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7/23/2019 Manual de Lab. de Ingeniería de Manufactura
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DEMÉXICO
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA
Departamento de Materiae! " Man#$a%t#ra
Man#a de &r'%ti%a!La(oratorio de In)enier*a de Man#$a%t#ra
Carrera+ In)enier*a Me%atr,ni%a
COLABORADORES EN LA REALIZACIÓN DE PRÁCTICAS:
M.I. DAVID MARTÍNEZ HERNÁNDEZ
M.I. EFRAÍN RAMOS TREJO
NG. RAÚL GILBERTO VALDEZ NAVARRO
NG. JORGE ROMERO HERNÁNDEZ
NG. ISRAEL GARDUÑO GARCÍA
NG. ARMANDO SÁNCHEZ GUZMAN
COORDINADORES:
DR. JAVIER CERVANTES CABELLO
ING. ARMANDO SÁNCHEZ GUZMÁN
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&ARTICI&ANTES DE LA EDICIÓN
COORDINADORES:
DR. JAVIER CERVANTES CABELLO
ING. ARMANDO SÁNCHEZ GUZMÁN
ELABORACIÓN:
M.I. DAVID MARTÍNEZ HERNÁNDEZ
M.I. EFRAÍN REMOS TREJO
ING. RAÚL GILBERTO VALDEZ NAVARRO
ING. JORGE ROMERO HERNÁNDEZ
ING. ISRAEL GARDUÑO GARCÍA
ING. ARMANDO SÁNCHEZ GUZMAN
ING. HELENA GALVÁN SUÁREZ
DR. J. JAVIER CERVANTES CABELLO
REVISIÓN:
ING. HELENA GALVÁN SUÁREZ
LIC. VANIA PÉREZ MORALES
DR. JAVIER CERVANTES CABELLO
COORDINADOR DE LABORATORIO
ING. ALEJANDRA GARZA VÁZQUEZ
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&r,o)o
Para ser competitivo hoy en día, los insumos de conocimiento son la clave, y es evidente,
que los requerimientos en materia de conocimiento han crecido en forma dramática. En la
realización de nuevos productos y procesos de manufactura, en la práctica ha desaparecido
la distancia entre los conocimientos científicos y su explotación tecnológica-comercial,especialmente en algunas áreas. a producción se diversifica y se li!era velozmente de los
o!stáculos t"cnicos, y está en condiciones de responder tam!i"n velozmente a la
diversificación recíproca de la demanda. Para poder actuar en el mercado mundial esimprescindi!le incorporar conocimientos a lo que se produce. a constante irrupción de
conocimientos nuevos alimenta la producción de nuevos avances y descu!rimientos, en una
espiral de crecimiento exponencial. El cam!io produce más cam!io y además se acelera. aincorporación de conocimientos y tecnología en los procesos de manufactura, no es un
proceso simple. #o !asta con adquirir las máquinas o las licencias para lograrlo. Este es un
error frecuente y fatal. Porque comprar !ien, usar !ien, mantener !ien y -so!re todo-
adaptar, cam!iar, me$orar e integrar armónicamente lo nuevo con lo que ya se tiene, exigeun caudal muy importante de conocimiento, seguramente no muy inferior que el necesario
para %hacer%. &demás no es posi!le conseguir en el mercado tecnológico mundial todo lo
que el país o sus sectores productivos necesitan. 'uele suceder que los requerimientos sonmuy específicos, y mientras la oferta es relativamente rígida, la demanda tiende a ser
potencialmente muy diversificada. Para comprar !ien hay que estar al nivel de aquel a
quien se compra. ( a la vez, la transferencia de conocimientos es un paso imprescindi!le enel proceso de aprendiza$e que lleva a maximizar la propia capacidad de creación e
innovación. El dilema puede plantearse en t"rminos de )comprar o hacer*, pero tal
planteamiento es !ásicamente falso. #ing+n país puede plantearse hacerlo todo, y lanecesidad de priorizar implica $ustamente no hacerlo todo. En realidad se trata de %hacer
uno lo máximo posi!le partiendo del máximo que hicieron otros%, que se traduce en
comprar todo lo que es estándar donde la relación calidadcosto ha sido maximizada por la
producción masiva y proceder a agregar sistemáticamente valor con lo que uno mismohace. Es por lo anterior que se presenta el manual de prácticas, que es el resultado del
esfuerzo con$unto de varios de los profesores del /epartamento de 0ateriales y
0anufactura de la 1acultad de 2ngeniería, y está orientado a dar apoyo en la realización delas prácticas del la!oratorio 2ngeniería de 0anufactura, de la carrera de 2ngeniería
0ecatrónica.
Este manual contiene las prácticas que han sido dise3adas para facilitar el proceso deense3anza aprendiza$e. as prácticas están estructuradas de tal forma que pretenden
desarrollar en los estudiantes las ha!ilidades de investigación, aplicación de t"cnicas y
m"todos experimentales, que los conduzcan a la o!tención de un criterio analítico, crítico y
propositivo en relación a los procesos de manufactura.
Dr. José Javier Cervantes Cabello
Agosto/2013
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A&LICARLAS RES&ETARLAS ACERLAS RES&ETAR&ARA EL @IEN LA SEGURIDAD DE TODOS .
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REGLAMENTO GENERAL DE
LA@ORATORIOS DE
MANUFACTURAA&LICA@LE A &ROFESORES ALUMNOS A USUARIOS EN
GENERAL
&ara #tii6ar a! in!taa%ione! de o! a(oratorio! !e de(er' re!petar a! !i)#iente!indi%a%ione!+
• Se)#ro $a%#tati2o+ P$(/('%$ 79" #( /5 /(15$ ,753%%"! #( /(15$"##
/7"3 !"1('%( 3 --('% #( %$-"%$ /5 7$(#('7"3.• Creden%ia+ T$-"%$ %5 7$(#('7"3 7' (3 ('7$1# #( 3/ 34$%$"/.• Ve!timenta+ U%"3")$ 4% 73)# ' /( 9($-"%( '"'12' %"9 #( 73)# 4"($%
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• Ante! de #tii6ar o! eB#ipo! " ?erramentae!+ R(!"/ (3 *$( #( %$40 (3
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#( "1'$$ (3 ,5'7"'-"('% 5 9($7"=' #( 753;5"($ #( 3/ (;5"9/ 77(/$"/ 8($$-('%3 #('%$ #( 3/ 34$%$"/ (!"%'# (' 3 9/"43( 75/$ 312'77"#('%(.
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•
Ne%e!ita! #tii6ar e eB#ipo por m'! tiempo + S3"7"% (3 9($-"/9$%5'-('%( 7' (3 C$#"'#$ #( 34$%$"/ 7' (3 J(,( #(3 D(9$%-('%#( M%($"3(/ < M'5,7%5$.
• Aimento! " (e(ida!+ A4/%('($/( #( "'1($"$ 3"-('%/ 4(4"#/ #5$'%( /5
9($-'('7" (' 3/ 34$%$"/.• Vi!ita! o e!tan%ia de $amiiare!+ E/%* 9$8"4"# %('($ !"/"%/ #( ,-"3"$(/ <
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Nota para o! pro$e!ore! o in!tr#%tore!+
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ATENTAMENTE
Coordina%i,n de La(oratorio! de Man#$a%t#ra+ In)- Ra Vade6 Na2arro
e$e de Departamento de Materiae! " Man#$a%t#ra+ Dr- - a2ier Cer2ante! Ca(eo
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Figura 2. Posiciones para levantar objetos pesados.
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GENERALU-N-A-M
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RESULTADOS
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• C$%?/ D&) J.M. Seguridad e higiene en el trabajo M?>"7 E#.
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&r'%ti%a 0+ Medi%ione!
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Figura ). *ernier en mil+simas de pulgada
Figura ,. *ernier en fracciones de pulgada
Figura -. *ernier en milmetros
ANHLISIS DE LOS RESULTADOS
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CUESTIONARIO &REVIO
. Q5? /"1'","7' 3/ /"15"('%(/ 7'7(9%/ M(#"# -(#"7"=' 9$(7"/"='
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• D-&'15() E/%(4' J/? F($$($ J53"*'+ Mecaniado básico+ EDITE.
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&r'%ti%a 7 + F#ndi%i,n en arena en 2erde
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Mode!
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Figura 1. /tensilios para fundición
Figura 2. 'risol Figura (. Lingotera
Figura ). 0uipo para manejo adecuado del crisol
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Figura ,. áscula Figura -. Molino de arena
Figura 3. 4orno de fundición
DESARROLLO DE LA &RHCTICA
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Figura 5. 0uipo de seguridad
&abla 1. 0uipo de seguridad
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Figura 6. %gregando materiales al molino.
Figura 17. *erificar ue la arena 8a está lista tomando un pu9o de arena: apretar fuerte la
mano 8 observar ue se forme un terrón ue no se desmorone 8 ni escurra agua.
Figura 11. Se saca la arena del molino.
Figura 12. 'ernir la arena ue se acaba de sacar del molino.
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. C37$ 3 /(-" 70 "',($"$ #( -3#( (' 5' /59($,"7"( 93' < (/%43(
4"(' 95(#( /($ (3 9"/ %('"('# 75"## ;5( 3 70 (/%? (' 9/"7"='
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9/%($"$ 9/ (' 3 ;5( /( #(4( ('/-43$ (3 9($' < 3 15& 9$
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/(9$#$ 7' 3 ,"'3"## #( ,7"3"%$ 3 (>%$77"=' 9/%($"$ #(3 -#(3.
Figura 1). %gregar una fina capa de polvo separador.
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Figura 1,. 'on la pala: agregar una capa de arena cernida sobre el modelo.
. E/9$7"$ 5' 79 #( $(' /"' 7($'"$ /4$( (3 -#(3 754"($% 9$ 3 $('
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Figura 1-. %pisonar 8 aplanar la superficie del molde con una regla de metal.
. D$ !5(3% 3 /(-" 70 "',($"$ 737'# (3 -#(3 7' 3 !"/% 87"
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Figura 13. %gregar nuevamente arena 8 compactar: 8a no es necesario llenar toda la caja.
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Figura 15. Momento en el cual se retira el tubo: 8 ueda formado el canal de colada.
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Figura 16. <etirar el modelo.
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Figura 27. <etirar residuos 8 colocar nuevamente la mitad superior del molde.
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Figura 22. 0$tracción del crisol 8 retiro de las impureas de aluminio en la parte superior
del crisol.
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#(3 -3#( #5$'%( (/% 9($7"='.
Figura 2(. *ertido del aluminio fundido al
molde.
Figura 2). *ertido de material sobrante en
lingotera.
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Figura ,. Laminado de anillos.
MATERIAL JO EKUI&O NECESARIO
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Figura 3. Laminadora.
DESARROLLO DE LA &RHCTICA
P$%(/ 9$"'7"93(/ #( 3 3-"'#$:
Figura 5. Principales partes de la laminadora.
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Figura 6. &ablero de control.
&abla 1. Funcionamiento de los controles del tablero.
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Figura 17. *olante de ajuste manual.
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Figura 1(. >ispla8 de carga Figura 1). 'arátula de amperaje
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Figura 5. <epresentación de las tipos de uniones utiliadas en la soldadura el+ctrica.
MATERIAL JO EKUI&O NECESARIOM%($"3:
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Figura 6. 0uipo de protección para soldadura el+ctrica
DESARROLLO DE LA &RHCTICA
Re)a! de !e)#ridad para !odad#ra e8%tri%a-
E>"/%(' 7"($%/ 9$(757"'(/ ;5( #(4(' %-$/( 9$ 9$%(77"=' #( 5' -"/- <
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%$40 (/%?' 7'(7%#/ 7$$(7%-('%( %"($$.
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EERCICIO 0. E!ta(ii6a%i,n de ar%o a tra28! de p#nto! de !odad#ra
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Figura 17. %plicación de puntos para estabiliar el arco.
EERCICIO 7- Api%a%i,n de %ordone! de !odad#ra
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a# b#
Figura 11. a# Posición del electrodo. b# &ipo de cordón ue se genera: el ancho depende de ue tan
grande se realice el movimiento.
EERCICIO 3- Reai6a%i,n de #nione! de !odad#ra
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Figura 12. >iferentes tipos de unión a realiar con la soldadura el+ctrica.
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Eer%i%io 4- De!arroar #n pro"e%to de tipo arB#ite%t,ni%o o e!%#t#ra-
RESULTADOS
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Figura 1(. Muestra de diferentes pruebas destructivasD de iuierda a derecha se tiene una prueba
en la ue se martilla hasta lograr un doble de 157 grados: en la figura central se presenta una
prueba de fle$ión 8 tracción: por =ltimo a una unión en E*E se le martilla hasta dejarla en un plano
horiontal.
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CUESTIONARIO &REVIO
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@I@LIOGRAFÍA
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&r'%ti%a 5 + Corte " !odad#ra %on o:i;a%etieno
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Figura 1: Muestra los cilindros seccionados de acetileno 8 de o$geno respectivamente.
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Figura (. <egulador de doble etapa
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Figura ,. 'orte con el soplete.
&abla 1. Presiones de corte
E pro%e!o de !odad#ra %on O:i;A%etieno-
L/ 4;5"33/ 9$ /3#$ /' ,4$"7#/ #( 74$( < !"('(' (' !$"/ -(#"#/
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4;5"33 ;5( 7$$(/9'#( 5' #"*-(%$ #( $","7" 9$ #'#( /3( 3 33-
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'$-3-('%( (3 9$!((#$ /5-"'"/%$ 5' %43 #'#( /( "'#"7' 3/ 9$(/"'(/
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&abla 2. Presiones para soldar. % la derecha se muestra una bouilla para soldar.
Varia! de !odad#ra
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#"*-(%$ 9(;5(6 9$ -(%3(/ #( (/9(/$ 9(;5(6 < !$"33/ #( #"*-(%$ -*/
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. R(%"$( %# -%($"3 7-45/%"43( ;5( /( ('75('%$( (' 3/ 7($7'&/ #(3 *$(
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MATERIAL JO EKUI&O NECESARIO
Materia
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EB#ipo de !e)#ridad per!ona ,"15$ K:
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Figura 3. 0uipo de seguridad
DESARROLLO DE LA &RHCTICA
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7 C'(7%$ 3/ $(153#$(/ (' /5/ $(/9(7%"!/ 7"3"'#$/.
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Figura 6. 'olocación de mangueras a reguladores 8 maneral: a 8 b.
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Figura 17. 'olocación de bouilla para soldar.
Dia)rama de %one:i,n de eB#ipo de O:i;A%etieno-
Figura 11. Muestra la cone$ión del euipo de o$i;acetileno.
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Figura 1(. 'orte con o$i;acetileno.
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MATERIAL JO EKUI&O NECESARIO
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Figura -. Medios de sujeción.
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Figura 6. Modo 0ditor.
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Figura 17. 0dición del programa.
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Figura 1). Pantalla en corte total.
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CONCLUSIONES JO COMENTARIOS
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Figura (. Partes de la máuina de electroerosión. Sistema de lavado 8 bandeja de trabajo.
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Figura ,. Mecanismo interior de una mauina M!@.
Antor%?a! para !odad#ra MIG
Figura -. %ntorchas para proceso M!@.
E>"/%(' 5' !$"(## #( '%$78/ 9$ (3 9$7(/ MIG #(/#( '%$78/ 9$
93"7$ 7($/ 7- '%$78/ 9$ 3 93"77"=' #( -%($"3(/ ' ,($$// 7-
(3 35-"'" (3 %"9 #( '%$78 %-4"?' #(9('#($* #(3 %$40 $(3")$ /" ?/%(
/($* -'53 5%-*%"7 (' 5' 3&'( #( 9$#577"='.
Antor%?a MIG %on !i!tema &US;
&ULL
S"/%(- ;5( 9($-"%( 5%"3")$ '%$78/
7' 7'#57%/ -5< 3$1/ (!"%'# (3
9$43(- #(3 ('$(# #(3 3-4$( (' (3
"'%($"$ #( 3 '%$78.
Figura 3. Penetración en función del gas
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Figura 6. <epresentación de las tipos de uniones utiliadas en la soldadura el+ctrica
MATERIAL JO EKUI&O NECESARIO
EB#ipo
C$(% 7' ,"3%$/
P(%.
G5'%(/
P3"'/
G13(/
P"7
C(9"33 #( 3-4$(
P"')/ -(7*'"7/
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. E/ 9$(,($"43( 5/$ $9 #( 3' (' !() #( 31#=' 9$;5( /( ;5(- 7'
-*/ #","753%# < <5# 9$%(1($ 3 9"(3 #( 3%/ %(-9($%5$/.
. U/$ 9(% #( 93- 75'# 3 (>9/"7"=' 3 9$7(/ MIG /( 9$3'1#.
DESARROLLO DE LA &RHCTICA
EERCICIO 0. E/%4"3")7"=' #( $7 %$!?/ #( 95'%/ #( /3##5$.
E' (/%( 9$"-($ (0($7"7" /( $(3")$* 3 93"77"=' #( 95'%/ #( /3##5$ (' 5'
937 #( 7($ 7' 3 ,"'3"## #( (/%4"3")$ (3 $7 9$ (33 $(3")$ 3/
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. E/%'# 3 '%$78 (' 9/"7"=' 9$"-"$ (3 1%"33 (' (/%( --('% /(
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-'%('($ /"(-9$( 5' #"/%'7" 7'/%'%( 8$ 9$7(#($ 87($
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L(!'%$ 3 '%$78 < 93"7$ %$ 95'% 8/% 33('$ 3 937 7- /(
"'#"7 (' 3 ,"15$.
Figura 11. %plicación de puntos para estabiliar el arco.
EERCICIO 7. A93"77"=' #( 7$#'(/ #( /3##5$.
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E' (/%( /(15'# (0($7"7" /( $(3")$* 3 93"77"=' #( 3/ #",($('%(/ 7$#'(/
5%"3")#/ (' 3 /3##5$ (3?7%$"7 7' 3 ,"'3"## #( #;5"$"$ 3 84"3"## #( /5
93"77"=' 9$ (33 $(3")$ 3/ /"15"('%(/ 9//:
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9$#57"$* (3 $7 (3?7%$"7 (' %# --('% #( 3 93"77"=' #( 3
/3##5$ -'%('($ 9$"-"# (3 1%"33 < -'%('($ /"(-9$( 5' !(37"## <
3%5$ 7'/%'%( 9$7(#($ 87($ -!"-"('% 7"$753$ 5 %$ 3 3$1 #(
3 937 7- /( -5(/%$ (' 3 ,"15$ .
Figura 12. % la iuierda se muestra cómo se debe de mantener la colocación del electrodo. % la
derecha se puede ver el tipo de cordón ue se genera: el ancho depende mucho de u+ tan
grande se realice el movimiento.
EERCICIO 3- R(3")7"=' #( 5'"'(/ #( /3##5$.
E' (/%( %($7($ (0($7"7" /( $(3")$* 3 93"77"=' #( #",($('%(/ 5'"'(/ 7- 3
7'/"#($( (3 9$,(/$ 9$ (33 $(3")$ 3/ /"15"('%(/ 9//:
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,"15$ .
. E'7('#($ 3 -*;5"' < 754$"$/( 7' 3 7$(%.
. C37$ #/ 9"()/ #( 937 (' 753;5"($ #( 3/ ,$- #( 5'"=' "'#"7#/
(' 3 ,"15$ .
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. P$7(#($ 93"7$ 5' 95'% (' 7# (>%$(- #( 3 5'"=' 9$ (!"%$ /5
/(9$7"=' 9/%($"$-('%( 93"7$ (3 7$#=' 3 3$1 #( 3 5'"='.
R(75($#$ ;5( /"(-9$( /( #(4($* 93"7$ 5' !(37"## < 3%5$
7'/%'%( 9$ 4%('($ 5' 45(' /3##5$.
Figura 1(. >iferentes tipos de unión a realiar con la soldadura M!@.
RESULTADOS
C37$ ,%1$,&/ #( 3/ #",($('%(/ (0($7"7"/ $(3")#/.
ANHLISIS DE LOS RESULTADOS
P$ /4($ /" /( 4%5! 5' 45(' /3##5$ 9$"-($ /( #(4"($' 93"7$ 3/
9// 7- /( "'#"7= (' 7# (0($7"7" 9$ 4%('($ 5' /3##5$ 7' 5' -"/-
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5' ,$- #( -'(#/ 9"3#/ !($ 3 /"15"('%( ,"15$ .
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