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AStreetwithaStory:TheHistoryofDurham’s“BlackWallStreet”OverviewAtthebeginningofthe20thcentury,AfricanAmericansinNorthCarolinaandthroughouttheUnitedStatesfacedmanychallenges.JimCrowlawsandexpectationswererampantandAfricanAmericansincitiessuchasWilmington,NC,werethevictimofwhitesupremacycampaignsandviolence.Yet,inthemidstofsuchracialinjusticeandintolerance,ablackbusinessdistrictbegantoflourishinDurham,NCinthelate1890s.Inthefollowingactivities,studentswillexplorehowvariousblackentrepreneursthrivedinDurham’sdowntown,somuchsothatDurham’sParrishStreetwassoonknownas“BlackWallStreet.”ThroughtheexplorationofMainStreet,Carolina’sdigitalhistoryprojectonParrishStreet(http://mainstreet.lib.unc.edu/projects/parrish_st_durham/),aswellasthroughreadings,classdiscussion,primarysourceexamination,partneractivities,andgroupactivities,studentswillgainasenseofthechallengesovercomeandsuccessesexperiencedbythevariousblackentrepreneursandbusinessesonBlackWallStreet.Inacreativeculminatingproject,studentswillapplywhattheyhavelearnedtocreatetheirownrevitalizationplanforParrishStreettoday.Grade8NorthCarolinaStandardCourseofStudy• Objective5.05:Assesstheinfluenceofthepolitical,legal,andsocialmovementsonthepoliticalsystem

andlifeinNorthCarolina.• Objective6.04:AssesstheimpactofWorldWarIIontheeconomic,political,social,andmilitaryrolesof

differentgroupsinNorthCarolinaincludingwomenandminorities.• Objective7.02:EvaluatetheimportanceofsocialchangestodifferentgroupsinNorthCarolina.• Objective7.04:Compareandcontrastthevariouspoliticalviewpointssurroundingissuesofthepost-

WorldWarIIera.• Objective7.05:Evaluatethemajorchangesandeventsthathaveaffectedtherolesoflocal,state,and

nationalgovernments.NorthCarolinaEssentialStandards• 8.H.1.1-Constructcharts,graphs,andhistoricalnarrativestoexplainparticulareventsorissues.• 8.H.1.2-Summarizetheliteralmeaningofhistoricaldocumentsinordertoestablishcontext.• 8.H.1.3-Useprimaryandsecondarysourcestointerpretvarioushistoricalperspectives.• 8.H.1.4-Usehistoricalinquirytoevaluatethevalidityofsourcesusedtoconstructhistoricalnarratives

(e.g.formulatehistoricalquestions,gatherdatafromavarietyofsources,evaluateandinterpretdataandsupportinterpretationswithhistoricalevidence).

• 8.H.1.5-Analyzetherelationshipbetweenhistoricalcontextanddecision-making.• 8.H.2.1:Explaintheimpactofeconomic,political,social,andmilitaryconflicts(e.g.war,slavery,states’

rightsandcitizenshipandimmigrationpolicies)onthedevelopmentofNorthCarolinaandtheUnitedStates

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• 8.H.2.2:SummarizehowleadershipandcitizenactionsinfluencedtheoutcomeofkeyconflictsinNorthCarolinaandtheUnitedStates.

• 8.H.3.3:Explainhowindividualsandgroupshaveinfluencedeconomic,politicalandsocialchangeinNorthCarolinaandtheUnitedStates.

• 8.C&G.1.4:AnalyzeaccesstodemocraticrightsandfreedomsamongvariousgroupsinNorthCarolinaandtheUnitedStates

• 8.C&G.2.1:EvaluatetheeffectivenessofvariousapproachesusedtoeffectchangeinNorthCarolinaandtheUnitedStates

• 8.C&G.2.2:Analyzeissuespursuedthroughactivecitizencampaignsforchange• 8.C&G.2.3:ExplaintheimpactofhumanandcivilrightsissuesthroughoutNorthCarolinaandUnitedStates

history• 8.C.1.3:SummarizethecontributionsofparticulargroupstothedevelopmentofNorthCarolinaandthe

UnitedStatesEssentialQuestions• WhatwerethecharacteristicsoftheJimCrowSouth?• WhatlawsandexpectationswereineffectduringtheJimCrowEra?• HowwereindividualcitizensaffectedbyJimCrow?• Whatcanbedifficultaboutstartinganewbusiness?Whatrisksmaybeinvolved?• WhatwerethemajorbusinesseslocatedonDurham’sBlackWallStreetandwhatdidittakeforthemto

besuccessful?• WhatadditionaldifficultiesandrisksfacedblackentrepreneurssuchasJohnMerrick,Dr.AaronM.Moore,

CharlesClintonSpaulding,andR.B.Fitzgerald,duringthelate1800sandearly1900s?• WhyistheformationandsuccessofDurham’s“BlackWallStreet”evenmoresignificantwhenconsidering

thetimeperiodduringwhichitflourished?• InwhatwayshasNCMutualexhibitedacommitmenttoservice?• WhoweresomeprominentAfricanAmericanvisitorstoBlackWallStreetandwhyweretheydrawnto

Durham?• InwhatwayscanwehonorandpreservethehistoryandlegacyofDurham’sBlackWallStreet?Materials• Day1

o “WhatDoYouSee?”,warmupactivityattachedo SegregatedWaterFountains,imageattachedo TheJimCrowEra,handoutattachedo SamplingofJimCrowLaws,5handoutsattachedo JimCrowEvaluationWorksheet,attached(thisformshouldbecutintwo)o “SuccessforBlackEntrepreneursinDurham,NC,”readingandquestionsattached

• Day2o Computerswithaccessto:http://mainstreet.lib.unc.edu/projects/parrish_st_durham/o ImageofNCMutualPostCard,availableat

http://durhamcountylibrary.org/exhibits/postcards/js054.phpo ParrishStreetScavengerHunt,attachedo LaptopwithspeakersconnectedtoInternetwithaccesstoshort1940sfilm–“NCMutual’sSuccess

Story”locatedathttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLHgU_gtJ84o “NorthCarolinaMutualLifeInsuranceCompany-ACommitmenttoService,”readingattached

• Day3(optional)

o WhoAmIImages1-3,attachedo “BlackbusinessesinDurham,”byW.E.B.DuBois,readinganddiscussionquestionsattached

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Materials(cont.)• CulminatingActivity

o HeritageDirectionsUrbanPlanningConsultingFirm,assignmentattachedo Optional:InternetaccessoraccesstolibraryforfurtherParrishStreetresearch

Duration• 2-3classperiods(teacherscanpickandchoosewhichactivitiestoleadbasedontheirclassroom’stime

constraints.)• AdditionaltimewillbeneededforcompletionandpresentationoftheCulminatingActivity.StudentPreparation• StudentsshouldhaveabasicunderstandingoftheJimCroweraandprominenteventsduringthistime,

suchastheWilmingtonRaceRiots,aswellasanunderstandingofexpectationsfordiscussingcontroversialissues.

TeacherPreparation• WhilestudyingtheJimCrowerabringsupsensitivetopics,itisimportantforstudentstoexplorethese

eventstogainawell-roundedappreciationregardingthesuccessofDurham’s“BlackWallStreet.”Inordertostudythishistoryeffectivelyandsafelyhowever,teachersmusthaveestablishedasafeclassroomwithclearexpectationsofrespect,open-mindedness,andcivilconversation.

• BeforeDay2ofthislesson,arrangetimeinthecomputerlaboranotherspacewherestudentscanhaveaccesstotheInternet(studentscanpartneruponcomputersforthisactivity.)AtthebeginningofclassonDay2,haveeachcomputersettothewebsitehttp://mainstreet.lib.unc.edu/projects/parrish_st_durham/,whichisadigitalhistorysiteprovidedbyMainStreet,CarolinacontainingamapofhistoricalParrishStreetandmultiplemarkerswithprimarysourceinformationstudentscanexploretolearnmoreaboutthevariousbuildingsthatcomprisedBlackWallStreet.ThissiteisbestaccessedbytheFirefoxbrowser,availableathttp://www.mozilla.com/en-US/.Teachersshouldexplorethesitepriortoclassinordertobetterassiststudentsastheybrowsetheinformation.

ProcedureDay1

AnIntroductiontoJimCrowandSegregation1. Asawarm-up,distributetheattached“WhatDoYouSee?”worksheetandinstructstudentstotake

aroundthreeminutestocloselyexaminethephotographandbrainstormtheirinitialthoughts.Ifpossible,teachersshouldalsoprojecttheimageatthefrontoftheroom.Afterstudentshavehadtimetowritetheirinitialthoughts,havethemreporttheirthoughtstotheremainderofclassandfurtherdiscuss:• Manyofyoufirstnoticedthetwoseparateentrancesfor“White”and“Colored.”Whywerethesetwo

doorslabeledinthisway?• Whatisthetermfortheseparationofpeople,ortheseparationoftheresourcestheycanuse,based

ontheirrace?

2. Projecttheattached“SegregatedWaterFountains”imagetoenhancetheconversationofsegregation.Discuss:• Whatdoyousee?• Howdoesthisimagecomparewiththefirstoneyouobserved?• Whyaretheretwowaterfountainsandwhydoyouthinktheywerelabeledthisway?• Whattimeperioddoyouthinkthispicturerepresents?Whatevidencemakesyouthinkthis?• Whatcomestomindwhenyouhearthewordsegregation?

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3. Explaintotheclassthattheywillbelearningaboutaverydifficultperiodofhistory,whenblackpeople

andotherminoritiesweredegradedthroughouttheSouthbyvariouslawsandetiquetteexpectations.ThisperiodwasknownastheJimCrowEra.

4. Partnerstudentsupanddistributetheattachedhandout,TheJimCrowEra.InstructpartnerstoreadanddiscussthehandoutregardingtheJimCrowEra,notinganswersontheirsheet.Letstudentsknowthatastheyread,theymayfeelupsetoroffendedbythelawsandexpectationsoursocietyunfairlyhadinplace.Discusswithstudentsthatitisperfectlyunderstandabletobeangeredbywhattookplaceduringthisperiodofhistory.ButitisnonethelessimportanttostudyandbeawareofsuchhistorytopaytributetothepeoplewhofoughtforjusticeandbroughtanendtoJimCrow,aswellastolivebytheirexampleandensureequalityforallpeopletoday.Remindstudentsthatyoutrustthemtobematureandsensitivehistoriansastheyreviewthismaterial.

5. Oncepartnersarefinished,allowthemtosharetheirthoughts:

• HowwereyoufeelingasyoureadthroughtheseetiquettesandrulesoftheJimCrowera?Why?(chartstudentanswersinalistonchartpaper)

• Whichetiquette/ruledoyoufindmostdisturbing?Why?• Howdoyouthinktheselawsandexpectationsbecamethesocietal“norm”?Inotherwords,whydo

youthinktheywerecreated?Whydoyouthinktheyexistedforsolong?• Howdoyouthinktheserulesandexpectationsaffectedsociety(blackandwhite)?• Iftheyearwere1900,howwouldyourlifebedifferentbasedontherulesandexpectationsyouread

about?• ForthoseofyouwhowereunfamiliarwiththeJimCrowEra,whatdoyoufindmost

shocking/surprisingaboutthisperiodofhistory?• IfyouwerelivingduringtheJimCrowEra,whatchoiceswouldyouhavetoshowyourdispleasurewith

theJimCrowwayoflife?6. Explaintostudentsthat“fromthe1880sintothe1960s,amajorityofAmericanstatesenforced

segregationthrough“JimCrow”laws(socalledafterablackcharacterinminstrelshows).FromDelawaretoCalifornia,andfromNorthDakotatoTexas,manystates(andcities,too)couldimposelegalpunishmentsonpeopleforconsortingwithmembersofanotherrace.Themostcommontypesoflawsforbadeintermarriageandorderedbusinessownersandpublicinstitutionstokeeptheirblackandwhiteclienteleseparated.”(Source:http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-newcentury/5103)

7. Tellstudentsthatasagroup,theywillnowexamineactuallawsthatexistedinsouthernstatesatvariouspointsintheJimCrowEra.Dividestudentsintogroupsof5andgiveeachgroupmemberoneoftheattachedfive“SamplingofJimCrowLaws”handouts(eachgroupmemberwillthushaveadifferentsetoflaws)andthe“JimCrowEvaluationWorksheet.”(Inordertosavepaper,twohandoutsarelocatedonthe“JimCrowEvaluationHandout;”teachersshouldthuscuttheworksheetinhalf.)

8. Eachgroupmembershouldfirsttakearound6-8silentminutestoreviewtheirhandoutoflawsasanindividualandanswerthequestionsprovidedtothem.Letthegroupsknowthatsinceeachgroupmemberisreviewingadifferenthandoutcontainingdifferentlaws,eachgroupmemberwillberesponsibleforteachingtherestoftheirgroupaboutthelawstheyreadabout.Afterstudentshavefinishedreadingandansweringtheirquestions,eachgroupmembershouldtake1-2minutestodiscussthelawshe/shereadaboutwithintheirgroup.Aftereachgroupmemberhassummarizedtheirlawswiththeirgroup,discusasaclass:• Ofallstatelaws,whichdoyoufindmostdisturbingandwhy?• Wereanyoftheselawsineffecttoday,wouldyoubebreakinganyofthem?Explain.

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• WhattypesofconsequencesdoyouimagineAfricanAmericansreceivedwhenbreakingoneoftheselaws?

• WhyisitdifficulttostudysuchharshperiodsofhistoryastheJimCrowEra?Evengiventhedifficulty,whyisitimportanttobeeducatedonsuchhistory,andnottoavoiditsdifficultsubjectmatter?

• Asthoseofustoday,whoneverdirectlyexperiencedorparticipatedintheJimCrowEra,learnaboutit,whyisitimportanttonotletangergetthebestofusortoplaceblameregardingtheJimCrowEra?o TimTyson,authorof“BloodDoneSignMyName,”usedthephrase“Leanintoit”todescribehis

meansofdealingwithdifficultmaterial.Letyourstudentsknowthatfeelingmixedemotionsaboutsuchaharshhistoryisnatural,butoftenwelearnthemostinmomentswhenweareuncomfortable.Ratherthanclamupandavoidsuchmoments,“Leanintoit”andlearn.

• Wehonorourancestorsbylearningaboutandcaringaboutthehistorytheyendured.Whatareotherwayswecanhonorthem?WhatareourresponsibilitiesascitizenstodaytoensureJimCrownevercomesback?

Ø Seehttp://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-newcentury/5704foradditionalinformationtosharewith

studentsregardinghowstatesgotbywithpassingsuchunjustlaws.ThissitesummarizessuchinformationastheCivilRightsActof1875,Plessyv.Fergusonand“separatebutequal,”andmore.

BlackEntrepreneursDuringJimCrow

9. TellstudentsthatyouwantthemtonowimaginethattheyareablackentrepreneurlivinginNorthCarolinain1900,whenJimCrowlawsarerampantthroughoutthesouthanddiscuss:• First,whatisanentrepreneur?(Discusswithstudentsthatanentrepreneurisanindividualwho

acceptsfinancialrisksandundertakesnewfinancialventures,typicallythroughstartingabusiness.Tellstudentsthatinthisscenario,youwantthemtoimaginethattheywanttostartanewbusinessinDurham,NCintheyear1900.)

• Giventhefactthatyouareblackandtheyearis1900,whatchallengeswouldbestackedagainstyouregardingstartingyourownbusiness?o Labelapieceofchartpaperwiththeword“Challenges”andnotestudentthoughtsunderneath.

EncouragethemtoconsiderallaspectsofstartinganewbusinessandhowtheseaspectswouldbeevenmorechallengingforanAfricanAmericanpersonintheheightoftheJimCrowEra.

10. Explaintostudentsthatasstatespassed“JimCrow”lawstokeeptheracesseparateandtorestrictthe

opportunitiesofAfricanAmericans,morethanamillionAfricanAmericansfledtheJimCrowSouth,especiallyafterWorldWarI,seekingopportunityinnortherncities.However,someAfricanAmericanswhostayedinNorthCarolinafoughttheirwaytosuccess,eveninthefaceofsuchadversity.OncesuchstoryoftriumphcanbefoundinDurham,NC,whereseveralblackownedandoperatedbusinessesbegantothrive,evenduringatimeofsuchmassiveoppressionandinjustice.Infact,theblackbusinessdistrictthatformedindowntownDurhamwassosuccessful,iteventuallybecameknownas“BlackWallStreet.”Itwashometosomeofthelargestblack-ownedbusinessesinthenation.

11. Next,providestudentswithacopyoftheattachedreadinganddiscussionquestions,“SuccessforBlackEntrepreneursinDurham,NC.”Instructstudentstocompletethereadinginpartnersandthendiscussandanswerthecorrespondingquestions.Oncestudentshavereadandthoughtaboutthequestions,discussfurtherasaclass,ensuringstudentsgainanunderstandingofthesignificanceofwhatwasaccomplishedonParrishStreet.Foranyoneduringanytimeperiodtostartabusinessfromscratchandbesuccessfulisafeattobecelebrated.However,forAfricanAmericanstostartbusinessesandthriveinthemiddleoftheJimCrowSouthisatestamenttoblackcourage,spirit,andresilience.

Oncestudentshavecompletedtheirreading,discusswhattheyreadandtheirthoughtsregardingthediscussionquestionsasaclass.

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CreateaParrishStreetPostCard12. Toculminatetheday’slesson,projectorhandouttheimageoftheNorthCarolinaMutualLifeInsurance

Companybuildingpostcardlocatedathttp://mainstreet.lib.unc.edu/projects/parrish_st_durham/index.php/markers/view/10.Thepostcardcanalsobefoundathttp://durhamcountylibrary.org/exhibits/postcards/js054.php.Askstudentstocommentonwhattheyseeanddiscuss:• What/whereisbeingpicturedhere?Whatevidencemakesyouthinkthis?• Whattimeperiodmightthisimagebefrom?Whatevidencemakesyouthinkthis?(Discussitems

suchasthebuildingitself,thestyleandcolorsofthepostcard,etc.)• Whattypeofimagedoyouthinkthisis?Whatwasitspurpose?

o LetstudentsknowthatthisisapostcardoftheNorthCarolinaMutualLifeInsuranceCompanybuildingonParrishStreet,whichwasbuiltin1921andbecamethenation’slargestblack-ownedlifeinsurancecompany.RemindstudentsthatN.C.Mutualwasorganizedin1898byJohnMerrickandDr.A.M.Moore.Anewbuildingwascompletedin1966.

• WhydoyouthinktherewasapostcardmadeofNCMutual?Wheremightyouhavegottensuchapostcardintheearly1900s?Whomighthavewantedsuchapostcardandwhy?

13. Tellstudentsthatforhomework,youwantthemtoconsiderwhattheyhavelearnedtodayaboutParrishStreet/BlackWallStreet,andtocreatetheirownhistoricalpostcard.Thefinishedpostcardshouldcontain:• Originalartwork,whichmustincludeatleastoneofthefollowing:

o adrawingofaphysicalstructurefromhistoricalParrishStreet(i.e.,aparticularbuildingyou’vereadabout,orageneralimageofthestreet)

o aprominentpersoninvolvedinBlackWallStreeto asymbolicorabstractsymbolordrawingthatyoufeelcapturestheessenceandimportanceofthe

spiritofBlackWallStreet• AcaptionhighlightingthesignificanceofParrishStreet

14. Whenclassmeetsagain,havethestudentshangalloftheirpostcardsaroundtheroomandallowafew

minutesoftimeforagallerywalk,duringwhichstudentscancirculateandviewoneanother’swork.TeacherNote:Iftimerunsout,the“BlackEntrepreneursinDurham,NC.”readingandquestionscanalsobeassignedforhomeworkratherthanthepostcard;teachersshouldjustprovidetimethefollowingdayfordiscussion.

Day2

ExploringParrishStreetwithMainStreet,Carolina15. TeacherPreparation:BeforeDay2ofthislesson,arrangetimeinthecomputerlaboranotherspace

wherestudentscanhaveaccesstotheInternet(studentscanpartneruponcomputersforthisactivity.)Atthebeginningofclass,haveeachcomputersettothewebsitehttp://mainstreet.lib.unc.edu/projects/parrish_st_durham,whichisadigitalhistorysiteprovidedbyMainStreet,CarolinacontainingamapofhistoricalParrishStreetandmultiplemarkerswithprimarysourceinformationstudentscanexploretolearnmoreaboutthevariousbuildingsthatcomprisedBlackWallStreet,aswellasotherinformation.ThissiteisbestaccessedbytheMozillaFirefoxbrowser,availableathttp://www.mozilla.com/en-US/.Teachersshouldexplorethesitepriortoclassinordertobetterassiststudentsastheybrowsetheinformation.Usertips:• Byclickingonthe“ViewMap”linkatthetopofthepage,studentscannavigatethesiteviaamapof

downtownDurhamandParrishStreetthatappearstotheright.ThemapimagethatautomaticallyloadsisacurrentviewofdowntownDurhamandParrishStreetfromGoogleMaps.Itis

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recommendedstudentscheckthe“CurrentStreetNames”boxonthispagesothattheycangetasenseofexactlywheretheyareexploring.

• ThereisalsotheoptioninthemapviewofselectingoneormoreofthreehistoricalSanbornmapslisted,whichwillthenoverlaytheGooglemap.(ASanbornmapofDurhamin1884,1898,and1913isavailable.)Studentscanselectoneormoreofthesemaps,thenusethetransparencybarunderneathtofadeeachmapinandout.ThiscanbeagoodtoolforenablingstudentstoviewthevariouschangesanddevelopmentinDurhambetween1884totoday.

o Forexample,ifstudentsclickedthe1884Sanbornmapbox,theycouldcomparechangesfromthenandnowbymovingthetransparencybutton.Studentscouldthenalsocheckthe1913mapbox,andagainusethetransparencybartoexaminethedifferencesbetween1884and1913.

• Letstudentsknowthattheycanusethenavigationbarwithinthemap’swindowtomovethemapviewaround.(Thefourarrowswilltaketheuserinthedirectionitpointsbyclickingonit;the+and–signsallowtheusertozoominoroutbyclickingonthem.)Likewise,studentscanclickonthemapanddragtheirmousetonavigateaswell.

• VariousmarkersareplottedalongParrishStreet.Therearetwotypesofmarkers,withredteardropssignalinghistoricalbuildingsandsmallerblueteardropssignalinghistoricalmarkers(allofwhichareactuallythematicartinstallationsthatwererecentlyinstalledalongParrishStreet.)Letstudentsknowthattheycanclickontheredmarkerstoviewinformationaboutwhatbuildingandbusiness(s)waslocatedhere.Variousprimarysourceinformation,images,andotherhistoricalinformationabouteachbuildingisattachedtothemarker.Likewise,byclickingonthebluemarkers,studentscanviewasmallimageoftheartinstallationandthenreadinformationconnectedtothetheme(s)representedineachpieceofart.

• Studentscanalsoclickonthe“Markers”tabatthetopofthepageforanalternativeviewoftheinformationcontainedonthissite.Ratherthanexploringviathemap,thisviewsimplyprovidesalistofallofthemarkersashyperlinks.Studentscanclickonanyofthemarkernamesandaccessthesameinformation(i.e.primarysourcedocuments,historicaldescriptions,etc.)

16. Atthebeginningofclass(aftertimehasbeenprovidedtoviewstudent-createdpostcardsifthatassignmentwascompleted),tellstudentsthattheyaregoingtogetsometimeto“tour”ParrishStreetanditshistory“virtually.”IntroducestudentstotheMainStreet,CarolinasiteforParrishStreet,explainingwhatinformationtheycanperuseandhowtoaccesstheinformationthroughthevariousoptionsnotedabove.(Ifpossible,teachersmaywanttobeginbyhavingthesiteprojectedinthefrontoftheroom.Thisway,youcanclickthroughitandgivestudentsa“samplerun”ofhowtheythemselvescanexplorethesite.)Givestudentsaround5-7minutestoexplorethesitefreely.

17. Next,callstudentsbacktoattentionandpassouttheattachedParrishStreetScavengerHunt.”Tellstudentsthattheyaregoingtohaveapproximately15-20minutestocontinueexploringthesitewhilefocusingonfindingtheanswerstothequestionsprovided.(Teachersmaywanttoofferaprizeforthefirststudentsfinishedandcorrectlyansweringthequestions.)

18. OncestudentshavecompletedtheScavengerHunt,gooverthecorrectanswers.(Ananswerkeyisalso

attached.)

NorthCarolinaMutualLifeInsuranceCompany&theirCommitmenttoService19. Finally,tellstudentsyouwanttospendsometimefocusingononeofthemostprominentbusinesseson

“BlackWallStreet,”theNCMutualLifeInsuranceCompany.AskstudentstosharewhattheydiscoveredaboutNCMutualwhileexploringtheCarolina,MainStreetsite,orwhattheyrememberfromtheirreadingassignedinthepriorclass.

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20. Projectandplaytheshort2½minute“NCMutual’sSuccessStory”videocreatedbyNCMutual,circa1940,locatedathttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLHgU_gtJ84.ThelinkisalsoavailablewithintheMSCsiteathttp://mainstreet.lib.unc.edu/projects/parrish_st_durham/index.php/markers/view/17.(Teacherscanalsodirectstudentstowatchthefilmindividuallyiftheyarestillattheircomputers.)Afterwards,discuss:• ThenarratordescribesDurhamasa“youngandprogressivecity.”Whatevidenceofthiscanyounote,

basedonwhatyou’velearnedorwhatyousawinthevideo?• Whatyeardoyouthinkthisfilmwascreated?Whatevidencemakesyouthinkthis?• Whatdoyouthinkthepurposeofthisfilewas?Whywasitcreated?Wherewouldithavebeen

played?• Thisshortfilmaboutthe"Mutual"wasactuallyafeaturedtrailerinblackmovietheaterscirca1940.

Doesthischangeyourimpressionofitspurposeatall?Explain.• WhatisyourimpressionofCharlesSpaulding?• WhywasNCMutual’s50thanniversarysuchabigdeal?

21. Next,passouttheattached“NorthCarolinaMutualLifeInsuranceCompany-ACommitmenttoService”

readingandquestions.Eitherindividuallyorinpartners,instructstudentsreadthehandoutandanswerthequestionsprovided.Endclassbyhavingstudentssharetheirthoughtstothequestions.Asaculminatingdiscussion,askstudentstodiscussthefollowinginpartners,thenreportbacktotheclassasawholewiththeironelinemotto:• ImaginethatNCMutualhascometoyouasaconsultantandaskedyoutocreateanewmottoforthe

company.BrainstormvariousphrasesthatyouandyourpartnerfeelareappropriatebasedonallyouhavelearnedaboutNCMutual.Bepreparedtostateyourmottofortheremainderofclassandexplainwhyyouthinkitfits.

Day3(optional)

ProminentVisitor’stoDurham’sBlackWallStreet22. Asawarm-up,instructstudentstolabelapieceofpaper#1-3.Project(orhandout)theattached“Who

AmI–Image1”andaskstudentstowritedownwhotheythinkispictured.Repeatthesameinstructionswiththeattachedimages2and3.Finally,returntothefirstimageandaskstudentstosharetheirresponses,lettingstudentsknowthatthepersonpicturedisW.E.B.Dubois.AskstudentstosharewhattheyalreadyknowaboutW.E.BDuBoisandwhyheissignificanttoAfricanAmericanhistory.Teachersmaywanttoshareinformationsuchas:• WilliamEdwardBurghardtDuboiswasasociologist,author&civilrightsleader.BornonFebruary23,

1868inGreatBarrington,Massachusetts,heisconsideredoneofthemostinfluentialblackleadersofthefirsthalfofthe20thCentury.DuboiswasthefirstAfricanAmericantoreceiveaPh.D.fromHarvardUniversityin1896.Between1897and1914DuboisconductednumerousstudiesofblacksocietyinAmerica,publishing16researchpapers.Hebeganhisinvestigationsbelievingthatsocialsciencecouldprovideanswerstoraceproblems.Graduallyheconcludedthatinaclimateofvirulentracism,socialchangecouldonlybeaccomplishedbyagitationandprotest.By1903hehadlearnedenoughtostateinhisfamouswritingTheSoulsofBlackFolkthat"theproblemofthetwentiethcenturyistheproblemofthecolorline,"andhespenttheremainderofhislonglifetryingtobreakdownracialbarriers.DuboissharedinthefoundingoftheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeople(NAACP)in1909andservedasitsdirectorofresearchandeditorofitsmagazine,"Crisis,"until1934.(Foradditionalinformationtosharewithstudents,seehttp://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/w-e-b-du-bois.)

23. Next,returntoimage2andallowstudentstosharetheirguessesastowhoispictured,lettingthemknowthatthisisBookerT.Washington.

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• BookerTaliaferroWashington,bornonApril5,1856,wasanAmericaneducator,author,oratorandpoliticalleader.AlthoughhewasbornintoslaveryinsouthwestVirginia,heeventuallybecameadominantfigureintheAfricanAmericancommunityfrom1890to1915.Afterbeingemancipated,WashingtonworkedhiswaytoHamptonRoads,VAseekinganeducation.HeattendedHamptonUniversityHamptonNormalandAgriculturalInstitute(nowHamptonUniversity)andattendedcollegeatWaylandSeminary(nowVirginiaUnionUniversity).AfterreturningtoHamptonasateacher,in1881hewasnamedasthefirstleaderofthenewTuskegeeInstituteinAlabama.OftenspeakingonbehalfofblackslivingintheSouth,WashingtonreceivednationalprominenceforhisAtlantaAddressof1895,attractingtheattentionofpoliticiansandthepublicasapopularspokespersonforAfricanAmericancitizens.Washingtonbuiltanationwidenetworkofsupportersinmanyblackcommunities,withblackministers,educatorsandbusinessmencomposinghiscoresupporters.Washingtonplayedadominantroleinblackpolitics,winningwidesupportintheblackcommunityandamongmoreliberalwhites(especiallyrichNorthernwhites).Hegainedaccesstotopnationalleadersinpolitics,philanthropyandeducation.Washington'seffortsincludedcooperatingwithwhitepeopleandenlistingthesupportofwealthyphilanthropists,whichhelpedraisefundstoestablishandoperatethousandsofsmallcommunityschoolsandinstitutionsofhighereducationforthebettermentofblacksthroughouttheSouth,workwhichcontinuedformanyyearsafterhisdeath.Inadditiontothesubstantialcontributionsinthefieldofeducation,Dr.Washingtonwastheauthorof14books;hisautobiography,UpFromSlavery,firstpublishedin1901,isstillwidelyreadtoday.DuringadifficultperiodoftransitionfortheUnitedStates,hedidmuchtoimprovetheoverallfriendshipandworkingrelationshipbetweentheraces.Hisworkgreatlyhelpedblackstoachievehighereducation,financialpowerandunderstandingoftheU.S.legalsystem.ThisledtoafoundationoftheskillsetneededtosupporttheCivilRightsMovementofthe1960sandfurtheradoptionofimportantfederalcivilrightslaws.(Source:http://www.historycooperative.org/btw/index.html)

24. Returntoimage3,whomoststudentswerelikelyabletoidentifyasDr.MartinLutherKing,Jr.,andask

studentstosharewhattheyalreadyknowabouthim.• MartinLutherKing,Jr.(January15,1929–April4,1968)wasanAmericanclergyman,activist,and

prominentleaderintheAfricanAmericancivilrightsmovement.HeisbestknownforbeinganiconicfigureintheadvancementofcivilrightsintheUnitedStatesandaroundtheworld,usingnonviolentmethodsfollowingtheteachingsofMahatmaGandhi.KingisoftenpresentedasaheroicleaderinthehistoryofmodernAmericanliberalism.ABaptistminister,Kingbecameacivilrightsactivistearlyinhiscareer.Heledthe1955MontgomeryBusBoycottandhelpedfoundtheSouthernChristianLeadershipConferencein1957,servingasitsfirstpresident.King'seffortsledtothe1963MarchonWashington,whereKingdeliveredhis"IHaveaDream"speech.There,heexpandedAmericanvaluestoincludethevisionofacolorblindsociety,andestablishedhisreputationasoneofthegreatestoratorsinAmericanhistory.

In1964,KingbecametheyoungestpersontoreceivetheNobelPeacePrizeforhisworktoendracialsegregationandracialdiscriminationthroughcivildisobedienceandothernonviolentmeans.Bythetimeofhisdeathin1968,hehadrefocusedhiseffortsonendingpovertyandstoppingtheVietnamWar.KingwasassassinatedonApril4,1968,inMemphis,Tennessee.HewasposthumouslyawardedthePresidentialMedalofFreedomin1977andCongressionalGoldMedalin2004;MartinLutherKing,Jr.DaywasestablishedasaU.S.nationalholidayin1986.(Source:http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-bio.html)

25. Finally,askstudentsifanyofthemknowwhatthesethreeprominentAfricanAmericanleadershavein

common,lettingthemknowthatonesuchthingisthateachofthemvisitedDurham’sBlackWallStreetbasedonthesignificantaccomplishmentsbeingmadebyAfricanAmericans!Sharewithstudents:

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• “In1910,BookerT.WashingtoncametoDurhamandvisitedNCMutualLifeInsuranceaccompaniedbyCCSpaulding,AaronMcDuffieMooreandothersresponsiblefortheprogressinDurham.Washingtonwasimpressed,saying“ifblacksacrossthesouthwouldemulateblacksinDurham,theywouldbeontheirwaytoprosperityandeconomicsecurity.”Also,intheearly1900s,W.E.BDuBoiswroteabouthisvisittoDurhamsaying,‘ThereisasingulargroupinDurhamwhereablackmanmaygetupinthemorningfromamattressmadebyblackmen,inahousewhichablackmanbuiltoutoflumberwhichblackmencutandplaned;hemayputonasuitwhichheboughtatacoloredhaberdasheryandsocksknitatacoloredmill;hemaycookvictualsfromacoloredgroceryonastovewhichblackmenfashioned;hemayearnhislivingworkingforcoloredmen,besickinacoloredhospitalandburiedfromacoloredchurch;andtheNegroinsurancesocietywillpayhiswidowenoughtokeephischildreninacoloredschool.Thisissurelyprogress.’Duringthecivilrightsera,ReverendMartinLutherKing,Jr.,madefivepublicappearancesinDurham.ThemostdramaticwasonFebruary16,1960,asthesit-inmovementsweptacrosstheJimCrowSouth.AftervisitingtheDurhamWoolworth's,locatedonParrishStreet,whichhadcloseditslunchcounterafterdemonstrationsthepreviousweek,Kingaddressedastanding-room-onlycrowdof1,200peopleatWhiteRockBaptistChurch.OnApril4,1968,KingwasscheduledforavisittoDurham,butcancelledatthelastminute.Instead,thatday,hewasmurderedonamotelbalconyinMemphis.”(Source:http://www.durhamnc.gov/departments/eed/parrish/p_history_s2.cfm)

• LetstudentsknowthatanotherprominentpersonwhovisitedDurhamwasMalcolmX.Agiftedoratorandadvocateforpoliticalactiontoadvanceblackinterests,MalcolmXpokeinaDurhamlodgehallonApril18,1963.OriginallyscheduledatNorthCarolinaCentralUniversity,hisspeechwasmovedafteruniversityofficialsdeniedthecontroversialformerBlackMuslimpermissiontoappearoncampus.

Discuss:• WhydoyouthinksuchprominentAfricanAmericanswerevisitingDurhamovertheyears?(Discuss

withstudentshow“thethreesmallblocksthatmakeupParrishStreetwerethebirthplaceofanAfrican-AmericanfinancialinfrastructurethatnurturedtheblackmiddleclassintoexistenceandhelpedDurhambecomeaprosperouscityatthebeginningofthe20thcentury.”Source:http://www.indyweek.com/indyweek/honoring-the-past-facing-the-future/Content?oid=1200469)

BlackBusinessesinDurham26. Next,providestudentswiththeattachedreading“BlackbusinessesinDurham,”writtenbyDuBoisafter

hisvisittoDurham,aswellasthediscussionquestions.Inpartners,instructstudentstoreadthehandoutthendiscussthequestionsprovided.Oncestudentsarefinished,goovertheirthoughtsandanswersasaclass.RemindstudentsthatalmostacenturyafterDuBois'visitandwritings,twoofthemostsignificantfinancialinstitutionshenotedarestillthriving:N.C.MutualLifeandMechanicsandFarmersBank.

CulminatingActivity:HeritageDirectionsUrbanPlanningConsultingFirm27. Givestudentsthatattachedprojectassignmentandtellthemthattheyaretoimaginethattheyare

employeesoftheHeritageDirectionsUrbanPlanningConsultingFirm.Goovertheassignmentindetailwithstudents,explainingthatingroups,theywillberesponsiblefordevelopingarevitalizationplanforParrishStreet.StudentswillrelyonwhattheyhavelearnedaboutParrishStreet,aswellasconductadditionalresearch,tofindouthowtomakethisareaofdowntownDurhama“hot”destination,whilealsopreservingandcelebratingitsdiversehistory.Allowstudentstoaskanyquestionsandletthemknowwhentheprojectisdue.Teachersshouldalsodetermineandletstudentsknowhowmuchclasstimewillbeprovidedforcompletionoftheproject.Itisrecommendedthatstudentsbeabletopresenttheirproposalforrevitalizationtotheremainderofclassontheduedate.Aftereachgroup’spresentation,studentsshouldparticipateinafeedbacksessioninwhichtheyexplainwhattheylikedabouttheproposal

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andpresentation,aswellasshareanyquestionstheyhaveofthegroupandtheproposal.Afterallproposalshavebeenpresented,teacherscanhavetheclassvoteonwhichproposaltheyfeelisbest.

28. Afterstudentshavepresentedtheirrevitalizationproposal,teachersmaywanttosharesomeofDurham’sactualideasandplansforhowtobringnewlifetoParrishStreet.Detailedinformationcanbefoundat:http://www.durhamnc.gov/departments/eed/pdf/parrish_street.pdf

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Name:___________________________

WhatDoYouSee?

Source:http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/uploads/2009/02/3c29840v.jpg

1. Whatdoyoufirstnoticeaboutthisimage?Whatstrikesyouorcapturesyourattentionimmediately

andwhy?2. Whendoyouthinkthisphotomayhavebeentaken(notespecificyearsoratimeperiod)andwhat

evidencemakesyouthinkthis?3. Basedonwhatyousee,howwaslifedifferentatthetimeofthisphotothanitistoday?

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SegregatedWaterFountainshttps://unctv.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/128617016-civility-brutality/segregated-water-fountain-civility-brutality-the-20th-century-since-1945-civil-rights-the-new-millennium/#.WUALoTsw0U0

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Name:_____________________________

TheJimCrowEra

ThetermJimCroworiginatedinan1830ssongperformedbyawhiteminstrelshowactor,“DaddyRice.”InaracistportrayalofAfricanAmericans,Ricecoveredhisfacewithcharcoalpasteorburntcorktoresembleablackman,andthensanganddancedaroutineinstereotypicalcaricatureofablackperson.Bythe1900s,thenameJimCrowwasusedtoidentifyracistlawsandactionsinsouthernAmericathatdeprivedAfricanAmericansoftheircivilrights.Between1877andthemid-1960s,JimCrowlawswereineffectandrepresentedaseriesofrigidanti-Blackpoliciesandexpectations.JimCrowalsoreferredtoawayoflife.UnderJimCrowetiquetteexpectations,AfricanAmericanswereviewedandtreatedassecondclasscitizensandexperiencedcommondiscrimination.IntheJimCrowSouth,therewasacommonmisconceptionthatBlackswereintellectuallyandculturallyinferiortoWhites.JimCrowlawsandetiquetteonlyreinforcedtheseunfairbeliefsinthelegalsystem,whereBlackswereorderedtouseseparaterestrooms,waterfountains,restaurants,waitingrooms,parksandswimmingpools,libraries,hospitals,busseats,andevencemeteries.

ExamplesofJimCrow“Etiquette,”1870s-1960s:

a.ABlackmalecouldnotofferhishand(toshakehands)withaWhitemalebecauseitimpliedbeingsociallyequal.ABlackmalecouldnotofferhishandoranyotherpartofhisbodytoaWhitewoman,becauseheriskedbeingaccusedofrape.b.BlacksandWhiteswerenotsupposedtoeattogether.Iftheydideattogether,Whitesweretobeservedfirst,andsomesortofpartitionwastobeplacedbetweenthem.c.UndernocircumstancewasaBlackmaletooffertolightthecigaretteofaWhitefemale--thatgestureimpliedintimacy.d.Blackswerenotallowedtoshowpublicaffectiontowardoneanotherinpublic,especiallykissing,becauseitoffendedWhites.e.JimCrowetiquetteprescribedthatBlackswereintroducedtoWhites,neverWhitestoBlacks.Forexample:"Mr.Peters(theWhiteperson),thisisCharlie(theBlackperson),thatIspoketoyouabout."f.WhitesdidnotusecourtesytitlesofrespectwhenreferringtoBlacks,forexample,Mr.,Mrs.,Miss.,Sir,orMa'am.Instead,Blackswerecalledbytheirfirstnames.BlackshadtousecourtesytitleswhenreferringtoWhitesandwerenotallowedtocallthembytheirfirstnames.g.IfaBlackpersonrodeinacardrivenbyaWhiteperson,theBlackpersonsatinthebackseatorthebackofatruck.h.Whitemotoristshadtheright-of-wayatallintersections.

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OtherJimCrowRulesStetsonKennedy,theauthorofJimCrowGuide,offeredthesesimplerulesthatBlacksweresupposedtoobserveinconversingwithWhites:1.NeverassertorevenintimatethataWhitepersonislying.2.NeverimputedishonorableintentionstoaWhiteperson.3.NeversuggestthataWhitepersonisfromaninferiorclass.4.Neverlayclaimto,oroverlydemonstrate,superiorknowledgeorintelligence.5.NevercurseaWhiteperson.6.NeverlaughderisivelyataWhiteperson.7.NevercommentupontheappearanceofaWhitefemale.Source:FerrisStateUniversity-http://www.ferris.edu/news/jimcrow/what.htm(linknotworkingbuttrythisinsteadhttps://ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/pdfs-docs/origins/jimcrowlaws.pdforhttps://ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/origins.htm)

Thinkaboutit…

1. HowwereyoufeelingasyoureadthroughtheseetiquettesandrulesoftheJimCrowera?Why?2. Whichetiquette/ruledoyoufindmostdisturbing?Why?3. Howdoyouthinktheabovebehaviorsbecamethesocietal“norm”?Inotherwords,whydoyouthink

theywerecreated?4. Howdoyouthinktheserulesandexpectationsaffectedsociety(blackandwhite)?

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5. Iftheyearwere1900,howwouldyourlifebedifferentbasedontheaboverulesandexpectations?6. IfyouwerelivingduringtheJimCrowEra,whatchoiceswouldyouhavetomakeyourdispleasurewiththe

JimCrowwayoflifeknown?

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SamplingofJimCrowLaws–Set1AmateurBaseball

ItshallbeunlawfulforanyamateurwhitebaseballteamtoplaybaseballonanyvacantlotorbaseballdiamondwithintwoblocksofaplaygrounddevotedtotheNegrorace,anditshallbeunlawfulforanyamateurcoloredbaseballteamtoplaybaseballinanyvacantlotorbaseballdiamondwithintwoblocksofanyplaygrounddevotedtothewhiterace.(Georgia)

Barbers

Nocoloredbarbershallserveasabarber[to]whitewomenorgirls.(Georgia)Blindpersons

Theboardoftrusteesshall…maintainaseparatebuilding…onseparategroundfortheadmission,care,instruction,andsupportofallblindpersonsofthecoloredorblackrace.(Louisiana)

Burial

Theofficerinchargeshallnotbury,orallowtobeburied,anycoloredpersonsupongroundsetapartorusedfortheburialofwhitepersons.(Georgia)

ChildCustody

Itshallbeunlawfulforanyparent,relative,orotherwhitepersoninthisState,havingthecontrolorcustodyofanywhitechild,byrightofguardianship,naturaloracquired,orotherwise,todisposeof,giveorsurrendersuchwhitechildpermanentlyintothecustody,control,maintenance,orsupport,ofanegro.(SouthCarolina)

CircusTickets

Allcircuses,shows,andtentexhibitions,towhichtheattendanceof…morethanoneraceisinvitedorexpectedtoattendshallprovidefortheconvenienceofitspatronsnotlessthantwoticketofficeswithindividualticketsellers,andnotlessthantwoentrancestothesaidperformance,withindividualtickettakersandreceivers,andinthecaseofoutsideortentperformances,thesaidticketofficesshallnotbelessthantwenty-five(25)feetapart.(Louisiana)

Cohabitation

Anynegromanandwhitewoman,oranywhitemanandnegrowoman,whoarenotmarriedtoeachother,whoshallhabituallyliveinandoccupyinthenighttimethesameroomshalleachbepunishedbyimprisonmentnotexceedingtwelve(12)months,orbyfinenotexceedingfivehundred($500.00)dollars.(Florida)

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SamplingofJimCrowLaws–Set2Education

Theschoolsforwhitechildrenandtheschoolsfornegrochildrenshallbeconductedseparately.(Florida)Separateschoolsshallbemaintainedforthechildrenofthewhiteandcoloredraces.(Mississippi)SeparatefreeschoolsshallbeestablishedfortheeducationofchildrenofAfricandescent;anditshallbeunlawfulforanycoloredchildtoattendanywhiteschool,oranywhitechildtoattendacoloredschool.(Missouri)Separaterooms[shall]beprovidedfortheteachingofpupilsofAfricandescent,and[when]saidroomsaresoprovided,suchpupilsmaynotbeadmittedtotheschoolroomsoccupiedandusedbypupilsofCaucasianorotherdescent.(NewMexico)Anyinstructorwhoshallteachinanyschool,collegeorinstitutionwheremembersofthewhiteandcoloredracearereceivedandenrolledaspupilsforinstructionshallbedeemedguiltyofamisdemeanor,anduponconvictionthereof,shallbefinedinanysumnotlessthantendollars($10.00)normorethanfiftydollars($50.00)foreachoffense.(Oklahoma)[TheCountyBoardofEducation]shallprovideschoolsoftwokinds;thoseforwhitechildrenandthoseforcoloredchildren.(Texas)Booksshallnotbeinterchangeablebetweenthewhiteandcoloredschools,butshallcontinuetobeusedbytheracefirstusingthem.(NorthCarolina)

Fishing,Boating,andBathingThe[Conservation]Commissionshallhavetherighttomakesegregationofthewhiteandcoloredracesastotheexerciseofrightsoffishing,boatingandbathing.(Oklahoma)

HospitalEntrancesThereshallbemaintainedbythegoverningauthoritiesofeveryhospitalmaintainedbythestatefortreatmentofwhiteandcoloredpatientsseparateentrancesforwhiteandcoloredpatientsandvisitors,andsuchentrancesshallbeusedbytheraceonlyforwhichtheyareprepared.(Mississippi)

Housing

Anyperson…whoshallrentanypartofanysuchbuildingtoanegropersonoranegrofamilywhensuchbuildingisalreadyinwholeorinpartinoccupancybyawhitepersonorwhitefamily,orviceversawhenthebuildingisinoccupancybyanegropersonornegrofamily,shallbeguiltyofamisdemeanorandonconvictionthereofshallbepunishedbyafineofnotlessthantwenty-five($25.00)normorethanonehundred($100.00)dollarsorbeimprisonednotlessthan10,ormorethan60days,orbothsuchfineandimprisonmentinthediscretionofthecourt.(Louisiana)

SamplingofJimCrowLaws–Set3

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IntermarriageAllmarriagesofwhitepersonswithNegroes,Mulattos,Mongolians,orMalayahereaftercontractedintheStateofWyomingareandshallbeillegalandvoid.(Wyoming)Allmarriagesbetweenawhitepersonandanegro,orbetweenawhitepersonandapersonofnegrodescent,tothethirdgeneration,inclusive,orbetweenawhitepersonandamemberoftheMalayrace;orbetweenthenegroandamemberoftheMalayrace;orbetweenapersonofNegrodescent,tothethirdgeneration,inclusive,andamemberoftheMalayrace,areforeverprohibited,andshallbevoid.(Maryland)

ThemarriageofapersonofCaucasianbloodwithaNegro,Mongolian,Malay,orHindushallbenullandvoid.(Arizona)

Allmarriagesbetweenawhitepersonandanegro,orbetweenawhitepersonandapersonofnegrodescenttothefourthgenerationinclusive,areherebyforeverprohibited.(Florida)Itshallbeunlawfulforawhitepersontomarryanyoneexceptawhiteperson.Anymarriageinviolationofthissectionshallbevoid.(Georgia)

Allmarriagesbetween…whitepersonsandnegroesorwhitepersonsandMongolians…areprohibitedanddeclaredabsolutelyvoid…Nopersonhavingone-eighthpartormoreofnegrobloodshallbepermittedtomarryanywhiteperson,norshallanywhitepersonbepermittedtomarryanynegroorpersonhavingone-eighthpartormoreofnegroblood.(Missouri)Themarriageofawhitepersonwithanegroormulattoorpersonwhoshallhaveone-eighthormoreofnegroblood,shallbeunlawfulandvoid.(Mississippi)

JuvenileDelinquentsThereshallbeseparatebuildings,notnearerthanonefourthmiletoeachother,oneforwhiteboysandonefornegroboys.Whiteboysandnegroboysshallnot,inanymanner,beassociatedtogetherorworkedtogether.(Florida)

LibrariesThestatelibrarianisdirectedtofitupandmaintainaseparateplacefortheuseofthecoloredpeoplewhomaycometothelibraryforthepurposeofreadingbooksorperiodicals.(NorthCarolina)Anywhitepersonofsuchcountymayusethecountyfreelibraryundertherulesandregulationsprescribedbythecommissionerscourtandmaybeentitledtoalltheprivilegesthereof.Saidcourtshallmakeproperprovisionforthenegroesofsaidcountytobeservedthroughaseparatebranchorbranchesofthecountyfreelibrary,whichshallbeadministeredby[a]custodianofthenegroraceunderthesupervisionofthecountylibrarian.(Texas)

MentalHospitalsTheBoardofControlshallseethatproperanddistinctapartmentsarearrangedforsaidpatients,sothatinnocaseshallNegroesandwhitepersonsbetogether.(Georgia)MilitiaThewhiteandcoloredmilitiashallbeseparatelyenrolled,andshallneverbecompelledtoserveinthesameorganization.Noorganizationofcoloredtroopsshallbepermittedwherewhitetroopsareavailable,andwherepermittedtobeorganized,coloredtroopsshallbeunderthecommandofwhiteofficers.(NorthCarolina)SamplingofJimCrowLaws–Set4

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Mining

Thebathsandlockersforthenegroesshallbeseparatefromthewhiterace,butmaybeinthesamebuilding.(Oklahoma)

Nurses

Nopersonorcorporationshallrequireanywhitefemalenursetonurseinwardsorroomsinhospitals,eitherpublicorprivate,inwhichnegromenareplaced.(Alabama)

Parks

Itshallbeunlawfulforcoloredpeopletofrequentanyparkownedormaintainedbythecityforthebenefit,useandenjoymentofwhitepersons…andunlawfulforanywhitepersontofrequentanyparkownedormaintainedbythecityfortheuseandbenefitofcoloredpersons.(Georgia)

PoolandBilliardRooms

Itshallbeunlawfulforanegroandwhitepersontoplaytogetherorincompanywitheachotheratanygameofpoolorbilliards.(Alabama)

Prisons

Thewardenshallseethatthewhiteconvictsshallhaveseparateapartmentsforbotheatingandsleepingfromthenegroconvicts.(Mississippi)

PromotionofEquality

Anyperson…whoshallbeguiltyofprinting,publishingorcirculatingprinted,typewrittenorwrittenmatterurgingorpresentingforpublicacceptanceorgeneralinformation,argumentsorsuggestionsinfavorofsocialequalityorofintermarriagebetweenwhitesandnegroes,shallbeguiltyofamisdemeanorandsubjecttofineornotexceedingfivehundred(500.00)dollarsorimprisonmentnotexceedingsix(6)monthsorboth.(Mississippi)

Railroads

Theconductorofeachpassengertrainisauthorizedandrequiredtoassigneachpassengertothecarorthedivisionofthecar,whenitisdividedbyapartition,designatedfortheracetowhichsuchpassengerbelongs.(Alabama)Allrailroadcompaniesandcorporations,andallpersonsrunningoroperatingcarsorcoachesbysteamonanyrailroadlineortrackintheStateofMaryland,forthetransportationofpassengers,areherebyrequiredtoprovideseparatecarsorcoachesforthetravelandtransportationofthewhiteandcoloredpassengers.(Maryland)Theconductorsormanagersonallsuchrailroadsshallhavepower,andareherebyrequired,toassigntoeachwhiteorcoloredpassengerhisorherrespectivecar,coachorcompartment.Ifthepassengerfailstodisclosehisrace,theconductorandmanagers,actingingoodfaith,shallbethesolejudgesofhisrace.(Virginia)

ReformSchools

Thechildrenofwhiteandcoloredracescommittedtothehousesofreformshallbekeptentirelyseparatefromeachother.(Kentucky)

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SamplingofJimCrowLaws–Set5Restaurants

Itshallbeunlawfultoconductarestaurantorotherplacefortheservingoffoodinthecity,atwhichwhiteandcoloredpeopleareservedinthesameroom,unlesssuchwhiteandcoloredpersonsareeffectuallyseparatedbyasolidpartitionextendingfromthefloorupwardtoadistanceofsevenfeetorhigher,andunlessaseparateentrancefromthestreetisprovidedforeachcompartment.(Alabama)Allpersonslicensedtoconductarestaurant,shallserveeitherwhitepeopleexclusivelyorcoloredpeopleexclusivelyandshallnotselltothetworaceswithinthesameroomorservethetworacesanywhereunderthesamelicense.(Georgia)Nopersons,firms,orcorporations,whoorwhichfurnishmealstopassengersatstationrestaurantsorstationeatinghouses,intimeslimitedbycommoncarriersofsaidpassengers,shallfurnishsaidmealstowhiteandcoloredpassengersinthesameroom,oratthesametable,oratthesamecounter.(SouthCarolina)

TelephoneBooths

TheCorporationCommissionisherebyvestedwithpowerandauthoritytorequiretelephonecompanies…tomaintainseparateboothsforwhiteandcoloredpatronswhenthereisademandforsuchseparatebooths.ThattheCorporationCommissionshalldeterminethenecessityforsaidseparateboothsonlyuponcomplaintofthepeopleinthetownandvicinitytobeservedafterduehearingasnowprovidedbylawinothercomplaintsfiledwiththeCorporationCommission.(Oklahoma)

Theaters

Everyperson…operating…anypublichall,theatre,operahouse,motionpictureshoworanyplaceofpublicentertainmentorpublicassemblagewhichisattendedbybothwhiteandcoloredpersons,shallseparatethewhiteraceandthecoloredraceandshallsetapartanddesignate…certainseatsthereintobeoccupiedbywhitepersonsandaportionthereof,orcertainseatstherein,tobeoccupiedbycoloredpersons.(Virginia)

ToiletFacilities

Everyemployerofwhiteornegromalesshallprovideforsuchwhiteornegromalesreasonablyaccessibleandseparatetoiletfacilities.(Alabama)

Transportation

The…UtilitiesCommission…isempoweredanddirectedtorequiretheestablishmentofseparatewaitingroomsatallstationsforthewhiteandcoloredraces.(NorthCarolina)Allpassengerstationsinthisstateoperatedbyanymotortransportationcompanyshallhaveseparatewaitingroomsorspaceandseparateticketwindowsforthewhiteandcoloredraces.(Alabama)

WineandBeer

Allpersonslicensedtoconductthebusinessofsellingbeerorwine…shallserveeitherwhitepeopleexclusivelyorcoloredpeopleexclusivelyandshallnotselltothetworaceswithinthesameroomatanytime.(Georgia)

Source:http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-newcentury/5103Name:____________________________JimCrowEvaluationSheet

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YouhavebeenprovidedacopyofactuallawsthatweresetduringwhatisknownastheJimCrowera,1870s-1960s.Carefullyreadthroughthelawsamplesyouhavebeengiven,andanswerthefollowingquestions.Youwillberesponsibleforsummarizingtheselawsforyourgroupmembers.

1.WhattypesofthingsweremadeillegalundertheJimCrowlawsyoureviewed?2.HowdoyouthinktheselawsaffectedthelivesofAfricanAmericans?Ofwhites?3.Whichlawdoyouthinkismostunfairandwhy?4.Howwouldyoupersonallybeaffectedbythislawifitwerelegaltoday?---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Name:____________________________JimCrowEvaluationSheetYouhavebeenprovidedacopyofactuallawsthatweresetduringwhatisknownastheJimCrowera,1870s-1960s.Carefullyreadthroughthelawsamplesyouhavebeengiven,andanswerthefollowingquestions.Youwillberesponsibleforsummarizingtheselawsforyourgroupmembers.

1.WhattypesofthingsweremadeillegalundertheJimCrowlawsyoureviewed?2.HowdoyouthinktheselawsaffectedthelivesofAfricanAmericans?Ofwhites?3.Whichlawdoyouthinkismostunfairandwhy?4.Howwouldyoupersonallybeaffectedbythislawifitwerelegaltoday?

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SuccessforBlackEntrepreneursinDurham,NCIntheearlytwentiethcentury,ParrishStreetinDurham,NorthCarolina,wasthehubofAfricanAmericanbusinessactivity.Thisfour-blockdistrictwasknownas“BlackWallStreet,”areferencetothedistrictofNewYorkCitythatishometotheNewYorkStockExchangeandthenation’sgreatfinancialfirms.Althoughothercitieshadsimilardistricts,Durham’swasoneofthemostvital,andwasnationallyknown.ParrishStreetborderedtheHayticommunity,Durham’smainAfricanAmericanresidentialdistrict,andthetwodistrictstogetherservedasthecenterofblacklifeinDurham.ElsewhereinNorthCarolina,inthedepthsoftheJimCrowera,racerelationswereasbadastheyeverhadbeen.ButDurham’sblackbusinessmenthrivedwiththetolerance,ifnottheactivesupport,oftheirwhitecounterparts.TheNCMutualLifeInsuranceCompanyOnthefirstofApril1899,theNorthCarolinaMutualLifeInsuranceCompanyopenedforbusinessat114-116WestParrishStreet.Thefirstmonth’scollections,afterthepaymentofcommissions,amountedonlyto$1.12,butfromsuchbeginningsNorthCarolinaMutualgrewtobethelargestAfricanAmericanmanagedfinancialinstitutionintheUnitedStates.

Durhamatthebeginningofthetwentiethcenturywasfertilegroundforthegrowthofsuchanenterprise.Forcedoutofpoliticsbythesuccessful“WhiteSupremacy”politicalcampaignof1898,Durham’sAfricanAmericanleadersturnedtheirtalentstothebusinessworldinstead.TheAfricanAmericancommunityofDurhamwasrelativelyprosperousandenjoyedbetterrelationswithitswhitecounterpartthanprevailedinmanyothercommunitiesinthestate.Theideaofaninsurancecompany,moreover,fitinnaturallywithatraditionamongAfricanAmericansofself-help,mutualaidsocietiesorfraternities.JohnMerrick,bornintoslaveryin1859,hadbecomebythelate1890sabusinesssuccessinDurham.Ownerofhalfadozenbarbershopsandarealestatebusiness,MerrickwasalsoamemberoftheGrandUnitedOrderofTrueReformers,amutualbenefitsocietyorganizedinRichmondin1881whichhadexpandedintoinsuranceandbanking.In1898MerrickbroughttogethersixofDurham’sleadingblackbusinessandprofessionalmenandorganizedNorthCarolinaMutual.GuidedbyJohnMerrick,Dr.AaronM.Moore,andCharlesClintonSpaulding,“TheCompanywithaSoulandaService”survivedthehardshipofitsfirstyearstoachievesuccessandhelpmakeDurham’sreputationasacenterofAfricanAmericaneconomiclife.Thecompanywasreorganizedin1900andCharlesC.Spauldingwasnamedgeneralmanager,underwhosedirectionthecompanygrewandachievednationalprominence.

Sinceitsbeginningin1898,NorthCarolinaMutualLifeInsuranceCompanyhasgrowntobecomeoneofthenation'smostwidely-knownandsuccessfulbusinessinstitutions.ItistheonlyinsurancecompanylocatedinNorthCarolinawithacharterdatedbefore1900.Withover$7.7billiondollarsofinsuranceinforce,NorthCarolinaMutualistheoldestandlargestAfricanAmericanlifeinsurancecompanyintheUnitedStates.

Mechanics&FarmersBankandtheBullCityDrugStoreTheNorthCarolinaMutualLifeInsuranceCompanywassoonjoinedbytheMechanicsandFarmersBank,foundedbynineprominentbusinessmenheadedbyR.B.Fitzgerald.MechanicsandFarmersopenedforbusinessin1908andstilloperatingtoday,thebankholdsthedistinctionofbeingthefirstlendinginstitutioninNorthCarolinatoreceiveaCertificateofAuthorityfromtheFederalHousingAdministration(1935).Thebank’sheadquarterswaslocatedat112WestParrishStreet.Between1922and1999andthemainofficeofthebankwaslocatedinthesix-storybuildinglocatedat116W.ParrishStreet.Today,M&FBankhasassetsofapproximately$259millionanditsheadquartersisonChapelHillBoulevard,however,thebankcontinuestomaintainitsdowntownbranchonParrishStreet.Inthesamebuildingasthebank’sheadquarters(112WestParrishStreet),theBullCityDrugCompanyopenedin1908.Duringthistime,therewerenocentrallylocateddrugstoresfortheAfricanAmericancommunityinDurham.Toincreasehealthcareaccessibility,Dr.AaronM.MooreandfiveothermenfoundedtheBullCity

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DrugCompany.AfterthefirstBullCityDrugstoreopenedontheNorthCarolinaMutualBlock,asecondstorelateropenedinHayti,theAfricanAmericanneighborhoodinDurham.ProminentNationalVisitorsIn1910,BookerT.WashingtoncametoDurhamandvisitedNCMutualLifeInsuranceaccompaniedbyCCSpaulding,AaronMcDuffieMooreandothersresponsiblefortheprogressinDurham.Washingtonwasimpressed,saying“ifblacksacrossthesouthwouldemulateblacksinDurham,theywouldbeontheirwaytoprosperityandeconomicsecurity.”Intheearly1900s,W.E.BDuBoisalsovisitedandwroteaboutDurhamsaying,“ThereisasingulargroupinDurhamwhereablackmanmaygetupinthemorningfromamattressmadebyblackmen,inahousewhichablackmanbuiltoutoflumberwhichblackmencutandplaned;hemayputonasuitwhichheboughtatacoloredhaberdasheryandsocksknitatacoloredmill;hemaycookvictualsfromacoloredgroceryonastovewhichblackmenfashioned;hemayearnhislivingworkingforcoloredmen,besickinacoloredhospitalandburiedfromacoloredchurch;andtheNegroinsurancesocietywillpayhiswidowenoughtokeephischildreninacoloredschool.Thisissurelyprogress.”ParrishStreetTodayThesuccessofthesebusinessesgaveDurhamanationalreputationasthe“CapitaloftheBlackMiddleClass.”TheirlegacycontinuesinmanyimportantDurhaminstitutionsstilltoday.AndtheentrepreneurialspiritoftheBlackWallStreetpioneersisinspiringawholenewgenerationofbusinessownersonParrishStreet.respectively,andpraisedblackentrepreneurshipandthetoleranceofwhites.Inthe1960s,urbanrenewalwipedoutmuchofHaytiandDurham’sblackbusinesscommunity.However,acrossthecountry,downtownsaregettingasecondlife.Durham’sdowntown,onceneglectedforsuburbansprawl,isquicklybecomingthecity’shottestdestination.Tobaccowarehouseshavebeentransformedintoloftsandcondosbustlingwithresidents.Frominternationalcompaniestomom-and-popshops,upscalerestaurantsandartgalleriestoTripleAbaseballandworld-classfestivals,downtownDurhamisthriving.HistoricParrishStreetisrightattheheartofthisrevitalization.Butthat’sonlypartofwhatattractsbusinessestolocatehere.Durham’sdowntownisoneofakind,withanattitudeandahistoryallitsown.ThestoryofBlackWallStreet–peopleworkingtogethertoachievesuccessinthefaceofadversity–isinspiring.Andthelegacyofprosperityisonethatcanmakeanybusinessownerproud.It’sthecombinationofastoriedpastandabrightfuturethatmakeHistoricParrishStreettheidealplaceforprofessionalservices,retailestablishments,restaurantsandotherbusinessestoflourish–together.TheParrishStreetProjectwasrecentlyformedasaninitiativeoftheCityofDurhamtocommemoratethehistoryofDurham'sBlackWallStreetandspureconomicrevitalizationalongacentraldowntowncorridor.TheCityofDurham'sOfficeofEconomicandWorkforceDevelopment(OEWD)wastherecipientofaplanninggrantfromtheUnitedStatesDepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment.ThismoneysupportedthebeginningsofaParrishStreetrevitalizationandhistoriccommemorationprojectandlaygroundworkforParrishStreet'sfutureasaneducationalandexcitingdestination.Sources:http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-newcentury/6001(SourceLinknotworking);;http://www.durhamnc.gov/departments/eed/parrish/p_history_s1.cfm(sourcelinknotworking)

http://legacy.soulofamerica.com/durham-raleigh-black-wall-street.phtml http://www.northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/390/entry

ThinkAboutIt1. Whatcanbedifficultaboutstartinganewbusiness?Whatrisksmaybeinvolved?2. WhatadditionaldifficultiesandrisksfacedblackentrepreneurssuchasJohnMerrick,Dr.AaronM.Moore,

CharlesClintonSpaulding,andR.B.Fitzgerald?

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3. Consideringwhatyou’velearnedabouttheJimCrowera,andtakingintoaccountthedifficultiesanyentrepreneurmightface,whyistheformationandsuccessofDurham’s“BlackWallStreet”evenmoresignificant?

4. Whoshouldlearnaboutthispowerfulhistoryandwhy?Whyisthisimportant?

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Name:_____________________________ParrishStreetScavengerHunt

1. Selectboththe1884and1913Sanbornmap.Movethetransparencybarunderthe1913mapbackandforthsothatyoucancomparethetwomaps.Whatisonemajordifferenceyounote?

2. WhichbuildingonParrishStreetisoneofonlythreeNationalHistoriclandmarksinDurham?3. Whattypesofbusinesseswerelocatedat206WestParrishStreetintheearly1900s?4. Whatyearwas104WestParrishStreetbuilt?5. WherewastheBullCityDrugStorelocated?6. WhofoundedtheBullCityDrugStoreandwhy?7. WhatwasthenameofNCMutual’smonthlynewsletter?8. WhowerefourprominentAfricanAmericaswhovisitedDurhamatsomepointbetween1910-

1963?9. Findthebell.Whatdoesthisartinstallationrepresent?10. InwhatwaysdidNCMutualexhibitthistheme?11. WhatconnectiondidParrishStreethavetothetobaccoindustry?12. Createyourownscavengerhuntquestionforthiswebsitetoposetotheremainderoftheclass:

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ParrishStreetScavengerHunt–AnswerKey1. Selectboththe1884and1913Sanbornmap.Movethetransparencybarunderthe1913map

backandforthsothatyoucancomparethetwomaps.Whatisonemajordifferenceyounote?Answerswillvary,butwilllikelynotetheamountofgrowththattookplaceinDurham.

2. WhichbuildingonParrishStreetisoneofonlythreeNationalHistoriclandmarksinDurham?114-116ParrishStreet,whichwasthefirstlocationofNCMutual

3. Whattypesofbusinesseswerelocatedat206WestParrishStreetintheearly1900s?Physician,attorney,dentist,barber

4. Whatyearwas104WestParrishStreetbuilt?1908

5. WherewastheBullCityDrugStorelocated?104WestParrishStreet

6. WhofoundedtheBullCityDrugStoreandwhy?CharlesMoore;toincreasehealthcareaccessibilitysincetherewerenodrugstoresintheAfricanAmericancommunity

7. WhatwasthenameofNCMutual’smonthlynewsletter?TheWhetstone

8. WhowerefourprominentAfricanAmericaswhovisitedDurhamatsomepointbetween1910-1963?Dr.MartinLutherKing,Jr.;W.E.B.DuBois;MalcolmX;BookerT.Washington

9. Findthebell.Whatdoesthisartinstallationrepresent?“Alegacyofcommunityandinstitutionalconnections”

10. InwhatwaysdidNCMutualexhibitthistheme?Itsleadersfoundedandformedpartnershipswithotherlocalinstitutionstoreachouttoasmanypeopleaspossible,creatingabondbetweenapowerfulbusinessandplacesofworshipandeducation.

11. WhatconnectiondidParrishStreethavetothetobaccoindustry?ItwasnamedfortobaccotycoonE.J.Parrishandhisfather.ParrishStreetwasalsothesiteofhisexpansive1879warehouse.EarlytobaccoentrepreneursParrish,JamesB.Duke,JulianCarr,JohnGreen,andW.T.BlackwelltransformedDurham’sbusinesslandscape.

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Name:_____________________

NorthCarolinaMutualLifeInsuranceCompany-ACommitmenttoService

“Sinceitsbeginningin1898,NorthCarolinaMutualLifeInsuranceCompanyhasgrowntobecomeoneofthenation'smostwidely-knownandsuccessfulbusinessinstitutions.ItistheonlyinsurancecompanylocatedinNorthCarolinawithacharterdatedbefore1900andNorthCarolinaMutualremainstheoldestandlargestAfricanAmericanlifeinsurancecompanyintheUnitedStates.”OnOctober20,1898,sevenAfricanAmericanmenmetintheofficeofDr.AaronM.MooretoplanandorganizeNCMutualLifeInsuranceCompany.Thefounders,alsoincludingJohnMerrickandCharlesClintonSpaulding,weremenwhowereactiveinbusiness,educational,medicalandciviclifeoftheDurhamcommunity.Duringtheirplanningstages,thegroupknewthatapprovalfromtheNCGeneralAssemblywouldbenecessarybeforetheircompanycouldbecomeareality.Thegoverningbodyofthestatehadtorecognizethecompanyandissueanofficiallegalcharter.Forthis,thegroupreliedonT.O.Fuller,ablacksenatorinNorthCarolina’sGeneralAssembly,topresenttheircharterandencourageapprovalfromthestate’slegislators.FullerhadtoworkhardtokeepthebillaliveasitwaspassedfromonecommitteetoanotherwithintheGeneralAssembly,butfinally,onFebruary29,1899,theNorthCarolinaMutual’scharterwasapproved.Withanoriginalmottoof“MercifultoAll,”laterchangedto“TheCompanywithaSoulandaService,”NCMutualhasalwaysbeena“catalystforminority,socialandeconomicdevelopment.Racialself-helpandupliftaretraditionsoftheCompanydatingbacktoitsfounding.”Theoriginalcharteritselfnotedthattheobjectiveofthecompanywouldbetoproviderelieftowidowsandorphans,aidthosewhoweresickandthevictimsofaccidents,aswellasprovideburialforthedead.Infact,aportionofthecompany’sproceedswereturnedovertotheOxfordOrphanage,locatedinOxford,NC,toaidincaringforabandonedchildren.NCMutualofficiallyopenedforbusinessonApril1,1899.Thecompanywasreorganizedin1900andCharlesC.SpauldingwasnamedGeneralManager,underwhosedirectionthecompanygrewandachievednationalprominence.TheCompanyhashadninepresidentsinitshistory:JohnMerrick,Dr.AaronM.Moore,CharlesC.Spaulding,WilliamJ.KennedyJr.,AsaT.Spaulding,J.W.Goodloe,WilliamJ.KennedyIII,BertCollinsandJamesH.SpeedJr.,whoassumedofficeJanuary1,2004.“Withasenseofcorporatesocialconsciousnessandresponsibilitythroughoutitshistory,theCompanyformulateditsconceptoftheDouble-DutyDollar.Modeledafterpopularmutualbenefitsocietiestheconceptwasbasedonthepremisethatincomefrominsurancesalescouldbechanneledbackintothecommunity.Overtheyears,theCompanyhashadprogramstobuildstrongblackfamiliesandcommunitiesthroughjobs,investments,loans,contributionsandsupportofsocialprograms.”FoundersandEarlyBuilders(fromwww.ncmutuallife.com)

• JohnMerrick-thefirstdreamerandleader.Aformerslave,wholearnedtoreadandwriteinaReconstructionSchool.HelaterbecameabrickmasoninRaleigh,NorthCarolinaandlearnedthebarbertradeduringalullinconstruction.Subsequently,hemovedtoDurhamowningseveralbarbershops,someofwhichcateredtowealthywhitemen.HewasinvolvedinrealestateandtheRoyalKnightsofKingDavid,afraternalbenefitsociety.Itwasthere,Merrickgotthenotionoflifeinsurancefromtheverypopularmutualbenefitsocietiesdevelopinginthesouth.Aseedhadbeenplanted.MerrickwasbornonSeptember7,1859anddiedAugust6,1919.

• Dr.AaronMcDuffieMoore-Ahumanitarian.BornSeptember6,1863offreeparents.HetaughthighschoolforseveralyearsandattendedmedicalschoolatShawUniversity'sLeonardMedicalSchool.HewasthefirstBlackpersontopracticemedicineinthecityofDurham.Dr.MoorewastheCompany's

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firsttreasurerandwieldedwideinfluenceinthecity.Hewasinstrumentalinstartingotherenterprisessuchasadrugcompany,LincolnHospitalandalibrary.HebecamepresidentoftheCompanyfollowingMerrick'sdeathin1919.HedevotedfulltimetoworkingforNorthCarolinaMutualuntilhisdeathin1923.

• CharlesClintonSpaulding-Thebuilder.BorninColumbusCounty,NorthCarolina,August1,1874.HecametoDurhamatagetwentyandattendedhighschoolgraduatingin1898.Hebeganhiscareerasapart-timeagentwiththeCompanyandwentontobecomegeneralmanagerinlessthanayear.Spauldingservedinvariouscapacities,i.e.,asagent,clerk,janitorandgeneralmanager.Hewasnamedpresidentin1923,aposthehelduntilhisdeathin1952.Inadditiontohiscareerinlifeinsurance,hewaswidelyrespected.Mr.SpauldingservedonHowardUniversity'sboardoftrusteesfrom1936untilhisdeathin1952

Sources:Allquotationswithinthisarticlearefromthewebsitehttp://www.ncmutuallife.com/newsite/pages/about.html.“TheEndofanEra,”byDorothyPhelpsJones,wasalsousedasareferenceforfurtherinformation(sourcelinknotworking).Fordiscussion:1. WhydoesthefactthatNCMutualwasfoundedin1898byAfricanAmericansmakeitsprosperityeven

moreofasuccessstory?

2. InwhatwayshasNCMutualexhibitedacommitmenttoservice?

3. Whatismeantbytheconcept“DoubleDutyDollar?”Doyouthinksuchaconceptisaneffectivebusinessdecision?Whyorwhynot?

4. WhydoyouthinkNCMutual’sfoundersfeltacommitmenttoserviceshouldbepartofthecompany’scharterandwork?

5. Howdoesthisconceptdifferfromyourtypicalimpressionofaninsurancecompany?

6. WhydoyouthinkNCMutualhasbeensosuccessfulthroughouttheyears?

7. Whatchallengesdidthefounders(Merrick,Moore,andSpaulding)eachfaceandovercome?8. Ofthesethreemen,whomostinspiresyouandwhy?

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WhoAmI?-Image1

Source:LibraryofCongressPrintsandPhotographsDivision,Photographer:CorneliusMarionBattey.Retrievedfrom:http://thelouvertureproject.org/index.php?title=File:WEB_DuBois_1918.jpg

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WhoAmI?–Image2

Source:Googleimages

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WhoAmI?-Image3

Source:https://durhamcountylibrary.org/exhibits/dcrhp/images/cr049.jpg

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BlackBusinessesinDurham

Excerptfrom"TheUpbuildingofBlackDurham:TheSuccessoftheNegroesandtheirValuetoaTolerantandHelpfulSouthernCity,"byW.E.B.DuBois,inWorld'sWorkvol.23(Jan.1912).

Durham,N.C.,isaplacewhichtheworldinstinctivelyassociateswithtobacco...Itis,however,becauseofanotheraspectofitslifethatthisarticleiswritten:namely,itssolutionoftheraceproblem.Thereisinthissmallcityagroupoffivethousandormorecoloredpeople,whosesocialandeconomicdevelopmentisperhapsmorestrikingthanthatofanysimilargroupinthenation.

TheNegroesofDurhamCountypaytaxesonaboutahalfmilliondollars’worthofpropertyoranaverageofnearly$500afamily,andthispropertyhasmorethandoubledinvalueinthelasttenyears.…

Inallcoloredgroupsonemaynoticesomethingofthiscooperationinchurch,school,andgrocerystore.ButinDurham,thedevelopmenthassurpassedmostothergroupsandbecomeofeconomicimportancetothewholetown.

Thereare,forinstance,amongthecoloredpeopleofthetownfifteengrocerystores,eightbarbershops,sevenmeatandfishdealers,twodrugstores,ashoestore,ahaberdashery,andanundertakingestablishment.Thesestorescarrystocksaveraging(saveinthecaseofthesmallergroceries)from$2,000to$8,000invalue.

Thisdiffersonlyindegreefromanumberoftowns;butblackDurhamhasinadditiontothisdevelopedfivemanufacturingestablishmentswhichturnoutmattresses,hosiery,brick,ironarticles,anddressedlumber.Theseenterprisesrepresentaninvestmentofmorethan$50,000.Beyondthisthecoloredpeoplehaveanumberoffinancialenterprisesamongwhichareabuildingandloanassociation,arealestatecompany,abank,andthreeindustrialinsurancecompanies.Thecooperativebondsofthegrouparecompletedinsociallinesbyacoupleofdozenprofessionalmen,twentyschoolteachers,andtwentychurches.…

ThefirstthingIsawinblackDurhamwasitsnewtrainingschool—fourneatwhitebuildingssuddenlysetonthesidesofaravine,whereasummerChautauquaforcoloredteacherswasbeingheld.Thewholethinghadbeenbuiltinfourmonthsbycoloredcontractorsafterplansmadebyacoloredarchitect,outoflumberfromthecoloredmillandironworklargelyfromthecoloredfoundry.Thoseofitstwohundredandfiftystudentswhoboardedattheschool,sleptonmattressesfromthecoloredfactoryandlistenedtocoloredinstructorsfromNewYork,Florida,Georgia,Virginia,Pennsylvania,NewJersey,andNorthCarolina.Allthiswasthepartiallyrealizeddreamofonecoloredman,JamesE.Shepard.HeformerlyworkedassecretaryforagreatChristianorganization,butdissatisfiedatapeculiarlyun-Christiandrawingofthecolorline,hedeterminedtoerectatDurhamakindoftrainingschoolforministersandsocialworkerswhichwouldbe“different.”

Onemorningtherecameouttotheschoolasharp-eyedbrownmanofthirty,C.C.Spaulding,whomanagesthelargestNegroindustrialinsurancecompanyintheworld.Athisownexpensehetookthewholeschooltotownincarriagesto“showthemwhatcoloredpeopleweredoinginDurham.”

Naturallyhetookthemfirsttothehomeofhiscompany—“TheNorthCarolinaMutualandProvidentAssociation,”aninstitutionwhichisnowtwelveyearsold.OnehasarighttoviewindustrialinsurancewithsomesuspicionandtheInsuranceCommissionerofSouthCarolinamadelastyearafifteendaysthoroughexaminationofthisenterprise.Thenhewrote:“Icannotbutfeelthatifallothercompaniesareputonthesamebasisasyours,thatitwillmeanagreatdealtoindustrialinsuranceinNorthandSouthCarolina,andespeciallyagreatbenefittotheNegrorace.”

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Thecompany’sbusinesshasincreasedfromlessthanathousanddollarsin1899toanincomeofaquarterofamillionin1910.Ithas200,000members,haspaidahalfmilliondollarsinbenefits,andownsitsofficebuildingsinthreecities.…

TheDurhamofficebuildingofthiscompanyisneatandlight.Downstairsintherentedportionwevisitedthemen’sfurnishingstorewhichseemedabusiness-likeestablishmentandcarriedaconsiderablestockofgoods.Theshoestorewasnewerandlookedmoreexperimental;thedrugstorewassmallandpretty.

Fromherewewenttothehosierymillandtheplaningmill.Thehosierymillwastomeofsingularinterest.ThreeyearsagoImetthemanager,C.C.Amey.Hewasthenteachingschool,buthehadmuchunsatisfiedmechanicalgenius.ThewhitehosierymillsinDurhamweresucceedingandoneofthememployedcoloredhands.Ameyaskedforpermissionheretolearntomanagetheintricatemachines,butwasrefused.Finally,however,themanufacturersofthemachinestoldhimthattheywouldteachhimifhecametoPhiladelphia.Hewentandlearned.Acompanywasformedandthirteenknittingandribbingmachinesatseventydollarsapiecewereinstalled,withacapacityofsixtydozenmen’ssocksaday.Atpresentthesalesarerapidandsatisfactory,andalreadymachinesareorderedtodoublethepresentoutput;adyeingdepartmentandfactorybuildingareplannedforthenearfuture.

Thebrickyardandplaningmillarepartofthegeneraleconomicorganizationofthetown.R.B.Fitzgerald,aNorthern-bornNegro,haslongfurnishedbrickforalargeportionofthestateandcanturnout30,000bricksaday.

TofinancetheseNegrobusinesses,whicharesaidtohandleamillionandahalfdollarsayear,asmallbankinginstitutionhasbeenstarted.The“Mechanics’andFarmers’Bank”lookssmallandexperimentalandowesitsexistencetoratherlenientbankinglaws.Ithasapaid-incapitalof$11,000andithas$17,000depositedby500differentpersons.…

ThreemenbegantheeconomicbuildingofblackDurham:aministerwithcollegetraining,aphysicianwithprofessionaltraining,andabarberwhosavedhismoney.Thesethreecalledtotheiraidabrighthustlingyounggraduateofthepublicschools,andwiththesefour,representingvision,knowledge,thrift,andefficiency,thedevelopmentbegan.Thecollegemanplannedtheinsurancesociety,butittooktheyounghustlertoputitthrough.Thebarberputhissavingsintotheyoungbusinessman’shands,thephysiciangavehistimeandgeneralintelligence.Othersweredrawnin—thebrickmaker,severalteachers,afewcollege-bredmen,andanumberofmechanics.Asthegroupbegantomakemoney,itexpandedandreachedout.Noneofthemenarerich—therichesthasanincomeofabout$25,000ayearfrombusinessinvestmentsandeightytenements;theothersoftheinnergrouparemakingfrom$5,000to$15,000—averymodestrewardassuchrewardsgoinAmerica.

Quiteanumberofthecoloredpeoplehavebuiltthemselvesprettyandwell-equippedhomes—perhapsfourteenofthesehomescostfrom$2,500to$10,000;theyarerebuildingtheirchurchesonascalealmostluxurious,andtheyaredeeplyinterestedintheirnewtrainingschool.Thereisnoevidenceofluxury—ahorseandcarriage,andthesendingofchildrenofftoschoolisalmosttheonlysignofmorethanordinaryexpenditure.

If,now,wewereconsideringasinglegroup,geographicallyisolated,thisstorymightendhere.ButneverforgetthatDurhamisintheSouthandthataroundthese5,000Negroesaretwiceasmanywhiteswhoownmostoftheproperty,dominatethepoliticallifeexclusively,andformthemaincurrentofsociallife.WhatnowhasbeentheattitudeofthesepeopletowardtheNegroes?Inthecaseofanotablefewithasbeensincerelysympatheticandhelpful,andinthecaseofamajorityofthewhitesithasnotbeenhostile.Ofthetwoattitudes,greatashasundoubtedlybeenthevalueoftheactivefriendshipoftheDukefamily,GeneralJulianS.

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Carr,andothers,IconsiderthegreatestfactorinDurham’sdevelopmenttohavebeenthedispositionofthemassofordinarywhitecitizensofDurhamtosay:“Handsoff—givethemachance—don’tinterfere.”

Source:http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-newcentury/4819(SourceLinkdoesnotwork)

BlackbusinessesinDurham-DiscussionQuestions

1. WhydoyouthinkDuBoistraveledtoandwrotesopositivelyaboutDurhamin1912?

2. DescribethevariousbusinessesrunbyAfricanAmericaninDurham.WhywasthiscollectionofAfricanAmericanbusinessessosignificantduringthistimeperiod?

3. WhydidDuBoisbelievethesebusinessesweresuccessful?

4. HowwereAfricanAmericanbusinessesfundedinDurham?

5. WhydoyouthinkDuBoismentionedthenicehousesbuiltbyAfricanAmericansinDurham?

6. AccordingtoDuBois,whatpercentageofDurhamwasAfricanAmerican?

7. WhatdidDuBoissaywastheattitudeofwhitestowardssuccessfulAfricanAmericans?HowdidthisdifferfromhowAfricanAmericansweretreatedinotherNorthCarolinacities,suchasWilmington?

Source:http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-newcentury/4819(SourceLinkdoesnotwork)

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CongratulationsonYourNewJobwiththeHeritageDirectionsUrbanPlanningConsultingFirm!TheParrishStreetProject&AdvocacyGroupisaninitiativetocommemoratethehistoryofDurham’s“BlackWallStreet”andspureconomicrevitalizationalongthiscentraldowntownlocation.TheCityofDurhamrecentlyreceivedatwo-yearrevitalizationandplanninggrantfromtheUSDepartmentofHousing&UrbanDevelopment,andthus,yoururbanplanningconsultingfirmhasbeenhiredtocreatearevitalizationplanforParrishStreet.

TheParrishStreetAdvocacyGroupandtheCityofDurhamareseekingaplanthatwillmakeParrishStreetoncemoreavibrantlocationintheheartofdowntownDurham.Theyalsohopethatanyplanpresentedwillfocusonthecelebration,exploration,andpreservationofParrishStreet’simportanthistory.AsemployeesofHeritageDirectionsUrbanPlanningConsultingFirm,yourgrouphasbeentaskedwithdevelopingarevitalizationplanforParrishStreet.YoushouldrelyonwhatyouhavealreadylearnedaboutParrishStreet,aswellasconductadditionalresearch,tofindouthowtomakethisareaofdowntownDurhama“hot”destination,whilealsopreservingandcelebratingitsdiversehistory.Whencreatingyourplan,yourgroupshouldconsider:• WhataspectsofParrishStreet’shistoryaremostimportantandcompelling?Whatbuildingsshouldbe

renovatedand/orpreservedandwhy?HowwillyoumakeuseofoldandnewspaceonParrishStreet?• Whilecelebratingitspast,howwillyoupromotethefutureofParrishStreet?Howwillyoudrawvisitorsto

thisarea?HowwillyoumakeParrishStreeta“hot”destination?• Whendevelopingyourrevitalizationplan,addressthefollowingcomponentsanddescribewhatwillbe

includedonParrishStreetthatfallswithinthesecategories:o Businesseso Non-profitso ArtsandEntertainmento StructuresandLandscaping(sidewalks,parkingdecks,artinstallations,lighting,plants,etc.)o SpecialEvents

• HowwillyourplanhonorandcelebratethehistoryofParrishStreet?Whatwillyouincludeinyourdesigntoeducatevisitorsaboutthehistory?

Yourfinalrevitalizationplanmustinclude:• Anoverallmapor3-DmodelofyourvisionofarevitalizedParrishStreet(andoptionallythesurrounding

area)whichlabelsthevariousinstitutions,businesses,structures,etc.thatyouhavedeemedimportanttotherevitalizationofthisarea;makesureyoumaintaintheoriginalbusinesses(i.e.,NCMutual)thatarestillthriving

• Atleastonedetailedsketchor3-DmodelofhowyouenvisionParrishStreettoappearonceyourplanhasbeenimplemented.ThissketchmightbeofoneparticularbuildingonParrishStreet(perhapsthatwhichyoudeemmostexcitingorcreative),itmightbearenderingofanartinstallationyou’vedesignedthatrepresentsParrishStreet;itmightbeasketchshowingthedetailsofaribboncuttingceremonyyou’vescheduled,etc.Becreative!

• ApitchthatyoupresenttotheParrishStreetAdvocacyGroupmembersandDurhamlocalgovernmentofficials,explainingyourplanandvision,andwhyitwillbesuccessfulindrivingvisitorsandbusinessestoParrishStreet.Duringthispitch,youwilldisplayyourmap,sketch,andanyothercreativeinformationyouchoosetoinclude.Yourpitchshouldbe3-5minuteslongandcanbedeliveredinanycreativeformatyouchoose(i.e.PowerPointpresentation,speechwithposterboardsorbanners,creativeskit,etc.)

DueDate:____________________________________(Youandyourgroupwillpresentyourpitch,map/model,andsketch/model,totheremainderofclassontheduedate.)