Emm

F

embedded=pilesrçugh=interfacessmççth=interfaces

==aF=

embedded=piles

rçugh=interface

smççth=interfaces

iqpj

M

R

NM

NR

OM

OR

Crac

k=w

idth

=Emm

F

VERY SLIGHT DAMAGE

SLIGHT DAMAGE

MODERATE DAMAGE

SEVERE DAMAGE

bF==

cig. NP=EaF=jaximum=crack=width=as=functiçn=çf=the=tunnel=advanceW=cçmparisçn=between=the=different=mçdelling=apprçaches;=EbF=damage=classificatiçnW=cçmparisçn=between=iqpj=and=numerical=results=

=S. ClkCirpflkp =fn=this= paperI= the=prçblem=çf=mçdelling=pile=fçundatiçn= in=Pa= finite=element= analysis= çf= tunnellingJinduced= damage= tç=building= is= addressedK= qwç= different= mçdelling= apprçaches= are= analysedW=use=çf=embedded=beam=elements=with=nçnJlinear= interfaces=and=use=çf=nçnJlinear= hçrizçntal= interfaces=with=equivalent=prçpertiesK= oesults= shçw=that= bçth= the=sçlutiçns=are=able=tç=represent= the=nçnJlinear= lçad=displacement=curves=at=the=surface=levelI=in=vertical=and=hçrizçntal=directiçnsK=qhe= twç= mçdels= are= then= applied= tç= a= Pa= stage= analysis= çf= a= tunnel= excavatiçn= in= sçft= sçil= under=a=masçnry=buildingK=A=tçtal=strain=rçtating=crack=mçdel= is=assumed=fçr= the=buildingI=and=the=effects=çf=tunnellingJinduced=settlements=are=cçmpared=in=terms=çf=prçgressive=structural=damageK=qhe=different=settlement=prçfile=transferred=frçm=the=sçil=tç=the=structure=by=the=embedded=beams=and=the=interface=elements=plays=a=fundamental=rçle=in=the=building=respçnseW=whereas=the=mçdels=give=similar=results=fçr=applied=test=lçads=at=the=pile=headsI=the=mçdels=significantly=give=different=results=fçr=the=actual=lçading=cçnditiçn=çf=distributed=sçils=settlementsK=oesults=shçw=that=the=actual=behaviçur=çf=the=fçundatiçn=is=essential=tç=calibrate=the=parameters=çf=bçth=apprçaches=fçr=numerical=mçdellingK=

4UM=

Table N=iqpj=input=data=and=results==

Table O=iqpj=damage=classificatiçn=eeight= NNKR= m=iength= NPKS= m=

aeflectiçn= MKMNO4= m=Bending=and=shear=

stiffness=ratiç=EbLdFN=OKS=EbLdFO=NN= =

jaximum=bending=strain=EbLdFN=

MKNN4= B=

jaximum=diagçnal=strain=EbLdFN=

MKMSR= B=

jaximum=bending=strain=EbLdFO=

MKMPS= =

jaximum=diagçnal=strain=EbLdFO=

MKMU4= B=

qçtal=tensile=strain=EbLdFN=

MKNN4= B=

qçtal=tensile=strain=EbLdFO=

MKMU4= B=

aamage=class= plight= ==

Category of damage

aamage class

Approximate crack width

EmmF

iimiting tensile

strain EBF

Aesthetic=damage=

kegligible= up=tç=MKN=mm= M=J=MKMR=sery=slight= up=tç=N=mm= MKMR=J=MKMTR=

plight= up=tç=R=mm= MKMTR=J=MKNR=

cunctiçnal=damage=

jçderate=R=tç=NR=mm=çr=a=

number=çf=cracks=[=P=mm=

MKNR=J=MKP=

pevere=NR=tç=OR=mmI=but=alsç=depends=çn=

number=çf=cracks=[=MKP=

ptructural=damage= sery=severe=

usually=[=OR=mmI=but=depends=çn=

number=çf=cracks=[=MKP=

=

==obcbobkCbp xNz diardina= dKI= eendriks= jKAKkKI= oçts= gKdK= EOMNMF= kumerical= analysis= çf= tunnelling= effects= çn=

masçnry=buildingsW=the=influence=çf=tunnel=lçcatiçn=çn=damage=assessmentK=Advanced=Materials=oesearch=NPPW=OUVJOV4K=

xOz bngin=eKhKI=Brinkgreve=oKBKgKI=Bçnnier=mKdKI=peptanika=bKdK=EOMMVF=jçdelling=piled=fçundatiçn=by= means= çf= embedded= pilesK= deotechnics=of=poft= poilsW=cocus=on= dround= fmprovementK= mrocK=2nd=fnternational=torkshopI=dlasgçwI=pcçtlandI=qaylçr=C=crancisI=NPNJNPSK=

xPz qçlI=AKcK=van=ENVVVF=fnteractiçn=between=existing=and=newly=added=pilesK=fn=serhçefI=iKdKtK=EedF=mroceedings= of= the= international= congress= on= rrban= heritage= and= building= maintenanceK=mublikatieburç=BçuwkundeI=aelftI=NMPJNNPK=

x4z qçmlinsçnI=jK=gK=ENVUMF=cçundatiçn=aesign=and=CçnstructiçnI=cçurth=bditiçnI=mitman=Advanced=mublishing=mrçgramK=

xRz oandçlph= jKcKI= trçthI= mK= ENVTUF= Analysis= çf= defçrmatiçn= çf= vertically= lçaded= pilesK= ApCb=gK=deotechK=bngngK=NM4=ENOFW=N4SRJN4UUK=

xSz auncanI =gK =jKI =bvansI =grKI =iK =qK =and =lçiI =mK =pK =hKI =iateral =içad =Analysis =çf =pingle =miles =and =arilled=phafts=ENVV4F=ApCb=gK=deotechK=bngngK=NOMESFW=NMNUJNMPPK=

xTz BrettmannI=qKI=auncanI=gK=jK=ENVVSFK=Cçmputer=applicatiçn=çf=Cij=lateral=lçad=analysis=tç=piles=and=drilled=shaftsK=gK=deotechK=bngKI=NOOESFI=4VSJ4VUK=

xUz Bçldrini=pK= EOMNNF=aamage=assessment=çf=buildings= including=explicit= sçilJstructure=interactiçnI=jaster=thesisI=papienza=rniversity=çf=oçmeK=

xVz Burland=gK=mK=ENVT4F=pettlement=of=buildings=and=associated=damageI=mentech=mressI=CambridgeK=xNMz Bçscardin= jK= aKI= Cçrding= bK= dK= ENVUVF= Building= respçnse= tç= excavatiçnJinduced= settlementI=

gournal=of=deotechnical=bngineering=NNRENFW=NJONK=xNNz jairI= oKg= EOMMPF= oesearch= çn= tunnellingJinduced= grçund= mçvements= and= their= effects= çn=

buildingsJlessçns=frçm=the=gubilee=iine=bxtensiçnK=fnW=qhe=Conference=on=oesponse=of=Buildings=to=bxcavationJfnduced=dround=MovementsI=PJOSK=

==