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1
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS LABORATORYMANUAL
(II – SEMESTER)
By
N.DHINESH KUMAR
2
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. P-N Junction Diode Characteristics
2. A. Zener Diode Characteristics 6 B. Zener Diode As Voltage Regulator 10 3. Common Base characteristics Of A Transistor 14 4. Common Emitter Characterstics Of A Transistor 18 5. Half-Wave Rectifier With & Without Filter 22 6. Full-Wave Rectifier With & Without Filter 26 7. FET Characteristics 30 8.Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (Scr) Characteristics 52
9. Verification of Ohm’s laws and Kirchhoff’s laws.
10. Verification of Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem.
11. Verification of Superposition Theorem.
12. Verification of Maximum power transfer theorem.
13.Verification of Reciprocity theorem.14.Frequency response of Series and Parallel resonance circuits.
15. Transient response of RL and RC circuits for DC input.
3
9. A. VERIF ICATIO N OF OHM S LAW
AIM:
To conduct a suitable experiment for verifying the ohm’s law
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO. NAME OFTHE
EQUIPMENT
RANGE TYPE QTY.
1. RPS (0-30)V DC 12. Ammeter (0-10)mA MC 33. Voltmeter (0-10)V MC 34. Resistor 10KΩ - 35. Bread board - - 16. Connecting
wires- Single strand As required
THEORY:OHM`S LAW:
Ohm’s law states that at constant temperature the current flow through a conductor is directlyproportional to the potential difference between the two ends of the conductor.
I α V
Or V α I
V = IRWhere R is a constant and is called the resistance of the conductor.
FORMULA:
V = IRPROCEDURE:
Connections are made as per the circuit diagramSwitch on the power supply.
For various values of voltage V, note the values of current I.
Draw a graph of Voltage Vs Current.
The Slope of the graph gives the resistance value.
Ohm’s law is verified by measuring the value of R using multimeter and comparing
with the experimental value.
4
OHM`S LAW:
TABULATION:
MODEL CALCULATION & ANALYSIS:
MODEL GRAPH.
5
9 .B. VERIFICAT ION O F KVL & KCL
A IM :To verify (i) kirchoff’s current law (ii) kirchoff’s voltage law
(i) KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW:
A PPAR A T U S R E Q U I R E D :
S.No Name of the apparatus Range Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
RPS
Resistor
Ammeter
Bread board
Connecting wires
(0-15)V
1 KΩ
(0-10)mA
------
------
1
3
3
1
As required
T H E O R Y :
Kirchoff’s current law:The algebraic sum of the currents entering in any node is Zero.
The law represents the mathematical statement of the fact change cannot accumulate at a node. A node is not a circuit element and it certainly cannot store destroy (or) generate charge. Hence the current must sum to zero. A hydraulic analog sum is zero. For example consider three water pipes joined pn the shape of Y. we defined free currents as following into each of 3 pipes. If we insists that what is always
PR O C E D U R E :
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.2. Check your connections before switch on the supply.3. Vary the regulated supply.4. Measure the current using ammeter.5. Note the readings in the tabulation.6. Compare the observation reading to theoretical value.
6
ii) KIRC H OFF’ S V OL TAGE L AW:
APP ARATU S REQ UIRE D:
S.No Name of the apparatus
Range Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
RPS
Resistor
voltmeter
Bread board
Connecting wires
(0-15)V
1KΩ,2.2KΩ,3.3KΩ
(0-20)V
------
------
1
Each 1
3
1
As required
T H E O R Y :
(i) kirchoff’s voltage law
The algebraic sum of the voltage around any closed path is zero.
PROCE DU RE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.2. Check your connections before switch on the supply.3. Vary the regulated supply.4. Measure the voltage using voltmeter.5. Note the readings in the tabulation.6. Compare the observation reading to theoretical value.
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Circuit diagram
1. krichoff’s current law:
Kirchoff`s current law
1.0k 3.3k
5V 4.7 K
Practical measurement:
(0-20)mA (0-10)mA
+ A - + A -
4.7 K5V +
A (0-10)mA
-
Tabulation:
Voltage Total currentI(mA)
I1(mA) I2(mA)
8
Circuit diagram
Krichoff’s voltage law:
Kirchoff`s voltage law
1.0k 3.3k 2.7k
V1 V2 V3
5V
Practical measurement:
Practical measurement
1.0k 3.3k 2.7k
+ V
- + V - +
V -
5V (0-5)V (0-5)V (0-5)V
Tabulation:
Voltage(V)
V1(volts)
V2(volts)
V3(volts)
Calculation:
RESULT:
Thus the kirchoff’s current law and voltage law were verified.
9
10 .A. VERIFICAT ION OF THEVENIN ’ S T HE OREM
AIM:
To verify Thevenin’s theorem and to find the current flowing through the load resistance.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the apparatus Range Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
6
RPS
Resistor
Ammeter
voltmeter
Bread board
Connecting wires
(0-15)V
1KΩ,2.2KΩ,3.3KΩ2,7KΩ
(0-5)mA
(0-5)V
------
------
1
Each 1
1
1
1
As required
THEORY :
Th e v e n i n s t he o r e m :Any linear active network with output terminals can be replaced by a single voltage source Vth in series
with a single impedance Zth. Vth is the Thevenin`s voltage. It is the voltage between the terminals on opencircuit condition, Hence it is called open circuit voltage denoted by Voc. Zth is called Thevennin`s impedance. It is the driving point impedance at the terminals when all internal sources are set to zero too.
If a load impedance ZL is connected across output terminals, we can find the current through it IL = Vth/ (Zth + ZL).
PROCE DU RE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.2. Check your connections before switch on the supply.3. Find the Thevenin’s voltage (or) open circuit voltage.4. Replace voltage source by internal resistor.5. Determine the Thevenin’s resistance.6. Find IL by using Thevenin’s formula.7. Compare the observation reading to theoretical value.8. switch off the supply9. Disconnect the circuit.
1010
Thevenin
Circuit diagram To find Rth
1.0k 3.3k 1.0k 3.3k
XMM1
5V 2.2k 2.7k R th 2.7k
To find Vth
1.0k 3.3k
To find IL
1.0k 3.3k
5V v 2.7k 5V2.2k
+ 2.7k
A (0-5)mA
-
Equiva1lent ciruitI
R th
V th
RL
2.2k
+A (0-5)mA
-
1111
Tabulation
Vth Rth IL(mA)
theoretical practical theoretical practical theoretical practical
Calculation:
R ES U LT: Thus the Thevenin’s theorem was verified.
Theoretical:Vth = Rth = IL =
Practical:Vth = Rth = IL =
1212
10. B. NORTO N’ S THE OER M
AIM:
To verify Norton’s theorem and to determine the current flow through the load resistance.
APP ARATU S REQ UIRE D:
S.No Name of the apparatus
Range Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
RPS
Resistor
Ammeter
Bread board
Connecting wires
(0-15)V
10KΩ,5.6KΩ,8.2KΩ6KΩ
(0-10)mA,mc(0-5)mA,mc
------
------
1
Each 1
11
1
As required
No rto n’s t heore m:
Any linear active network with output terminals can be replaced by a single current source. Isc in parallel with a single impedance Zth. Isc is the current through the terminals of the active network when shorted. Zth is called Thevennin`s impedance.
Current through RL= Isc Zth/( Zth+ZL)
PROCE DU RE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.2. Check your connections before switch on the supply.3. Find the Norton’s current (or) short circuit current in load resistance.4. Replace voltage source by internal resistor.5. Determine the equivalent’s resistance.6. Find IL by using Norton’s formula.7. Compare the observation reading to theoretical value.8. switch off the supply9. Disconnect the circuit.
R
1313
Circuit diagram
Norton
10K 8K
To find I sc
10K 8K
I sc+5V 4.7K 5.6K 5V 4.7K A (0-500)mA
-
To find R th
10K 8K
XMM1
Rt h
5V
To find IL
10K 8K
4.7K 5.6K+
4.7K A (0-500)mA-
Norton`s Equivalent circuit
Isc Rth
L =5.6K+
A (0-500)mA
-
1414
Tabulation:
Theoretical Practical
Isc Rth Isc Rth
Calculation:
R ES U LT: Thus the Norton’s theorem was verified.
Theoretical: Isc = Rth = IL =
Practical:Isc = Rth = IL =
1515
11 .SUPE R P OSITI ON T HE O REM
AIM:
To verify the superposition theorem and determine the current following through the load resistance.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the apparatus Range Quantity
1
2
3
5
6
RPS
Resistor
Ammeter
Bread board
Connecting wires
(0-15)V
1KΩ,220Ω,470Ω
(0-1)mA,mc(0-5)mA mc
------
------
1
Each 1
11
1
As required
Su pe rposit io n t heore m
In a linear circuit containing more than one source, the current that flows at any point or the voltage that exists between any two points is the algebraic sum of the currents or the voltages that would have been produced by each source taken separately with all other sources removed.
PR O C E D U R E :
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.2. Check your connections before switch on the supply.3. Determine the current through the load resistance.4. Now one of the sources is shorted and the current flowing through the resistance IL measured by
ammeter.5. Similarly, the other source is shorted and the current flowing through the resistance IL measured by
ammeter.6. Compare the value obtained with the sum of I1&I2 should equal to I7. Compare the observation reading to theoretical value.8. switch off the supply9. Disconnect the circuit.
1616
Circuit diagramSuperposition
220 ohm 470 ohm
To find I1
w hen 12V source is acting
alone
220 ohm 470 ohm
1 K
+A (0-20)mA
-
TO find I When 10V source is acting alone2
220 ohm 470 ohm
To find I w hen two sources are acting
220 ohm 470 ohm
10 V
1 K+
12V 10 V
1 K+
A (0-20)mA-
A (0-20)mA-
Tabulation:
V(volt) I1(mA) I2(mA) I(mA)
V1 V2 theoretical practical theoretical practical theoretical practical
Calculation:
R ES U LT: Thus the superposition theorem was verified
1717
12. VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
AIM:To find the value of resistance RL in which maximum power is transferred to the load resistance.
APP ARATU S REQ UIRE D:
Sl.No Name of the apparatus Range Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
6
Resistor
Ammeter
Bread board
Connecting wires
RPS
DRB
1KΩ,2.2 KΩ
(0-10) mA
-----
------
(0-30)V
(0-10)KΩ
1
1
1
As required
1
1
Max imum po w er t ra nsf er t heo r em:
Maximum power transfer to the load resistor occurs when it has a value equal to the resistance of the network looking back at it from the load terminals.
PR O C E D U R E :
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.2. By giving various values of the resistance in DRB, note the ammeter
reading.3. Calculate the power and plot the power Vs resistance graph.4. Note the maximum power point corresponding resistance from the graph.
1818
Circuit diagramMax power transfer theorem
1.0k(0-10)mA
+ -A
Theoretical calculation
To find R th
1.0k
5V 2.2k RL 2.2k R th
Theoretical value:
Tabulation:
Resistance(RL)
Current I(mA) Power =I2RL
Theoretical calculation:
RESULT:
Thus the value of unknown resistance in which the maximum power is transferred to the load was found.
Theoretical load resistance = Practical load resistance = Maximum power =
1919
13 . VERIF IC ATION OF RECIPR OCITY T HE OR EM
A IM :
To verify Reciprocity theorem and to determine the current flow through the load resistance.
APP ARATU S REQ UIRE D:
S.No Name of the apparatus Range Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
RPS
Resistor
Ammeter Bread
board Connecting
wires
(0-15)V
100Ω,470Ω,820Ω, 100Ω
(0-30) mA,
------
------
1
Each 1
1
1
As required
THEORY:
R ecipr o ci t y t h e o r e m In a linear, bilateral network a voltage source V volt in a branch gives rise to a current I, in another
branch. If V is applied in the second branch the current in the first branch will be I. This V/I are called transfer impedance or resistance. On changing the voltage source from 1 to branch 2, the current in branch 2 appears in branch 1.
PR O C E D U R E :
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.2. Switch on the supply and note down the corresponding ammeter readings.3. Find ratio of input voltage to output current.4. Interchange the position of the ammeter and power supply. Note down the
Corresponding ammeter readings5. Verify the reciprocity theorem by equating the voltage to current ratio.
-
2020
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Reciprocity theorem
To find I
940 ohm 100 ohm 940 ohm 100 ohm
(0-30)V 470 ohm 100 0hm
+
A (0-30)mA 470 ohm 100 ohm
(0-30)V
To find I
940 ohm 100 0hm
(0-30)V470 ohm
100 ohm+
A (0-30)mA
-
Tabulation:Practical value :( circuit -I)
V(volt) I(mA) Z=V/I
2121
Practical value :( circuit -I)
V(volt) I(mA) Z=V/I
Calculation:
RESULT:
Thus the reciprocity theorem was verified
2222
14. A. F REQUENC Y RE SPO NSE OF SERIES RESO NANCE CIR CUI T
AIM:
To obtain the resonance frequency of the given RLC series electrical network.
APP ARATU S REQ UIRE D:
S.No Name of the apparatus Range Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Function generator
Resistor
Voltmeter
capacitor
Bread board
Connecting wires
Decade inductance box
0-2MHz
1KΩ,
(0-5) V
1µ F
-----
------
(0-100)mH
1
1
1
1
1
As required
1
FORM ULA USED :
Series resonance frequency F=1/ (2п √ (LC))
PR O C E D U R E: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.2. Vary the frequency of the function generator from 50 Hz to 20 KHz.3. Measure the corresponding value of voltage across the resistor R for series RLC circuit.4. Repeat the same procedure for different values of frequency.5. Tabulate your observation.6. Note down the resonance frequency from the graph.
2323
Circuit diagram: Series resonance
Fn. gen
1.0uF
C
50 mH
L
R 1.0k V (0-5)V
Tabulation:
Frequency (Hz) VR(volt)
Calculation:
RESULT:
Thus the resonance frequency of series RLC circuit is obtained.Practical value =
Theoretical value =
2424
14 .B. FREQUE NCY RE SPO NSE OF PAR ALLEL RESONAN CE C IR CUIT
A IM :
To obtain the resonance frequency of the given RLC parallel electrical network.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No Name of the apparatus Range Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Function generator
Resistor
Voltmeter
capacitor
Bread board
Connecting wires
Decade inductance box
0-3MHz
1KΩ,
(0-5) V
1µ F
-----
------
(0-100)mH
1
1
1
1
1
As required
1
F O R M U LA U SE D :
Parallel resonance frequency F=1/ (2п √ (LC)
PR O C E D U R E: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.2. Vary the frequency of the function generator from 50 Hz to 20 KHz.3. Measure the corresponding value of voltage across the resistor R for series RLC circuit.4. Repeat the same procedure for different values of frequency.5. Tabulate your observation.6. Note down the resonance frequency from the graph.
2525
Circuit diagramParallel resonance
Fn. genV (0-5)V R
1.0k C
1.0uFL50 mH
Tabulation:
Frequency (Hz) VR(volt)
Calculation:
R ES U LT :
Thus the resonance frequency of series RLC circuit is obtained.
Practical value = Theoretical value =
2626
15. TRANSIENT RESP ON SE OF R C AND RL CIRC UITS F OR D C I NPUT ’S.
AIM:
To construct RL & RC transient circuit and to draw the transient curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO. NAME OFTHE
EQUIPMENT
RANGE TYPE QTY.
1. RPS (0-30)V DC 12. Ammeter (0-10)mA MC 13. Voltmeter (0-10)V MC 14. Resistor 10 KΩ - 3
5. Capacitor 1000 µ F - 16. Bread board - - 17. Connecting
wires- Single strand As required
THEORY:
Electrical devices are controlled by switches which are closed to connect supply to the device, or
opened in order to disconnect the supply to the device. The switching operation will change the current and
voltage in the device. The purely resistive devices will allow instantaneous change in current and voltage.
An inductive device will not allow sudden change in current and capacitance device will not allow
sudden change in voltage. Hence when switching operation is performed in inductive and capacitive devices,
the current & voltage in device will take a certain time to change from pre switching value to steady state value
after switching. This phenomenon is known as transient. The study of switching condition in the circuit is called
transient analysis.The state of the circuit from instant of switching to attainment of steady state is called
transient state. The time duration from the instant of switching till the steady state is called transient period. The
current & voltage of circuit elements during transient period is called transient response.
FORMULA:Time constant of RC circuit = RC
PROCEDURE:Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
Before switching ON the power supply the switch S should be in off position
Now switch ON the power supply and change the switch to ON position.
2727
The voltage is gradually increased and note down the reading of ammeter and voltmeter for
each time duration in RC.In RL circuit measure the Ammeter reading.
Tabulate the readings and draw the graph of Vc(t)Vs t
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RL CIRCUIT:
TABULATION:
S.NO. TIME(msec)
CHARGINGCURRENT (I) A
DISCHARGINGCURRENT (I) A
MODEL CALCULATION & ANALYSIS:
3030
MODEL GRAPH:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RC CIRCUIT:
MODEL GRAPH:
CHARGING DISCHARGING
3131
TABULATION:
CHARGING:
S.NO. TIME(msec)
VOLTAGEACROSS ‘C’
(volts)
CURRENTTHROUGH
‘C’ (mA)
MODEL CALCULATION & ANALYSIS:
TABULATION:
DISCHARGING:
S.NO. TIME(msec)
VOLTAGEACROSS ‘C’
(volts)
CURRENTTHROUGH
‘C’ (mA)
MODEL CALCULATION & ANALYSIS:
RESULT:
Thus the transient response of RL & RC circuit for DC input was verified.
3232
3333
8. TRANSIENT RESP ON SE OF R C AND RL CIRC UITS F OR D C I NPUT ’S.
AIM:
To construct RL & RC transient circuit and to draw the transient curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO. NAME OFTHE
EQUIPMENT
RANGE TYPE QTY.
1. RPS (0-30)V DC 12. Ammeter (0-10)mA MC 13. Voltmeter (0-10)V MC 14. Resistor 10 KΩ - 3
5. Capacitor 1000 µ F - 16. Bread board - - 17. Connecting
wires- Single strand As required
THEORY:
Electrical devices are controlled by switches which are closed to connect supply to the device, or
opened in order to disconnect the supply to the device. The switching operation will change the current and
voltage in the device. The purely resistive devices will allow instantaneous change in current and voltage.
An inductive device will not allow sudden change in current and capacitance device will not allow
sudden change in voltage. Hence when switching operation is performed in inductive and capacitive devices,
the current & voltage in device will take a certain time to change from pre switching value to steady state value
after switching. This phenomenon is known as transient. The study of switching condition in the circuit is called
transient analysis.The state of the circuit from instant of switching to attainment of steady state is called
transient state. The time duration from the instant of switching till the steady state is called transient period. The
current & voltage of circuit elements during transient period is called transient response.
FORMULA:Time constant of RC circuit = RC
PROCEDURE:Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
Before switching ON the power supply the switch S should be in off position
Now switch ON the power supply and change the switch to ON position.
3434
The voltage is gradually increased and note down the reading of ammeter and voltmeter for
each time duration in RC.In RL circuit measure the Ammeter reading.
Tabulate the readings and draw the graph of Vc(t)Vs t
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RL CIRCUIT:
TABULATION:
S.NO. TIME(msec)
CHARGINGCURRENT (I) A
DISCHARGINGCURRENT (I) A
MODEL CALCULATION & ANALYSIS:
3030
MODEL GRAPH:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RC CIRCUIT:
MODEL GRAPH:
CHARGING DISCHARGING
3131
TABULATION:
CHARGING:
S.NO. TIME(msec)
VOLTAGEACROSS ‘C’
(volts)
CURRENTTHROUGH
‘C’ (mA)
MODEL CALCULATION & ANALYSIS:
TABULATION:
DISCHARGING:
S.NO. TIME(msec)
VOLTAGEACROSS ‘C’
(volts)
CURRENTTHROUGH
‘C’ (mA)
MODEL CALCULATION & ANALYSIS:
RESULT:
Thus the transient response of RL & RC circuit for DC input was verified.
3232
9. A. F REQUENC Y RE SPO NSE OF SERIES RESO NANCE CIR CUI T
AIM:
To obtain the resonance frequency of the given RLC series electrical network.
APP ARATU S REQ UIRE D:
S.No Name of the apparatus Range Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Function generator
Resistor
Voltmeter
capacitor
Bread board
Connecting wires
Decade inductance box
0-2MHz
1KΩ,
(0-5) V
1µ F
-----
------
(0-100)mH
1
1
1
1
1
As required
1
FORM ULA USED :
Series resonance frequency F=1/ (2п √ (LC))
PR O C E D U R E: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.2. Vary the frequency of the function generator from 50 Hz to 20 KHz.3. Measure the corresponding value of voltage across the resistor R for series RLC circuit.4. Repeat the same procedure for different values of frequency.5. Tabulate your observation.6. Note down the resonance frequency from the graph.
3333
Circuit diagram: Series resonance
Fn. gen
1.0uF
C
50 mH
L
R 1.0k V (0-5)V
Tabulation:
Frequency (Hz) VR(volt)
Calculation:
RESULT:
Thus the resonance frequency of series RLC circuit is obtained.Practical value =
Theoretical value =
3434
9 .B. FREQUE NCY RE SPO NSE OF PAR ALLEL RESONAN CE C IR CUIT
A IM :
To obtain the resonance frequency of the given RLC parallel electrical network.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No Name of the apparatus Range Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Function generator
Resistor
Voltmeter
capacitor
Bread board
Connecting wires
Decade inductance box
0-3MHz
1KΩ,
(0-5) V
1µ F
-----
------
(0-100)mH
1
1
1
1
1
As required
1
F O R M U LA U SE D :
Parallel resonance frequency F=1/ (2п √ (LC)
PR O C E D U R E: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.2. Vary the frequency of the function generator from 50 Hz to 20 KHz.3. Measure the corresponding value of voltage across the resistor R for series RLC circuit.4. Repeat the same procedure for different values of frequency.5. Tabulate your observation.6. Note down the resonance frequency from the graph.
3535
Circuit diagramParallel resonance
Fn. genV (0-5)V R
1.0k C
1.0uFL50 mH
Tabulation:
Frequency (Hz) VR(volt)
Calculation:
R ES U LT :
Thus the resonance frequency of series RLC circuit is obtained.
Practical value = Theoretical value =
3636
10. FRE QU ENCY RE SPO NSE OF SINGLE T UNED C OU PLED CI RCUIT
AIM:
To determine the frequency response of a single tuned coupled circuits.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. Name of the apparatus Range Quantity
1.
2.
Single tuned coupledcircuits.
Connecting wires
-
-
1
As required
THEORY:
When two coils are placed nearby and current passes through any one or both of the coils, they become
magnetically coupled. Then the coils are known as coupled coils. If the coils are part of a circuit, the circuit is
known as a coupled circuit. A Single tuned to resonance.
FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF SINGLE TUNED CIRCUITS:
The variation of the amplification factor or output voltage with frequency is called the frequency
response. It can be observed that the output voltage, current and amplification depend on mutual inductance at
resonance frequency. The maximum amplification depends on M and it occurs at resonance frequency.
Amplification factor is given by,
3737
Maximum amplification is given by :
PROCEDURE:
o Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.o Power supply is switched ON.o Input frequency is varied by AFO, corresponding input & output Voltage are
noted.o Graph is drawn between Frequency & Amplification factor.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULATION:Frequency (w)
in HzOutput Voltage
V0 (V)
Input voltageVi (V)
Amplification factor
38