Post on 05-Jan-2016
Measuring Non Market Work: Contribution that Matters
National Consultation on Current Employment Strategies and Women‘s Work : ILO/Ministry of Labour/ISST
New Delhi7 July, 2009
Anushree Sinha
National Council of Applied Economic Research
Motivation
• Gender disaggregated data could be used in evaluation of policies that might improve the economic situation of women in particular.
• In incorporating gender in a macro framework the first important area is the aspect of statistical data to capture women’s work participation/activities with greater accuracy than in the past.
• Without gender analysis grounded on data- policy decisions would be based on untested assumptions: high risk on welfare
• Understanding where women are is the first step in understanding women’s contribution to GDP
Background
• It is observed that most of the female work force is involved in informal activities and Non Market Work.
• In India around 96 percent of the female labour force including helpers, are involved in informal activities (unit level data- NSSO 61st Round compared to 91% in the 55th Round).
Percentage of Informal Worker
Percentage of Formal Worker
Male 91.48 8.52
Female 96.43 3.57
Total 93.13 6.87
Percentage Share of Workers by Sectors
Important to identify all kinds of work so that most work carried out by women is captured. Work needs to be linked to value added and to overall GDP. Market work is linked to value added and GDP through wages.
Non-market work has no visible wages and so it is difficult if not impossible to link such work to GDP. Studies have shown that a large percentage of women are involved in NMW
• Address the concept of opportunity cost in determining value of non-market work. I submit using minimum wages to start with.
• As we need to first think how to make such work visible as scare resources cannot be channelized without visibility.
Percentage Share of Workers by Sectors
Note: Care: in place of ‘Reproduction sector’ as used by feminist economicsSource: Computation using NSSO Round 61 2004-05 data
Market Work NMW Total
Own Account worker Employer
worked as helper in HH enterprise
worked as regular employee
Worked as casual labour
Total Market Work HH duties
Collection of Fuels etc
Total Non Market Work
male Agriculture 44.71% 41.16% 29.59% 3.54% 40.18% 33.82% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 27.90%
Minning & quarrying 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 1.16% 0.14% 0.21% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.17%
Agro processing 1.05% 1.44% 0.49% 2.01% 1.70% 1.24% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 1.02%
other manufacturing 6.23% 8.40% 2.75% 16.62% 4.47% 6.39% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 5.27%
readymade garments 0.55% 0.78% 0.15% 1.25% 0.14% 0.44% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.36%
capital goods 0.15% 0.72% 0.05% 1.42% 0.10% 0.30% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.25%
construction 2.71% 5.32% 0.27% 1.43% 13.13% 4.98% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.11%
other services 26.84% 27.87% 6.31% 42.24% 5.11% 17.78% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 14.67%
public administration 0.00% 0.06% 0.00% 10.88% 0.07% 1.58% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 1.30%
Sub Total Male 82.24% 85.76% 39.61% 80.55% 65.05% 66.73% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 55.06%
Care 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.86% 0.83% 0.84% 0.15%
female Agriculture 10.01% 11.96% 51.60% 0.96% 29.47% 24.47% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 20.19%
Minning & quarrying 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.06% 0.03% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.02%
Agro processing 0.30% 0.16% 0.48% 0.26% 0.90% 0.51% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.42%
other manufacturing 4.28% 0.67% 4.46% 2.40% 1.40% 3.18% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.62%
readymade garments 0.33% 0.33% 0.19% 0.33% 0.06% 0.22% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.18%
capital goods 0.01% 0.07% 0.00% 0.12% 0.02% 0.03% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.02%
construction 0.01% 0.00% 0.02% 0.10% 1.98% 0.59% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.49%
other services 2.82% 1.05% 3.64% 13.77% 1.04% 4.04% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 3.34%
public administration 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 1.45% 0.04% 0.22% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.18%
Sub Total Female 17.76% 14.24% 60.39% 19.45% 34.95% 33.27% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 27.45%
Care 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 99.14% 99.17% 99.16% 17.34%
Grand Total Workers 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 82.51%
Non Market Work
• Currently many studies have shown that a large percentage of women are involved in Non Market Work (NMW)
• Such work has not been included in national accounting and the value added generation cycle
• Makes women’s work and contribution invisible
Share of Non Market to Market Work and Value
Total workers
Total Non Market workers
Total workers
Total Non Market workers
NMW to Total
Value Added
Imputed value
Imputed/VA
Male 66.73 1.09 77.66 1.99 0.57
Female 33.27 98.91 22.34 98.01 49.56
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 18.30
Note: NMW caters to care sector Source NSSO Round 61 2004-05 dataAcknowledgement: Data support by Palash Baruah
Build Concept :Total Activity Accounting
• Build a framework where total activity of a person is quantified
• Classification of different types of activities: both MW and NMW
• Movement from one type to the other is a possibility and should be considered
A Schematic SAM including NMW
La
bo
ur
Ca
sua
l –
Fe
ma
le
La
bo
ur
Ca
sua
l –
Ma
le
La
bo
ur
Re
gu
lar
– F
em
ale
L
ab
ou
r R
eg
ula
r –
Ma
le
Ca
pita
l Ow
ne
r
NM
WP
-F
EM
ALE
NM
WP
-MA
LE
HO
US
EH
OL
DS
Ind
ust
ry
sect
ors
C
are
(H
ou
seh
old
) S
ect
or
CA
PT
AL
A
cco
unt
s
Re
st o
f W
orl
d
TOTA
L
Labour Casual – Female
X Z1
Labour Casual – Male
X Z2
Labour Regular – Female
X Z3
Labour Regular – Male
X Z4
Capital Owner X Z5
NMWP-FEMALE X Z6
NMWP-MALE X Z7
HOUSEHOLDS X X X X X X X X Z8
Industry sectors X X X X Z9
Care (Household) Sector
X Z10
CAPTAL Accounts 0 Z11
Rest of World X X Z12
TOTAL Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 Z7 Z8 Z9 Z10 Z11 Z12 Z13
Policy Impacts• For example, if policy impact leads to
expansion of an industry• Demand for women workers may rise• Women can choose between NMW and
MW.• Accountability and recognition empowers
women either way• NMW helps governments in saving
welfare funds.• Market Work adds to recognized VA.• Taxing etc can also follow: integration to
mainstream
Concluding Remarks
It has been well recognized that women are mostly involved in the small enterprises and in non-market work, which makes their contribution to the overall economy quite invisible. There is a lack of data on how much work the women are performing both in regular and unregulated in regular sector and in non-market activities Because of the very nature of such work there in no nationwide and systematic recording of such work Such data and accounting would help in understanding the interrelationship women have with different economic actors and GDP.