Main Street, Carolina’s - The University of North...
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1 A Street with a Story: The History of Durham’s “Black Wall Street” Overview At the beginning of the 20th century, African Americans in North Carolina and throughout the United States faced many challenges. Jim Crow laws and expectations were rampant and African Americans in cities such as Wilmington, NC, were the victim of white supremacy campaigns and violence. Yet, in the midst of such racial injustice and intolerance, a black business district began to flourish in Durham, NC in the late 1890s. In the following activities, students will explore how various black entrepreneurs thrived in Durham’s downtown, so much so that Durham’s Parrish Street was soon known as “Black Wall Street.” Through the exploration of Main Street, Carolina’s digital history project on Parrish Street (http://mainstreet.lib.unc.edu/projects/parrish_st_durham/), as well as through readings, class discussion, primary source examination, partner activities, and group activities, students will gain a sense of the challenges overcome and successes experienced by the various black entrepreneurs and businesses on Black Wall Street. In a creative culminating project, students will apply what they have learned to create their own revitalization plan for Parrish Street today. Grade 8 North Carolina Standard Course of Study • Objective 5.05: Assess the influence of the political, legal, and social movements on the political system and life in North Carolina. • Objective 6.04: Assess the impact of World War II on the economic, political, social, and military roles of different groups in North Carolina including women and minorities. • Objective 7.02: Evaluate the importance of social changes to different groups in North Carolina. • Objective 7.04: Compare and contrast the various political viewpoints surrounding issues of the post- World War II era. • Objective 7.05: Evaluate the major changes and events that have affected the roles of local, state, and national governments. North Carolina Essential Standards • 8.H.1.1 - Construct charts, graphs, and historical narratives to explain particular events or issues. • 8.H.1.2 - Summarize the literal meaning of historical documents in order to establish context. • 8.H.1.3 - Use primary and secondary sources to interpret various historical perspectives. • 8.H.1.4 - Use historical inquiry to evaluate the validity of sources used to construct historical narratives (e.g. formulate historical questions, gather data from a variety of sources, evaluate and interpret data and support interpretations with historical evidence). • 8.H.1.5 - Analyze the relationship between historical context and decision-making. • 8.H.2.1: Explain the impact of economic, political, social, and military conflicts (e.g. war, slavery, states’ rights and citizenship and immigration policies) on the development of North Carolina and the United States
Transcript of Main Street, Carolina’s - The University of North...
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AStreetwithaStory:TheHistoryofDurham’s“BlackWallStreet”OverviewAtthebeginningofthe20thcentury,AfricanAmericansinNorthCarolinaandthroughouttheUnitedStatesfacedmanychallenges.JimCrowlawsandexpectationswererampantandAfricanAmericansincitiessuchasWilmington,NC,werethevictimofwhitesupremacycampaignsandviolence.Yet,inthemidstofsuchracialinjusticeandintolerance,ablackbusinessdistrictbegantoflourishinDurham,NCinthelate1890s.Inthefollowingactivities,studentswillexplorehowvariousblackentrepreneursthrivedinDurham’sdowntown,somuchsothatDurham’sParrishStreetwassoonknownas“BlackWallStreet.”ThroughtheexplorationofMainStreet,Carolina’sdigitalhistoryprojectonParrishStreet(http://mainstreet.lib.unc.edu/projects/parrish_st_durham/),aswellasthroughreadings,classdiscussion,primarysourceexamination,partneractivities,andgroupactivities,studentswillgainasenseofthechallengesovercomeandsuccessesexperiencedbythevariousblackentrepreneursandbusinessesonBlackWallStreet.Inacreativeculminatingproject,studentswillapplywhattheyhavelearnedtocreatetheirownrevitalizationplanforParrishStreettoday.Grade8NorthCarolinaStandardCourseofStudy• Objective5.05:Assesstheinfluenceofthepolitical,legal,andsocialmovementsonthepoliticalsystem
andlifeinNorthCarolina.• Objective6.04:AssesstheimpactofWorldWarIIontheeconomic,political,social,andmilitaryrolesof
differentgroupsinNorthCarolinaincludingwomenandminorities.• Objective7.02:EvaluatetheimportanceofsocialchangestodifferentgroupsinNorthCarolina.• Objective7.04:Compareandcontrastthevariouspoliticalviewpointssurroundingissuesofthepost-
WorldWarIIera.• Objective7.05:Evaluatethemajorchangesandeventsthathaveaffectedtherolesoflocal,state,and
nationalgovernments.NorthCarolinaEssentialStandards• 8.H.1.1-Constructcharts,graphs,andhistoricalnarrativestoexplainparticulareventsorissues.• 8.H.1.2-Summarizetheliteralmeaningofhistoricaldocumentsinordertoestablishcontext.• 8.H.1.3-Useprimaryandsecondarysourcestointerpretvarioushistoricalperspectives.• 8.H.1.4-Usehistoricalinquirytoevaluatethevalidityofsourcesusedtoconstructhistoricalnarratives
(e.g.formulatehistoricalquestions,gatherdatafromavarietyofsources,evaluateandinterpretdataandsupportinterpretationswithhistoricalevidence).
• 8.H.1.5-Analyzetherelationshipbetweenhistoricalcontextanddecision-making.• 8.H.2.1:Explaintheimpactofeconomic,political,social,andmilitaryconflicts(e.g.war,slavery,states’
rightsandcitizenshipandimmigrationpolicies)onthedevelopmentofNorthCarolinaandtheUnitedStates
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• 8.H.2.2:SummarizehowleadershipandcitizenactionsinfluencedtheoutcomeofkeyconflictsinNorthCarolinaandtheUnitedStates.
• 8.H.3.3:Explainhowindividualsandgroupshaveinfluencedeconomic,politicalandsocialchangeinNorthCarolinaandtheUnitedStates.
• 8.C&G.1.4:AnalyzeaccesstodemocraticrightsandfreedomsamongvariousgroupsinNorthCarolinaandtheUnitedStates
• 8.C&G.2.1:EvaluatetheeffectivenessofvariousapproachesusedtoeffectchangeinNorthCarolinaandtheUnitedStates
• 8.C&G.2.2:Analyzeissuespursuedthroughactivecitizencampaignsforchange• 8.C&G.2.3:ExplaintheimpactofhumanandcivilrightsissuesthroughoutNorthCarolinaandUnitedStates
history• 8.C.1.3:SummarizethecontributionsofparticulargroupstothedevelopmentofNorthCarolinaandthe
UnitedStatesEssentialQuestions• WhatwerethecharacteristicsoftheJimCrowSouth?• WhatlawsandexpectationswereineffectduringtheJimCrowEra?• HowwereindividualcitizensaffectedbyJimCrow?• Whatcanbedifficultaboutstartinganewbusiness?Whatrisksmaybeinvolved?• WhatwerethemajorbusinesseslocatedonDurham’sBlackWallStreetandwhatdidittakeforthemto
besuccessful?• WhatadditionaldifficultiesandrisksfacedblackentrepreneurssuchasJohnMerrick,Dr.AaronM.Moore,
CharlesClintonSpaulding,andR.B.Fitzgerald,duringthelate1800sandearly1900s?• WhyistheformationandsuccessofDurham’s“BlackWallStreet”evenmoresignificantwhenconsidering
thetimeperiodduringwhichitflourished?• InwhatwayshasNCMutualexhibitedacommitmenttoservice?• WhoweresomeprominentAfricanAmericanvisitorstoBlackWallStreetandwhyweretheydrawnto
Durham?• InwhatwayscanwehonorandpreservethehistoryandlegacyofDurham’sBlackWallStreet?Materials• Day1
o “WhatDoYouSee?”,warmupactivityattachedo SegregatedWaterFountains,imageattachedo TheJimCrowEra,handoutattachedo SamplingofJimCrowLaws,5handoutsattachedo JimCrowEvaluationWorksheet,attached(thisformshouldbecutintwo)o “SuccessforBlackEntrepreneursinDurham,NC,”readingandquestionsattached
• Day2o Computerswithaccessto:http://mainstreet.lib.unc.edu/projects/parrish_st_durham/o ImageofNCMutualPostCard,availableat
http://durhamcountylibrary.org/exhibits/postcards/js054.phpo ParrishStreetScavengerHunt,attachedo LaptopwithspeakersconnectedtoInternetwithaccesstoshort1940sfilm–“NCMutual’sSuccess
Story”locatedathttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLHgU_gtJ84o “NorthCarolinaMutualLifeInsuranceCompany-ACommitmenttoService,”readingattached
• Day3(optional)
o WhoAmIImages1-3,attachedo “BlackbusinessesinDurham,”byW.E.B.DuBois,readinganddiscussionquestionsattached
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Materials(cont.)• CulminatingActivity
o HeritageDirectionsUrbanPlanningConsultingFirm,assignmentattachedo Optional:InternetaccessoraccesstolibraryforfurtherParrishStreetresearch
Duration• 2-3classperiods(teacherscanpickandchoosewhichactivitiestoleadbasedontheirclassroom’stime
constraints.)• AdditionaltimewillbeneededforcompletionandpresentationoftheCulminatingActivity.StudentPreparation• StudentsshouldhaveabasicunderstandingoftheJimCroweraandprominenteventsduringthistime,
suchastheWilmingtonRaceRiots,aswellasanunderstandingofexpectationsfordiscussingcontroversialissues.
TeacherPreparation• WhilestudyingtheJimCrowerabringsupsensitivetopics,itisimportantforstudentstoexplorethese
eventstogainawell-roundedappreciationregardingthesuccessofDurham’s“BlackWallStreet.”Inordertostudythishistoryeffectivelyandsafelyhowever,teachersmusthaveestablishedasafeclassroomwithclearexpectationsofrespect,open-mindedness,andcivilconversation.
• BeforeDay2ofthislesson,arrangetimeinthecomputerlaboranotherspacewherestudentscanhaveaccesstotheInternet(studentscanpartneruponcomputersforthisactivity.)AtthebeginningofclassonDay2,haveeachcomputersettothewebsitehttp://mainstreet.lib.unc.edu/projects/parrish_st_durham/,whichisadigitalhistorysiteprovidedbyMainStreet,CarolinacontainingamapofhistoricalParrishStreetandmultiplemarkerswithprimarysourceinformationstudentscanexploretolearnmoreaboutthevariousbuildingsthatcomprisedBlackWallStreet.ThissiteisbestaccessedbytheFirefoxbrowser,availableathttp://www.mozilla.com/en-US/.Teachersshouldexplorethesitepriortoclassinordertobetterassiststudentsastheybrowsetheinformation.
ProcedureDay1
AnIntroductiontoJimCrowandSegregation1. Asawarm-up,distributetheattached“WhatDoYouSee?”worksheetandinstructstudentstotake
aroundthreeminutestocloselyexaminethephotographandbrainstormtheirinitialthoughts.Ifpossible,teachersshouldalsoprojecttheimageatthefrontoftheroom.Afterstudentshavehadtimetowritetheirinitialthoughts,havethemreporttheirthoughtstotheremainderofclassandfurtherdiscuss:• Manyofyoufirstnoticedthetwoseparateentrancesfor“White”and“Colored.”Whywerethesetwo
doorslabeledinthisway?• Whatisthetermfortheseparationofpeople,ortheseparationoftheresourcestheycanuse,based
ontheirrace?
2. Projecttheattached“SegregatedWaterFountains”imagetoenhancetheconversationofsegregation.Discuss:• Whatdoyousee?• Howdoesthisimagecomparewiththefirstoneyouobserved?• Whyaretheretwowaterfountainsandwhydoyouthinktheywerelabeledthisway?• Whattimeperioddoyouthinkthispicturerepresents?Whatevidencemakesyouthinkthis?• Whatcomestomindwhenyouhearthewordsegregation?
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3. Explaintotheclassthattheywillbelearningaboutaverydifficultperiodofhistory,whenblackpeople
andotherminoritiesweredegradedthroughouttheSouthbyvariouslawsandetiquetteexpectations.ThisperiodwasknownastheJimCrowEra.
4. Partnerstudentsupanddistributetheattachedhandout,TheJimCrowEra.InstructpartnerstoreadanddiscussthehandoutregardingtheJimCrowEra,notinganswersontheirsheet.Letstudentsknowthatastheyread,theymayfeelupsetoroffendedbythelawsandexpectationsoursocietyunfairlyhadinplace.Discusswithstudentsthatitisperfectlyunderstandabletobeangeredbywhattookplaceduringthisperiodofhistory.ButitisnonethelessimportanttostudyandbeawareofsuchhistorytopaytributetothepeoplewhofoughtforjusticeandbroughtanendtoJimCrow,aswellastolivebytheirexampleandensureequalityforallpeopletoday.Remindstudentsthatyoutrustthemtobematureandsensitivehistoriansastheyreviewthismaterial.
5. Oncepartnersarefinished,allowthemtosharetheirthoughts:
• HowwereyoufeelingasyoureadthroughtheseetiquettesandrulesoftheJimCrowera?Why?(chartstudentanswersinalistonchartpaper)
• Whichetiquette/ruledoyoufindmostdisturbing?Why?• Howdoyouthinktheselawsandexpectationsbecamethesocietal“norm”?Inotherwords,whydo
youthinktheywerecreated?Whydoyouthinktheyexistedforsolong?• Howdoyouthinktheserulesandexpectationsaffectedsociety(blackandwhite)?• Iftheyearwere1900,howwouldyourlifebedifferentbasedontherulesandexpectationsyouread
about?• ForthoseofyouwhowereunfamiliarwiththeJimCrowEra,whatdoyoufindmost
shocking/surprisingaboutthisperiodofhistory?• IfyouwerelivingduringtheJimCrowEra,whatchoiceswouldyouhavetoshowyourdispleasurewith
theJimCrowwayoflife?6. Explaintostudentsthat“fromthe1880sintothe1960s,amajorityofAmericanstatesenforced
segregationthrough“JimCrow”laws(socalledafterablackcharacterinminstrelshows).FromDelawaretoCalifornia,andfromNorthDakotatoTexas,manystates(andcities,too)couldimposelegalpunishmentsonpeopleforconsortingwithmembersofanotherrace.Themostcommontypesoflawsforbadeintermarriageandorderedbusinessownersandpublicinstitutionstokeeptheirblackandwhiteclienteleseparated.”(Source:http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-newcentury/5103)
7. Tellstudentsthatasagroup,theywillnowexamineactuallawsthatexistedinsouthernstatesatvariouspointsintheJimCrowEra.Dividestudentsintogroupsof5andgiveeachgroupmemberoneoftheattachedfive“SamplingofJimCrowLaws”handouts(eachgroupmemberwillthushaveadifferentsetoflaws)andthe“JimCrowEvaluationWorksheet.”(Inordertosavepaper,twohandoutsarelocatedonthe“JimCrowEvaluationHandout;”teachersshouldthuscuttheworksheetinhalf.)
8. Eachgroupmembershouldfirsttakearound6-8silentminutestoreviewtheirhandoutoflawsasanindividualandanswerthequestionsprovidedtothem.Letthegroupsknowthatsinceeachgroupmemberisreviewingadifferenthandoutcontainingdifferentlaws,eachgroupmemberwillberesponsibleforteachingtherestoftheirgroupaboutthelawstheyreadabout.Afterstudentshavefinishedreadingandansweringtheirquestions,eachgroupmembershouldtake1-2minutestodiscussthelawshe/shereadaboutwithintheirgroup.Aftereachgroupmemberhassummarizedtheirlawswiththeirgroup,discusasaclass:• Ofallstatelaws,whichdoyoufindmostdisturbingandwhy?• Wereanyoftheselawsineffecttoday,wouldyoubebreakinganyofthem?Explain.
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• WhattypesofconsequencesdoyouimagineAfricanAmericansreceivedwhenbreakingoneoftheselaws?
• WhyisitdifficulttostudysuchharshperiodsofhistoryastheJimCrowEra?Evengiventhedifficulty,whyisitimportanttobeeducatedonsuchhistory,andnottoavoiditsdifficultsubjectmatter?
• Asthoseofustoday,whoneverdirectlyexperiencedorparticipatedintheJimCrowEra,learnaboutit,whyisitimportanttonotletangergetthebestofusortoplaceblameregardingtheJimCrowEra?o TimTyson,authorof“BloodDoneSignMyName,”usedthephrase“Leanintoit”todescribehis
meansofdealingwithdifficultmaterial.Letyourstudentsknowthatfeelingmixedemotionsaboutsuchaharshhistoryisnatural,butoftenwelearnthemostinmomentswhenweareuncomfortable.Ratherthanclamupandavoidsuchmoments,“Leanintoit”andlearn.
• Wehonorourancestorsbylearningaboutandcaringaboutthehistorytheyendured.Whatareotherwayswecanhonorthem?WhatareourresponsibilitiesascitizenstodaytoensureJimCrownevercomesback?
Ø Seehttp://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-newcentury/5704foradditionalinformationtosharewith
studentsregardinghowstatesgotbywithpassingsuchunjustlaws.ThissitesummarizessuchinformationastheCivilRightsActof1875,Plessyv.Fergusonand“separatebutequal,”andmore.
BlackEntrepreneursDuringJimCrow
9. TellstudentsthatyouwantthemtonowimaginethattheyareablackentrepreneurlivinginNorthCarolinain1900,whenJimCrowlawsarerampantthroughoutthesouthanddiscuss:• First,whatisanentrepreneur?(Discusswithstudentsthatanentrepreneurisanindividualwho
acceptsfinancialrisksandundertakesnewfinancialventures,typicallythroughstartingabusiness.Tellstudentsthatinthisscenario,youwantthemtoimaginethattheywanttostartanewbusinessinDurham,NCintheyear1900.)
• Giventhefactthatyouareblackandtheyearis1900,whatchallengeswouldbestackedagainstyouregardingstartingyourownbusiness?o Labelapieceofchartpaperwiththeword“Challenges”andnotestudentthoughtsunderneath.
EncouragethemtoconsiderallaspectsofstartinganewbusinessandhowtheseaspectswouldbeevenmorechallengingforanAfricanAmericanpersonintheheightoftheJimCrowEra.
10. Explaintostudentsthatasstatespassed“JimCrow”lawstokeeptheracesseparateandtorestrictthe
opportunitiesofAfricanAmericans,morethanamillionAfricanAmericansfledtheJimCrowSouth,especiallyafterWorldWarI,seekingopportunityinnortherncities.However,someAfricanAmericanswhostayedinNorthCarolinafoughttheirwaytosuccess,eveninthefaceofsuchadversity.OncesuchstoryoftriumphcanbefoundinDurham,NC,whereseveralblackownedandoperatedbusinessesbegantothrive,evenduringatimeofsuchmassiveoppressionandinjustice.Infact,theblackbusinessdistrictthatformedindowntownDurhamwassosuccessful,iteventuallybecameknownas“BlackWallStreet.”Itwashometosomeofthelargestblack-ownedbusinessesinthenation.
11. Next,providestudentswithacopyoftheattachedreadinganddiscussionquestions,“SuccessforBlackEntrepreneursinDurham,NC.”Instructstudentstocompletethereadinginpartnersandthendiscussandanswerthecorrespondingquestions.Oncestudentshavereadandthoughtaboutthequestions,discussfurtherasaclass,ensuringstudentsgainanunderstandingofthesignificanceofwhatwasaccomplishedonParrishStreet.Foranyoneduringanytimeperiodtostartabusinessfromscratchandbesuccessfulisafeattobecelebrated.However,forAfricanAmericanstostartbusinessesandthriveinthemiddleoftheJimCrowSouthisatestamenttoblackcourage,spirit,andresilience.
Oncestudentshavecompletedtheirreading,discusswhattheyreadandtheirthoughtsregardingthediscussionquestionsasaclass.
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CreateaParrishStreetPostCard12. Toculminatetheday’slesson,projectorhandouttheimageoftheNorthCarolinaMutualLifeInsurance
Companybuildingpostcardlocatedathttp://mainstreet.lib.unc.edu/projects/parrish_st_durham/index.php/markers/view/10.Thepostcardcanalsobefoundathttp://durhamcountylibrary.org/exhibits/postcards/js054.php.Askstudentstocommentonwhattheyseeanddiscuss:• What/whereisbeingpicturedhere?Whatevidencemakesyouthinkthis?• Whattimeperiodmightthisimagebefrom?Whatevidencemakesyouthinkthis?(Discussitems
suchasthebuildingitself,thestyleandcolorsofthepostcard,etc.)• Whattypeofimagedoyouthinkthisis?Whatwasitspurpose?
o LetstudentsknowthatthisisapostcardoftheNorthCarolinaMutualLifeInsuranceCompanybuildingonParrishStreet,whichwasbuiltin1921andbecamethenation’slargestblack-ownedlifeinsurancecompany.RemindstudentsthatN.C.Mutualwasorganizedin1898byJohnMerrickandDr.A.M.Moore.Anewbuildingwascompletedin1966.
• WhydoyouthinktherewasapostcardmadeofNCMutual?Wheremightyouhavegottensuchapostcardintheearly1900s?Whomighthavewantedsuchapostcardandwhy?
13. Tellstudentsthatforhomework,youwantthemtoconsiderwhattheyhavelearnedtodayaboutParrishStreet/BlackWallStreet,andtocreatetheirownhistoricalpostcard.Thefinishedpostcardshouldcontain:• Originalartwork,whichmustincludeatleastoneofthefollowing:
o adrawingofaphysicalstructurefromhistoricalParrishStreet(i.e.,aparticularbuildingyou’vereadabout,orageneralimageofthestreet)
o aprominentpersoninvolvedinBlackWallStreeto asymbolicorabstractsymbolordrawingthatyoufeelcapturestheessenceandimportanceofthe
spiritofBlackWallStreet• AcaptionhighlightingthesignificanceofParrishStreet
14. Whenclassmeetsagain,havethestudentshangalloftheirpostcardsaroundtheroomandallowafew
minutesoftimeforagallerywalk,duringwhichstudentscancirculateandviewoneanother’swork.TeacherNote:Iftimerunsout,the“BlackEntrepreneursinDurham,NC.”readingandquestionscanalsobeassignedforhomeworkratherthanthepostcard;teachersshouldjustprovidetimethefollowingdayfordiscussion.
Day2
ExploringParrishStreetwithMainStreet,Carolina15. TeacherPreparation:BeforeDay2ofthislesson,arrangetimeinthecomputerlaboranotherspace
wherestudentscanhaveaccesstotheInternet(studentscanpartneruponcomputersforthisactivity.)Atthebeginningofclass,haveeachcomputersettothewebsitehttp://mainstreet.lib.unc.edu/projects/parrish_st_durham,whichisadigitalhistorysiteprovidedbyMainStreet,CarolinacontainingamapofhistoricalParrishStreetandmultiplemarkerswithprimarysourceinformationstudentscanexploretolearnmoreaboutthevariousbuildingsthatcomprisedBlackWallStreet,aswellasotherinformation.ThissiteisbestaccessedbytheMozillaFirefoxbrowser,availableathttp://www.mozilla.com/en-US/.Teachersshouldexplorethesitepriortoclassinordertobetterassiststudentsastheybrowsetheinformation.Usertips:• Byclickingonthe“ViewMap”linkatthetopofthepage,studentscannavigatethesiteviaamapof
downtownDurhamandParrishStreetthatappearstotheright.ThemapimagethatautomaticallyloadsisacurrentviewofdowntownDurhamandParrishStreetfromGoogleMaps.Itis
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recommendedstudentscheckthe“CurrentStreetNames”boxonthispagesothattheycangetasenseofexactlywheretheyareexploring.
• ThereisalsotheoptioninthemapviewofselectingoneormoreofthreehistoricalSanbornmapslisted,whichwillthenoverlaytheGooglemap.(ASanbornmapofDurhamin1884,1898,and1913isavailable.)Studentscanselectoneormoreofthesemaps,thenusethetransparencybarunderneathtofadeeachmapinandout.ThiscanbeagoodtoolforenablingstudentstoviewthevariouschangesanddevelopmentinDurhambetween1884totoday.
o Forexample,ifstudentsclickedthe1884Sanbornmapbox,theycouldcomparechangesfromthenandnowbymovingthetransparencybutton.Studentscouldthenalsocheckthe1913mapbox,andagainusethetransparencybartoexaminethedifferencesbetween1884and1913.
• Letstudentsknowthattheycanusethenavigationbarwithinthemap’swindowtomovethemapviewaround.(Thefourarrowswilltaketheuserinthedirectionitpointsbyclickingonit;the+and–signsallowtheusertozoominoroutbyclickingonthem.)Likewise,studentscanclickonthemapanddragtheirmousetonavigateaswell.
• VariousmarkersareplottedalongParrishStreet.Therearetwotypesofmarkers,withredteardropssignalinghistoricalbuildingsandsmallerblueteardropssignalinghistoricalmarkers(allofwhichareactuallythematicartinstallationsthatwererecentlyinstalledalongParrishStreet.)Letstudentsknowthattheycanclickontheredmarkerstoviewinformationaboutwhatbuildingandbusiness(s)waslocatedhere.Variousprimarysourceinformation,images,andotherhistoricalinformationabouteachbuildingisattachedtothemarker.Likewise,byclickingonthebluemarkers,studentscanviewasmallimageoftheartinstallationandthenreadinformationconnectedtothetheme(s)representedineachpieceofart.
• Studentscanalsoclickonthe“Markers”tabatthetopofthepageforanalternativeviewoftheinformationcontainedonthissite.Ratherthanexploringviathemap,thisviewsimplyprovidesalistofallofthemarkersashyperlinks.Studentscanclickonanyofthemarkernamesandaccessthesameinformation(i.e.primarysourcedocuments,historicaldescriptions,etc.)
16. Atthebeginningofclass(aftertimehasbeenprovidedtoviewstudent-createdpostcardsifthatassignmentwascompleted),tellstudentsthattheyaregoingtogetsometimeto“tour”ParrishStreetanditshistory“virtually.”IntroducestudentstotheMainStreet,CarolinasiteforParrishStreet,explainingwhatinformationtheycanperuseandhowtoaccesstheinformationthroughthevariousoptionsnotedabove.(Ifpossible,teachersmaywanttobeginbyhavingthesiteprojectedinthefrontoftheroom.Thisway,youcanclickthroughitandgivestudentsa“samplerun”ofhowtheythemselvescanexplorethesite.)Givestudentsaround5-7minutestoexplorethesitefreely.
17. Next,callstudentsbacktoattentionandpassouttheattachedParrishStreetScavengerHunt.”Tellstudentsthattheyaregoingtohaveapproximately15-20minutestocontinueexploringthesitewhilefocusingonfindingtheanswerstothequestionsprovided.(Teachersmaywanttoofferaprizeforthefirststudentsfinishedandcorrectlyansweringthequestions.)
18. OncestudentshavecompletedtheScavengerHunt,gooverthecorrectanswers.(Ananswerkeyisalso
attached.)
NorthCarolinaMutualLifeInsuranceCompany&theirCommitmenttoService19. Finally,tellstudentsyouwanttospendsometimefocusingononeofthemostprominentbusinesseson
“BlackWallStreet,”theNCMutualLifeInsuranceCompany.AskstudentstosharewhattheydiscoveredaboutNCMutualwhileexploringtheCarolina,MainStreetsite,orwhattheyrememberfromtheirreadingassignedinthepriorclass.
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20. Projectandplaytheshort2½minute“NCMutual’sSuccessStory”videocreatedbyNCMutual,circa1940,locatedathttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLHgU_gtJ84.ThelinkisalsoavailablewithintheMSCsiteathttp://mainstreet.lib.unc.edu/projects/parrish_st_durham/index.php/markers/view/17.(Teacherscanalsodirectstudentstowatchthefilmindividuallyiftheyarestillattheircomputers.)Afterwards,discuss:• ThenarratordescribesDurhamasa“youngandprogressivecity.”Whatevidenceofthiscanyounote,
basedonwhatyou’velearnedorwhatyousawinthevideo?• Whatyeardoyouthinkthisfilmwascreated?Whatevidencemakesyouthinkthis?• Whatdoyouthinkthepurposeofthisfilewas?Whywasitcreated?Wherewouldithavebeen
played?• Thisshortfilmaboutthe"Mutual"wasactuallyafeaturedtrailerinblackmovietheaterscirca1940.
Doesthischangeyourimpressionofitspurposeatall?Explain.• WhatisyourimpressionofCharlesSpaulding?• WhywasNCMutual’s50thanniversarysuchabigdeal?
21. Next,passouttheattached“NorthCarolinaMutualLifeInsuranceCompany-ACommitmenttoService”
readingandquestions.Eitherindividuallyorinpartners,instructstudentsreadthehandoutandanswerthequestionsprovided.Endclassbyhavingstudentssharetheirthoughtstothequestions.Asaculminatingdiscussion,askstudentstodiscussthefollowinginpartners,thenreportbacktotheclassasawholewiththeironelinemotto:• ImaginethatNCMutualhascometoyouasaconsultantandaskedyoutocreateanewmottoforthe
company.BrainstormvariousphrasesthatyouandyourpartnerfeelareappropriatebasedonallyouhavelearnedaboutNCMutual.Bepreparedtostateyourmottofortheremainderofclassandexplainwhyyouthinkitfits.
Day3(optional)
ProminentVisitor’stoDurham’sBlackWallStreet22. Asawarm-up,instructstudentstolabelapieceofpaper#1-3.Project(orhandout)theattached“Who
AmI–Image1”andaskstudentstowritedownwhotheythinkispictured.Repeatthesameinstructionswiththeattachedimages2and3.Finally,returntothefirstimageandaskstudentstosharetheirresponses,lettingstudentsknowthatthepersonpicturedisW.E.B.Dubois.AskstudentstosharewhattheyalreadyknowaboutW.E.BDuBoisandwhyheissignificanttoAfricanAmericanhistory.Teachersmaywanttoshareinformationsuchas:• WilliamEdwardBurghardtDuboiswasasociologist,author&civilrightsleader.BornonFebruary23,
1868inGreatBarrington,Massachusetts,heisconsideredoneofthemostinfluentialblackleadersofthefirsthalfofthe20thCentury.DuboiswasthefirstAfricanAmericantoreceiveaPh.D.fromHarvardUniversityin1896.Between1897and1914DuboisconductednumerousstudiesofblacksocietyinAmerica,publishing16researchpapers.Hebeganhisinvestigationsbelievingthatsocialsciencecouldprovideanswerstoraceproblems.Graduallyheconcludedthatinaclimateofvirulentracism,socialchangecouldonlybeaccomplishedbyagitationandprotest.By1903hehadlearnedenoughtostateinhisfamouswritingTheSoulsofBlackFolkthat"theproblemofthetwentiethcenturyistheproblemofthecolorline,"andhespenttheremainderofhislonglifetryingtobreakdownracialbarriers.DuboissharedinthefoundingoftheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeople(NAACP)in1909andservedasitsdirectorofresearchandeditorofitsmagazine,"Crisis,"until1934.(Foradditionalinformationtosharewithstudents,seehttp://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/w-e-b-du-bois.)
23. Next,returntoimage2andallowstudentstosharetheirguessesastowhoispictured,lettingthemknowthatthisisBookerT.Washington.
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• BookerTaliaferroWashington,bornonApril5,1856,wasanAmericaneducator,author,oratorandpoliticalleader.AlthoughhewasbornintoslaveryinsouthwestVirginia,heeventuallybecameadominantfigureintheAfricanAmericancommunityfrom1890to1915.Afterbeingemancipated,WashingtonworkedhiswaytoHamptonRoads,VAseekinganeducation.HeattendedHamptonUniversityHamptonNormalandAgriculturalInstitute(nowHamptonUniversity)andattendedcollegeatWaylandSeminary(nowVirginiaUnionUniversity).AfterreturningtoHamptonasateacher,in1881hewasnamedasthefirstleaderofthenewTuskegeeInstituteinAlabama.OftenspeakingonbehalfofblackslivingintheSouth,WashingtonreceivednationalprominenceforhisAtlantaAddressof1895,attractingtheattentionofpoliticiansandthepublicasapopularspokespersonforAfricanAmericancitizens.Washingtonbuiltanationwidenetworkofsupportersinmanyblackcommunities,withblackministers,educatorsandbusinessmencomposinghiscoresupporters.Washingtonplayedadominantroleinblackpolitics,winningwidesupportintheblackcommunityandamongmoreliberalwhites(especiallyrichNorthernwhites).Hegainedaccesstotopnationalleadersinpolitics,philanthropyandeducation.Washington'seffortsincludedcooperatingwithwhitepeopleandenlistingthesupportofwealthyphilanthropists,whichhelpedraisefundstoestablishandoperatethousandsofsmallcommunityschoolsandinstitutionsofhighereducationforthebettermentofblacksthroughouttheSouth,workwhichcontinuedformanyyearsafterhisdeath.Inadditiontothesubstantialcontributionsinthefieldofeducation,Dr.Washingtonwastheauthorof14books;hisautobiography,UpFromSlavery,firstpublishedin1901,isstillwidelyreadtoday.DuringadifficultperiodoftransitionfortheUnitedStates,hedidmuchtoimprovetheoverallfriendshipandworkingrelationshipbetweentheraces.Hisworkgreatlyhelpedblackstoachievehighereducation,financialpowerandunderstandingoftheU.S.legalsystem.ThisledtoafoundationoftheskillsetneededtosupporttheCivilRightsMovementofthe1960sandfurtheradoptionofimportantfederalcivilrightslaws.(Source:http://www.historycooperative.org/btw/index.html)
24. Returntoimage3,whomoststudentswerelikelyabletoidentifyasDr.MartinLutherKing,Jr.,andask
studentstosharewhattheyalreadyknowabouthim.• MartinLutherKing,Jr.(January15,1929–April4,1968)wasanAmericanclergyman,activist,and
prominentleaderintheAfricanAmericancivilrightsmovement.HeisbestknownforbeinganiconicfigureintheadvancementofcivilrightsintheUnitedStatesandaroundtheworld,usingnonviolentmethodsfollowingtheteachingsofMahatmaGandhi.KingisoftenpresentedasaheroicleaderinthehistoryofmodernAmericanliberalism.ABaptistminister,Kingbecameacivilrightsactivistearlyinhiscareer.Heledthe1955MontgomeryBusBoycottandhelpedfoundtheSouthernChristianLeadershipConferencein1957,servingasitsfirstpresident.King'seffortsledtothe1963MarchonWashington,whereKingdeliveredhis"IHaveaDream"speech.There,heexpandedAmericanvaluestoincludethevisionofacolorblindsociety,andestablishedhisreputationasoneofthegreatestoratorsinAmericanhistory.
In1964,KingbecametheyoungestpersontoreceivetheNobelPeacePrizeforhisworktoendracialsegregationandracialdiscriminationthroughcivildisobedienceandothernonviolentmeans.Bythetimeofhisdeathin1968,hehadrefocusedhiseffortsonendingpovertyandstoppingtheVietnamWar.KingwasassassinatedonApril4,1968,inMemphis,Tennessee.HewasposthumouslyawardedthePresidentialMedalofFreedomin1977andCongressionalGoldMedalin2004;MartinLutherKing,Jr.DaywasestablishedasaU.S.nationalholidayin1986.(Source:http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-bio.html)
25. Finally,askstudentsifanyofthemknowwhatthesethreeprominentAfricanAmericanleadershavein
common,lettingthemknowthatonesuchthingisthateachofthemvisitedDurham’sBlackWallStreetbasedonthesignificantaccomplishmentsbeingmadebyAfricanAmericans!Sharewithstudents:
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• “In1910,BookerT.WashingtoncametoDurhamandvisitedNCMutualLifeInsuranceaccompaniedbyCCSpaulding,AaronMcDuffieMooreandothersresponsiblefortheprogressinDurham.Washingtonwasimpressed,saying“ifblacksacrossthesouthwouldemulateblacksinDurham,theywouldbeontheirwaytoprosperityandeconomicsecurity.”Also,intheearly1900s,W.E.BDuBoiswroteabouthisvisittoDurhamsaying,‘ThereisasingulargroupinDurhamwhereablackmanmaygetupinthemorningfromamattressmadebyblackmen,inahousewhichablackmanbuiltoutoflumberwhichblackmencutandplaned;hemayputonasuitwhichheboughtatacoloredhaberdasheryandsocksknitatacoloredmill;hemaycookvictualsfromacoloredgroceryonastovewhichblackmenfashioned;hemayearnhislivingworkingforcoloredmen,besickinacoloredhospitalandburiedfromacoloredchurch;andtheNegroinsurancesocietywillpayhiswidowenoughtokeephischildreninacoloredschool.Thisissurelyprogress.’Duringthecivilrightsera,ReverendMartinLutherKing,Jr.,madefivepublicappearancesinDurham.ThemostdramaticwasonFebruary16,1960,asthesit-inmovementsweptacrosstheJimCrowSouth.AftervisitingtheDurhamWoolworth's,locatedonParrishStreet,whichhadcloseditslunchcounterafterdemonstrationsthepreviousweek,Kingaddressedastanding-room-onlycrowdof1,200peopleatWhiteRockBaptistChurch.OnApril4,1968,KingwasscheduledforavisittoDurham,butcancelledatthelastminute.Instead,thatday,hewasmurderedonamotelbalconyinMemphis.”(Source:http://www.durhamnc.gov/departments/eed/parrish/p_history_s2.cfm)
• LetstudentsknowthatanotherprominentpersonwhovisitedDurhamwasMalcolmX.Agiftedoratorandadvocateforpoliticalactiontoadvanceblackinterests,MalcolmXpokeinaDurhamlodgehallonApril18,1963.OriginallyscheduledatNorthCarolinaCentralUniversity,hisspeechwasmovedafteruniversityofficialsdeniedthecontroversialformerBlackMuslimpermissiontoappearoncampus.
Discuss:• WhydoyouthinksuchprominentAfricanAmericanswerevisitingDurhamovertheyears?(Discuss
withstudentshow“thethreesmallblocksthatmakeupParrishStreetwerethebirthplaceofanAfrican-AmericanfinancialinfrastructurethatnurturedtheblackmiddleclassintoexistenceandhelpedDurhambecomeaprosperouscityatthebeginningofthe20thcentury.”Source:http://www.indyweek.com/indyweek/honoring-the-past-facing-the-future/Content?oid=1200469)
BlackBusinessesinDurham26. Next,providestudentswiththeattachedreading“BlackbusinessesinDurham,”writtenbyDuBoisafter
hisvisittoDurham,aswellasthediscussionquestions.Inpartners,instructstudentstoreadthehandoutthendiscussthequestionsprovided.Oncestudentsarefinished,goovertheirthoughtsandanswersasaclass.RemindstudentsthatalmostacenturyafterDuBois'visitandwritings,twoofthemostsignificantfinancialinstitutionshenotedarestillthriving:N.C.MutualLifeandMechanicsandFarmersBank.
CulminatingActivity:HeritageDirectionsUrbanPlanningConsultingFirm27. Givestudentsthatattachedprojectassignmentandtellthemthattheyaretoimaginethattheyare
employeesoftheHeritageDirectionsUrbanPlanningConsultingFirm.Goovertheassignmentindetailwithstudents,explainingthatingroups,theywillberesponsiblefordevelopingarevitalizationplanforParrishStreet.StudentswillrelyonwhattheyhavelearnedaboutParrishStreet,aswellasconductadditionalresearch,tofindouthowtomakethisareaofdowntownDurhama“hot”destination,whilealsopreservingandcelebratingitsdiversehistory.Allowstudentstoaskanyquestionsandletthemknowwhentheprojectisdue.Teachersshouldalsodetermineandletstudentsknowhowmuchclasstimewillbeprovidedforcompletionoftheproject.Itisrecommendedthatstudentsbeabletopresenttheirproposalforrevitalizationtotheremainderofclassontheduedate.Aftereachgroup’spresentation,studentsshouldparticipateinafeedbacksessioninwhichtheyexplainwhattheylikedabouttheproposal
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andpresentation,aswellasshareanyquestionstheyhaveofthegroupandtheproposal.Afterallproposalshavebeenpresented,teacherscanhavetheclassvoteonwhichproposaltheyfeelisbest.
28. Afterstudentshavepresentedtheirrevitalizationproposal,teachersmaywanttosharesomeofDurham’sactualideasandplansforhowtobringnewlifetoParrishStreet.Detailedinformationcanbefoundat:http://www.durhamnc.gov/departments/eed/pdf/parrish_street.pdf
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Name:___________________________
WhatDoYouSee?
Source:http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/uploads/2009/02/3c29840v.jpg
1. Whatdoyoufirstnoticeaboutthisimage?Whatstrikesyouorcapturesyourattentionimmediately
andwhy?2. Whendoyouthinkthisphotomayhavebeentaken(notespecificyearsoratimeperiod)andwhat
evidencemakesyouthinkthis?3. Basedonwhatyousee,howwaslifedifferentatthetimeofthisphotothanitistoday?
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SegregatedWaterFountainshttps://unctv.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/128617016-civility-brutality/segregated-water-fountain-civility-brutality-the-20th-century-since-1945-civil-rights-the-new-millennium/#.WUALoTsw0U0
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Name:_____________________________
TheJimCrowEra
ThetermJimCroworiginatedinan1830ssongperformedbyawhiteminstrelshowactor,“DaddyRice.”InaracistportrayalofAfricanAmericans,Ricecoveredhisfacewithcharcoalpasteorburntcorktoresembleablackman,andthensanganddancedaroutineinstereotypicalcaricatureofablackperson.Bythe1900s,thenameJimCrowwasusedtoidentifyracistlawsandactionsinsouthernAmericathatdeprivedAfricanAmericansoftheircivilrights.Between1877andthemid-1960s,JimCrowlawswereineffectandrepresentedaseriesofrigidanti-Blackpoliciesandexpectations.JimCrowalsoreferredtoawayoflife.UnderJimCrowetiquetteexpectations,AfricanAmericanswereviewedandtreatedassecondclasscitizensandexperiencedcommondiscrimination.IntheJimCrowSouth,therewasacommonmisconceptionthatBlackswereintellectuallyandculturallyinferiortoWhites.JimCrowlawsandetiquetteonlyreinforcedtheseunfairbeliefsinthelegalsystem,whereBlackswereorderedtouseseparaterestrooms,waterfountains,restaurants,waitingrooms,parksandswimmingpools,libraries,hospitals,busseats,andevencemeteries.
ExamplesofJimCrow“Etiquette,”1870s-1960s:
a.ABlackmalecouldnotofferhishand(toshakehands)withaWhitemalebecauseitimpliedbeingsociallyequal.ABlackmalecouldnotofferhishandoranyotherpartofhisbodytoaWhitewoman,becauseheriskedbeingaccusedofrape.b.BlacksandWhiteswerenotsupposedtoeattogether.Iftheydideattogether,Whitesweretobeservedfirst,andsomesortofpartitionwastobeplacedbetweenthem.c.UndernocircumstancewasaBlackmaletooffertolightthecigaretteofaWhitefemale--thatgestureimpliedintimacy.d.Blackswerenotallowedtoshowpublicaffectiontowardoneanotherinpublic,especiallykissing,becauseitoffendedWhites.e.JimCrowetiquetteprescribedthatBlackswereintroducedtoWhites,neverWhitestoBlacks.Forexample:"Mr.Peters(theWhiteperson),thisisCharlie(theBlackperson),thatIspoketoyouabout."f.WhitesdidnotusecourtesytitlesofrespectwhenreferringtoBlacks,forexample,Mr.,Mrs.,Miss.,Sir,orMa'am.Instead,Blackswerecalledbytheirfirstnames.BlackshadtousecourtesytitleswhenreferringtoWhitesandwerenotallowedtocallthembytheirfirstnames.g.IfaBlackpersonrodeinacardrivenbyaWhiteperson,theBlackpersonsatinthebackseatorthebackofatruck.h.Whitemotoristshadtheright-of-wayatallintersections.
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OtherJimCrowRulesStetsonKennedy,theauthorofJimCrowGuide,offeredthesesimplerulesthatBlacksweresupposedtoobserveinconversingwithWhites:1.NeverassertorevenintimatethataWhitepersonislying.2.NeverimputedishonorableintentionstoaWhiteperson.3.NeversuggestthataWhitepersonisfromaninferiorclass.4.Neverlayclaimto,oroverlydemonstrate,superiorknowledgeorintelligence.5.NevercurseaWhiteperson.6.NeverlaughderisivelyataWhiteperson.7.NevercommentupontheappearanceofaWhitefemale.Source:FerrisStateUniversity-http://www.ferris.edu/news/jimcrow/what.htm(linknotworkingbuttrythisinsteadhttps://ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/pdfs-docs/origins/jimcrowlaws.pdforhttps://ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/origins.htm)
Thinkaboutit…
1. HowwereyoufeelingasyoureadthroughtheseetiquettesandrulesoftheJimCrowera?Why?2. Whichetiquette/ruledoyoufindmostdisturbing?Why?3. Howdoyouthinktheabovebehaviorsbecamethesocietal“norm”?Inotherwords,whydoyouthink
theywerecreated?4. Howdoyouthinktheserulesandexpectationsaffectedsociety(blackandwhite)?
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5. Iftheyearwere1900,howwouldyourlifebedifferentbasedontheaboverulesandexpectations?6. IfyouwerelivingduringtheJimCrowEra,whatchoiceswouldyouhavetomakeyourdispleasurewiththe
JimCrowwayoflifeknown?
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SamplingofJimCrowLaws–Set1AmateurBaseball
ItshallbeunlawfulforanyamateurwhitebaseballteamtoplaybaseballonanyvacantlotorbaseballdiamondwithintwoblocksofaplaygrounddevotedtotheNegrorace,anditshallbeunlawfulforanyamateurcoloredbaseballteamtoplaybaseballinanyvacantlotorbaseballdiamondwithintwoblocksofanyplaygrounddevotedtothewhiterace.(Georgia)
Barbers
Nocoloredbarbershallserveasabarber[to]whitewomenorgirls.(Georgia)Blindpersons
Theboardoftrusteesshall…maintainaseparatebuilding…onseparategroundfortheadmission,care,instruction,andsupportofallblindpersonsofthecoloredorblackrace.(Louisiana)
Burial
Theofficerinchargeshallnotbury,orallowtobeburied,anycoloredpersonsupongroundsetapartorusedfortheburialofwhitepersons.(Georgia)
ChildCustody
Itshallbeunlawfulforanyparent,relative,orotherwhitepersoninthisState,havingthecontrolorcustodyofanywhitechild,byrightofguardianship,naturaloracquired,orotherwise,todisposeof,giveorsurrendersuchwhitechildpermanentlyintothecustody,control,maintenance,orsupport,ofanegro.(SouthCarolina)
CircusTickets
Allcircuses,shows,andtentexhibitions,towhichtheattendanceof…morethanoneraceisinvitedorexpectedtoattendshallprovidefortheconvenienceofitspatronsnotlessthantwoticketofficeswithindividualticketsellers,andnotlessthantwoentrancestothesaidperformance,withindividualtickettakersandreceivers,andinthecaseofoutsideortentperformances,thesaidticketofficesshallnotbelessthantwenty-five(25)feetapart.(Louisiana)
Cohabitation
Anynegromanandwhitewoman,oranywhitemanandnegrowoman,whoarenotmarriedtoeachother,whoshallhabituallyliveinandoccupyinthenighttimethesameroomshalleachbepunishedbyimprisonmentnotexceedingtwelve(12)months,orbyfinenotexceedingfivehundred($500.00)dollars.(Florida)
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SamplingofJimCrowLaws–Set2Education
Theschoolsforwhitechildrenandtheschoolsfornegrochildrenshallbeconductedseparately.(Florida)Separateschoolsshallbemaintainedforthechildrenofthewhiteandcoloredraces.(Mississippi)SeparatefreeschoolsshallbeestablishedfortheeducationofchildrenofAfricandescent;anditshallbeunlawfulforanycoloredchildtoattendanywhiteschool,oranywhitechildtoattendacoloredschool.(Missouri)Separaterooms[shall]beprovidedfortheteachingofpupilsofAfricandescent,and[when]saidroomsaresoprovided,suchpupilsmaynotbeadmittedtotheschoolroomsoccupiedandusedbypupilsofCaucasianorotherdescent.(NewMexico)Anyinstructorwhoshallteachinanyschool,collegeorinstitutionwheremembersofthewhiteandcoloredracearereceivedandenrolledaspupilsforinstructionshallbedeemedguiltyofamisdemeanor,anduponconvictionthereof,shallbefinedinanysumnotlessthantendollars($10.00)normorethanfiftydollars($50.00)foreachoffense.(Oklahoma)[TheCountyBoardofEducation]shallprovideschoolsoftwokinds;thoseforwhitechildrenandthoseforcoloredchildren.(Texas)Booksshallnotbeinterchangeablebetweenthewhiteandcoloredschools,butshallcontinuetobeusedbytheracefirstusingthem.(NorthCarolina)
Fishing,Boating,andBathingThe[Conservation]Commissionshallhavetherighttomakesegregationofthewhiteandcoloredracesastotheexerciseofrightsoffishing,boatingandbathing.(Oklahoma)
HospitalEntrancesThereshallbemaintainedbythegoverningauthoritiesofeveryhospitalmaintainedbythestatefortreatmentofwhiteandcoloredpatientsseparateentrancesforwhiteandcoloredpatientsandvisitors,andsuchentrancesshallbeusedbytheraceonlyforwhichtheyareprepared.(Mississippi)
Housing
Anyperson…whoshallrentanypartofanysuchbuildingtoanegropersonoranegrofamilywhensuchbuildingisalreadyinwholeorinpartinoccupancybyawhitepersonorwhitefamily,orviceversawhenthebuildingisinoccupancybyanegropersonornegrofamily,shallbeguiltyofamisdemeanorandonconvictionthereofshallbepunishedbyafineofnotlessthantwenty-five($25.00)normorethanonehundred($100.00)dollarsorbeimprisonednotlessthan10,ormorethan60days,orbothsuchfineandimprisonmentinthediscretionofthecourt.(Louisiana)
SamplingofJimCrowLaws–Set3
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IntermarriageAllmarriagesofwhitepersonswithNegroes,Mulattos,Mongolians,orMalayahereaftercontractedintheStateofWyomingareandshallbeillegalandvoid.(Wyoming)Allmarriagesbetweenawhitepersonandanegro,orbetweenawhitepersonandapersonofnegrodescent,tothethirdgeneration,inclusive,orbetweenawhitepersonandamemberoftheMalayrace;orbetweenthenegroandamemberoftheMalayrace;orbetweenapersonofNegrodescent,tothethirdgeneration,inclusive,andamemberoftheMalayrace,areforeverprohibited,andshallbevoid.(Maryland)
ThemarriageofapersonofCaucasianbloodwithaNegro,Mongolian,Malay,orHindushallbenullandvoid.(Arizona)
Allmarriagesbetweenawhitepersonandanegro,orbetweenawhitepersonandapersonofnegrodescenttothefourthgenerationinclusive,areherebyforeverprohibited.(Florida)Itshallbeunlawfulforawhitepersontomarryanyoneexceptawhiteperson.Anymarriageinviolationofthissectionshallbevoid.(Georgia)
Allmarriagesbetween…whitepersonsandnegroesorwhitepersonsandMongolians…areprohibitedanddeclaredabsolutelyvoid…Nopersonhavingone-eighthpartormoreofnegrobloodshallbepermittedtomarryanywhiteperson,norshallanywhitepersonbepermittedtomarryanynegroorpersonhavingone-eighthpartormoreofnegroblood.(Missouri)Themarriageofawhitepersonwithanegroormulattoorpersonwhoshallhaveone-eighthormoreofnegroblood,shallbeunlawfulandvoid.(Mississippi)
JuvenileDelinquentsThereshallbeseparatebuildings,notnearerthanonefourthmiletoeachother,oneforwhiteboysandonefornegroboys.Whiteboysandnegroboysshallnot,inanymanner,beassociatedtogetherorworkedtogether.(Florida)
LibrariesThestatelibrarianisdirectedtofitupandmaintainaseparateplacefortheuseofthecoloredpeoplewhomaycometothelibraryforthepurposeofreadingbooksorperiodicals.(NorthCarolina)Anywhitepersonofsuchcountymayusethecountyfreelibraryundertherulesandregulationsprescribedbythecommissionerscourtandmaybeentitledtoalltheprivilegesthereof.Saidcourtshallmakeproperprovisionforthenegroesofsaidcountytobeservedthroughaseparatebranchorbranchesofthecountyfreelibrary,whichshallbeadministeredby[a]custodianofthenegroraceunderthesupervisionofthecountylibrarian.(Texas)
MentalHospitalsTheBoardofControlshallseethatproperanddistinctapartmentsarearrangedforsaidpatients,sothatinnocaseshallNegroesandwhitepersonsbetogether.(Georgia)MilitiaThewhiteandcoloredmilitiashallbeseparatelyenrolled,andshallneverbecompelledtoserveinthesameorganization.Noorganizationofcoloredtroopsshallbepermittedwherewhitetroopsareavailable,andwherepermittedtobeorganized,coloredtroopsshallbeunderthecommandofwhiteofficers.(NorthCarolina)SamplingofJimCrowLaws–Set4
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Mining
Thebathsandlockersforthenegroesshallbeseparatefromthewhiterace,butmaybeinthesamebuilding.(Oklahoma)
Nurses
Nopersonorcorporationshallrequireanywhitefemalenursetonurseinwardsorroomsinhospitals,eitherpublicorprivate,inwhichnegromenareplaced.(Alabama)
Parks
Itshallbeunlawfulforcoloredpeopletofrequentanyparkownedormaintainedbythecityforthebenefit,useandenjoymentofwhitepersons…andunlawfulforanywhitepersontofrequentanyparkownedormaintainedbythecityfortheuseandbenefitofcoloredpersons.(Georgia)
PoolandBilliardRooms
Itshallbeunlawfulforanegroandwhitepersontoplaytogetherorincompanywitheachotheratanygameofpoolorbilliards.(Alabama)
Prisons
Thewardenshallseethatthewhiteconvictsshallhaveseparateapartmentsforbotheatingandsleepingfromthenegroconvicts.(Mississippi)
PromotionofEquality
Anyperson…whoshallbeguiltyofprinting,publishingorcirculatingprinted,typewrittenorwrittenmatterurgingorpresentingforpublicacceptanceorgeneralinformation,argumentsorsuggestionsinfavorofsocialequalityorofintermarriagebetweenwhitesandnegroes,shallbeguiltyofamisdemeanorandsubjecttofineornotexceedingfivehundred(500.00)dollarsorimprisonmentnotexceedingsix(6)monthsorboth.(Mississippi)
Railroads
Theconductorofeachpassengertrainisauthorizedandrequiredtoassigneachpassengertothecarorthedivisionofthecar,whenitisdividedbyapartition,designatedfortheracetowhichsuchpassengerbelongs.(Alabama)Allrailroadcompaniesandcorporations,andallpersonsrunningoroperatingcarsorcoachesbysteamonanyrailroadlineortrackintheStateofMaryland,forthetransportationofpassengers,areherebyrequiredtoprovideseparatecarsorcoachesforthetravelandtransportationofthewhiteandcoloredpassengers.(Maryland)Theconductorsormanagersonallsuchrailroadsshallhavepower,andareherebyrequired,toassigntoeachwhiteorcoloredpassengerhisorherrespectivecar,coachorcompartment.Ifthepassengerfailstodisclosehisrace,theconductorandmanagers,actingingoodfaith,shallbethesolejudgesofhisrace.(Virginia)
ReformSchools
Thechildrenofwhiteandcoloredracescommittedtothehousesofreformshallbekeptentirelyseparatefromeachother.(Kentucky)
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SamplingofJimCrowLaws–Set5Restaurants
Itshallbeunlawfultoconductarestaurantorotherplacefortheservingoffoodinthecity,atwhichwhiteandcoloredpeopleareservedinthesameroom,unlesssuchwhiteandcoloredpersonsareeffectuallyseparatedbyasolidpartitionextendingfromthefloorupwardtoadistanceofsevenfeetorhigher,andunlessaseparateentrancefromthestreetisprovidedforeachcompartment.(Alabama)Allpersonslicensedtoconductarestaurant,shallserveeitherwhitepeopleexclusivelyorcoloredpeopleexclusivelyandshallnotselltothetworaceswithinthesameroomorservethetworacesanywhereunderthesamelicense.(Georgia)Nopersons,firms,orcorporations,whoorwhichfurnishmealstopassengersatstationrestaurantsorstationeatinghouses,intimeslimitedbycommoncarriersofsaidpassengers,shallfurnishsaidmealstowhiteandcoloredpassengersinthesameroom,oratthesametable,oratthesamecounter.(SouthCarolina)
TelephoneBooths
TheCorporationCommissionisherebyvestedwithpowerandauthoritytorequiretelephonecompanies…tomaintainseparateboothsforwhiteandcoloredpatronswhenthereisademandforsuchseparatebooths.ThattheCorporationCommissionshalldeterminethenecessityforsaidseparateboothsonlyuponcomplaintofthepeopleinthetownandvicinitytobeservedafterduehearingasnowprovidedbylawinothercomplaintsfiledwiththeCorporationCommission.(Oklahoma)
Theaters
Everyperson…operating…anypublichall,theatre,operahouse,motionpictureshoworanyplaceofpublicentertainmentorpublicassemblagewhichisattendedbybothwhiteandcoloredpersons,shallseparatethewhiteraceandthecoloredraceandshallsetapartanddesignate…certainseatsthereintobeoccupiedbywhitepersonsandaportionthereof,orcertainseatstherein,tobeoccupiedbycoloredpersons.(Virginia)
ToiletFacilities
Everyemployerofwhiteornegromalesshallprovideforsuchwhiteornegromalesreasonablyaccessibleandseparatetoiletfacilities.(Alabama)
Transportation
The…UtilitiesCommission…isempoweredanddirectedtorequiretheestablishmentofseparatewaitingroomsatallstationsforthewhiteandcoloredraces.(NorthCarolina)Allpassengerstationsinthisstateoperatedbyanymotortransportationcompanyshallhaveseparatewaitingroomsorspaceandseparateticketwindowsforthewhiteandcoloredraces.(Alabama)
WineandBeer
Allpersonslicensedtoconductthebusinessofsellingbeerorwine…shallserveeitherwhitepeopleexclusivelyorcoloredpeopleexclusivelyandshallnotselltothetworaceswithinthesameroomatanytime.(Georgia)
Source:http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-newcentury/5103Name:____________________________JimCrowEvaluationSheet
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YouhavebeenprovidedacopyofactuallawsthatweresetduringwhatisknownastheJimCrowera,1870s-1960s.Carefullyreadthroughthelawsamplesyouhavebeengiven,andanswerthefollowingquestions.Youwillberesponsibleforsummarizingtheselawsforyourgroupmembers.
1.WhattypesofthingsweremadeillegalundertheJimCrowlawsyoureviewed?2.HowdoyouthinktheselawsaffectedthelivesofAfricanAmericans?Ofwhites?3.Whichlawdoyouthinkismostunfairandwhy?4.Howwouldyoupersonallybeaffectedbythislawifitwerelegaltoday?---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Name:____________________________JimCrowEvaluationSheetYouhavebeenprovidedacopyofactuallawsthatweresetduringwhatisknownastheJimCrowera,1870s-1960s.Carefullyreadthroughthelawsamplesyouhavebeengiven,andanswerthefollowingquestions.Youwillberesponsibleforsummarizingtheselawsforyourgroupmembers.
1.WhattypesofthingsweremadeillegalundertheJimCrowlawsyoureviewed?2.HowdoyouthinktheselawsaffectedthelivesofAfricanAmericans?Ofwhites?3.Whichlawdoyouthinkismostunfairandwhy?4.Howwouldyoupersonallybeaffectedbythislawifitwerelegaltoday?
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SuccessforBlackEntrepreneursinDurham,NCIntheearlytwentiethcentury,ParrishStreetinDurham,NorthCarolina,wasthehubofAfricanAmericanbusinessactivity.Thisfour-blockdistrictwasknownas“BlackWallStreet,”areferencetothedistrictofNewYorkCitythatishometotheNewYorkStockExchangeandthenation’sgreatfinancialfirms.Althoughothercitieshadsimilardistricts,Durham’swasoneofthemostvital,andwasnationallyknown.ParrishStreetborderedtheHayticommunity,Durham’smainAfricanAmericanresidentialdistrict,andthetwodistrictstogetherservedasthecenterofblacklifeinDurham.ElsewhereinNorthCarolina,inthedepthsoftheJimCrowera,racerelationswereasbadastheyeverhadbeen.ButDurham’sblackbusinessmenthrivedwiththetolerance,ifnottheactivesupport,oftheirwhitecounterparts.TheNCMutualLifeInsuranceCompanyOnthefirstofApril1899,theNorthCarolinaMutualLifeInsuranceCompanyopenedforbusinessat114-116WestParrishStreet.Thefirstmonth’scollections,afterthepaymentofcommissions,amountedonlyto$1.12,butfromsuchbeginningsNorthCarolinaMutualgrewtobethelargestAfricanAmericanmanagedfinancialinstitutionintheUnitedStates.
Durhamatthebeginningofthetwentiethcenturywasfertilegroundforthegrowthofsuchanenterprise.Forcedoutofpoliticsbythesuccessful“WhiteSupremacy”politicalcampaignof1898,Durham’sAfricanAmericanleadersturnedtheirtalentstothebusinessworldinstead.TheAfricanAmericancommunityofDurhamwasrelativelyprosperousandenjoyedbetterrelationswithitswhitecounterpartthanprevailedinmanyothercommunitiesinthestate.Theideaofaninsurancecompany,moreover,fitinnaturallywithatraditionamongAfricanAmericansofself-help,mutualaidsocietiesorfraternities.JohnMerrick,bornintoslaveryin1859,hadbecomebythelate1890sabusinesssuccessinDurham.Ownerofhalfadozenbarbershopsandarealestatebusiness,MerrickwasalsoamemberoftheGrandUnitedOrderofTrueReformers,amutualbenefitsocietyorganizedinRichmondin1881whichhadexpandedintoinsuranceandbanking.In1898MerrickbroughttogethersixofDurham’sleadingblackbusinessandprofessionalmenandorganizedNorthCarolinaMutual.GuidedbyJohnMerrick,Dr.AaronM.Moore,andCharlesClintonSpaulding,“TheCompanywithaSoulandaService”survivedthehardshipofitsfirstyearstoachievesuccessandhelpmakeDurham’sreputationasacenterofAfricanAmericaneconomiclife.Thecompanywasreorganizedin1900andCharlesC.Spauldingwasnamedgeneralmanager,underwhosedirectionthecompanygrewandachievednationalprominence.
Sinceitsbeginningin1898,NorthCarolinaMutualLifeInsuranceCompanyhasgrowntobecomeoneofthenation'smostwidely-knownandsuccessfulbusinessinstitutions.ItistheonlyinsurancecompanylocatedinNorthCarolinawithacharterdatedbefore1900.Withover$7.7billiondollarsofinsuranceinforce,NorthCarolinaMutualistheoldestandlargestAfricanAmericanlifeinsurancecompanyintheUnitedStates.
Mechanics&FarmersBankandtheBullCityDrugStoreTheNorthCarolinaMutualLifeInsuranceCompanywassoonjoinedbytheMechanicsandFarmersBank,foundedbynineprominentbusinessmenheadedbyR.B.Fitzgerald.MechanicsandFarmersopenedforbusinessin1908andstilloperatingtoday,thebankholdsthedistinctionofbeingthefirstlendinginstitutioninNorthCarolinatoreceiveaCertificateofAuthorityfromtheFederalHousingAdministration(1935).Thebank’sheadquarterswaslocatedat112WestParrishStreet.Between1922and1999andthemainofficeofthebankwaslocatedinthesix-storybuildinglocatedat116W.ParrishStreet.Today,M&FBankhasassetsofapproximately$259millionanditsheadquartersisonChapelHillBoulevard,however,thebankcontinuestomaintainitsdowntownbranchonParrishStreet.Inthesamebuildingasthebank’sheadquarters(112WestParrishStreet),theBullCityDrugCompanyopenedin1908.Duringthistime,therewerenocentrallylocateddrugstoresfortheAfricanAmericancommunityinDurham.Toincreasehealthcareaccessibility,Dr.AaronM.MooreandfiveothermenfoundedtheBullCity
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DrugCompany.AfterthefirstBullCityDrugstoreopenedontheNorthCarolinaMutualBlock,asecondstorelateropenedinHayti,theAfricanAmericanneighborhoodinDurham.ProminentNationalVisitorsIn1910,BookerT.WashingtoncametoDurhamandvisitedNCMutualLifeInsuranceaccompaniedbyCCSpaulding,AaronMcDuffieMooreandothersresponsiblefortheprogressinDurham.Washingtonwasimpressed,saying“ifblacksacrossthesouthwouldemulateblacksinDurham,theywouldbeontheirwaytoprosperityandeconomicsecurity.”Intheearly1900s,W.E.BDuBoisalsovisitedandwroteaboutDurhamsaying,“ThereisasingulargroupinDurhamwhereablackmanmaygetupinthemorningfromamattressmadebyblackmen,inahousewhichablackmanbuiltoutoflumberwhichblackmencutandplaned;hemayputonasuitwhichheboughtatacoloredhaberdasheryandsocksknitatacoloredmill;hemaycookvictualsfromacoloredgroceryonastovewhichblackmenfashioned;hemayearnhislivingworkingforcoloredmen,besickinacoloredhospitalandburiedfromacoloredchurch;andtheNegroinsurancesocietywillpayhiswidowenoughtokeephischildreninacoloredschool.Thisissurelyprogress.”ParrishStreetTodayThesuccessofthesebusinessesgaveDurhamanationalreputationasthe“CapitaloftheBlackMiddleClass.”TheirlegacycontinuesinmanyimportantDurhaminstitutionsstilltoday.AndtheentrepreneurialspiritoftheBlackWallStreetpioneersisinspiringawholenewgenerationofbusinessownersonParrishStreet.respectively,andpraisedblackentrepreneurshipandthetoleranceofwhites.Inthe1960s,urbanrenewalwipedoutmuchofHaytiandDurham’sblackbusinesscommunity.However,acrossthecountry,downtownsaregettingasecondlife.Durham’sdowntown,onceneglectedforsuburbansprawl,isquicklybecomingthecity’shottestdestination.Tobaccowarehouseshavebeentransformedintoloftsandcondosbustlingwithresidents.Frominternationalcompaniestomom-and-popshops,upscalerestaurantsandartgalleriestoTripleAbaseballandworld-classfestivals,downtownDurhamisthriving.HistoricParrishStreetisrightattheheartofthisrevitalization.Butthat’sonlypartofwhatattractsbusinessestolocatehere.Durham’sdowntownisoneofakind,withanattitudeandahistoryallitsown.ThestoryofBlackWallStreet–peopleworkingtogethertoachievesuccessinthefaceofadversity–isinspiring.Andthelegacyofprosperityisonethatcanmakeanybusinessownerproud.It’sthecombinationofastoriedpastandabrightfuturethatmakeHistoricParrishStreettheidealplaceforprofessionalservices,retailestablishments,restaurantsandotherbusinessestoflourish–together.TheParrishStreetProjectwasrecentlyformedasaninitiativeoftheCityofDurhamtocommemoratethehistoryofDurham'sBlackWallStreetandspureconomicrevitalizationalongacentraldowntowncorridor.TheCityofDurham'sOfficeofEconomicandWorkforceDevelopment(OEWD)wastherecipientofaplanninggrantfromtheUnitedStatesDepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment.ThismoneysupportedthebeginningsofaParrishStreetrevitalizationandhistoriccommemorationprojectandlaygroundworkforParrishStreet'sfutureasaneducationalandexcitingdestination.Sources:http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-newcentury/6001(SourceLinknotworking);;http://www.durhamnc.gov/departments/eed/parrish/p_history_s1.cfm(sourcelinknotworking)
http://legacy.soulofamerica.com/durham-raleigh-black-wall-street.phtml http://www.northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/390/entry
ThinkAboutIt1. Whatcanbedifficultaboutstartinganewbusiness?Whatrisksmaybeinvolved?2. WhatadditionaldifficultiesandrisksfacedblackentrepreneurssuchasJohnMerrick,Dr.AaronM.Moore,
CharlesClintonSpaulding,andR.B.Fitzgerald?
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3. Consideringwhatyou’velearnedabouttheJimCrowera,andtakingintoaccountthedifficultiesanyentrepreneurmightface,whyistheformationandsuccessofDurham’s“BlackWallStreet”evenmoresignificant?
4. Whoshouldlearnaboutthispowerfulhistoryandwhy?Whyisthisimportant?
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Name:_____________________________ParrishStreetScavengerHunt
1. Selectboththe1884and1913Sanbornmap.Movethetransparencybarunderthe1913mapbackandforthsothatyoucancomparethetwomaps.Whatisonemajordifferenceyounote?
2. WhichbuildingonParrishStreetisoneofonlythreeNationalHistoriclandmarksinDurham?3. Whattypesofbusinesseswerelocatedat206WestParrishStreetintheearly1900s?4. Whatyearwas104WestParrishStreetbuilt?5. WherewastheBullCityDrugStorelocated?6. WhofoundedtheBullCityDrugStoreandwhy?7. WhatwasthenameofNCMutual’smonthlynewsletter?8. WhowerefourprominentAfricanAmericaswhovisitedDurhamatsomepointbetween1910-
1963?9. Findthebell.Whatdoesthisartinstallationrepresent?10. InwhatwaysdidNCMutualexhibitthistheme?11. WhatconnectiondidParrishStreethavetothetobaccoindustry?12. Createyourownscavengerhuntquestionforthiswebsitetoposetotheremainderoftheclass:
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ParrishStreetScavengerHunt–AnswerKey1. Selectboththe1884and1913Sanbornmap.Movethetransparencybarunderthe1913map
backandforthsothatyoucancomparethetwomaps.Whatisonemajordifferenceyounote?Answerswillvary,butwilllikelynotetheamountofgrowththattookplaceinDurham.
2. WhichbuildingonParrishStreetisoneofonlythreeNationalHistoriclandmarksinDurham?114-116ParrishStreet,whichwasthefirstlocationofNCMutual
3. Whattypesofbusinesseswerelocatedat206WestParrishStreetintheearly1900s?Physician,attorney,dentist,barber
4. Whatyearwas104WestParrishStreetbuilt?1908
5. WherewastheBullCityDrugStorelocated?104WestParrishStreet
6. WhofoundedtheBullCityDrugStoreandwhy?CharlesMoore;toincreasehealthcareaccessibilitysincetherewerenodrugstoresintheAfricanAmericancommunity
7. WhatwasthenameofNCMutual’smonthlynewsletter?TheWhetstone
8. WhowerefourprominentAfricanAmericaswhovisitedDurhamatsomepointbetween1910-1963?Dr.MartinLutherKing,Jr.;W.E.B.DuBois;MalcolmX;BookerT.Washington
9. Findthebell.Whatdoesthisartinstallationrepresent?“Alegacyofcommunityandinstitutionalconnections”
10. InwhatwaysdidNCMutualexhibitthistheme?Itsleadersfoundedandformedpartnershipswithotherlocalinstitutionstoreachouttoasmanypeopleaspossible,creatingabondbetweenapowerfulbusinessandplacesofworshipandeducation.
11. WhatconnectiondidParrishStreethavetothetobaccoindustry?ItwasnamedfortobaccotycoonE.J.Parrishandhisfather.ParrishStreetwasalsothesiteofhisexpansive1879warehouse.EarlytobaccoentrepreneursParrish,JamesB.Duke,JulianCarr,JohnGreen,andW.T.BlackwelltransformedDurham’sbusinesslandscape.
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Name:_____________________
NorthCarolinaMutualLifeInsuranceCompany-ACommitmenttoService
“Sinceitsbeginningin1898,NorthCarolinaMutualLifeInsuranceCompanyhasgrowntobecomeoneofthenation'smostwidely-knownandsuccessfulbusinessinstitutions.ItistheonlyinsurancecompanylocatedinNorthCarolinawithacharterdatedbefore1900andNorthCarolinaMutualremainstheoldestandlargestAfricanAmericanlifeinsurancecompanyintheUnitedStates.”OnOctober20,1898,sevenAfricanAmericanmenmetintheofficeofDr.AaronM.MooretoplanandorganizeNCMutualLifeInsuranceCompany.Thefounders,alsoincludingJohnMerrickandCharlesClintonSpaulding,weremenwhowereactiveinbusiness,educational,medicalandciviclifeoftheDurhamcommunity.Duringtheirplanningstages,thegroupknewthatapprovalfromtheNCGeneralAssemblywouldbenecessarybeforetheircompanycouldbecomeareality.Thegoverningbodyofthestatehadtorecognizethecompanyandissueanofficiallegalcharter.Forthis,thegroupreliedonT.O.Fuller,ablacksenatorinNorthCarolina’sGeneralAssembly,topresenttheircharterandencourageapprovalfromthestate’slegislators.FullerhadtoworkhardtokeepthebillaliveasitwaspassedfromonecommitteetoanotherwithintheGeneralAssembly,butfinally,onFebruary29,1899,theNorthCarolinaMutual’scharterwasapproved.Withanoriginalmottoof“MercifultoAll,”laterchangedto“TheCompanywithaSoulandaService,”NCMutualhasalwaysbeena“catalystforminority,socialandeconomicdevelopment.Racialself-helpandupliftaretraditionsoftheCompanydatingbacktoitsfounding.”Theoriginalcharteritselfnotedthattheobjectiveofthecompanywouldbetoproviderelieftowidowsandorphans,aidthosewhoweresickandthevictimsofaccidents,aswellasprovideburialforthedead.Infact,aportionofthecompany’sproceedswereturnedovertotheOxfordOrphanage,locatedinOxford,NC,toaidincaringforabandonedchildren.NCMutualofficiallyopenedforbusinessonApril1,1899.Thecompanywasreorganizedin1900andCharlesC.SpauldingwasnamedGeneralManager,underwhosedirectionthecompanygrewandachievednationalprominence.TheCompanyhashadninepresidentsinitshistory:JohnMerrick,Dr.AaronM.Moore,CharlesC.Spaulding,WilliamJ.KennedyJr.,AsaT.Spaulding,J.W.Goodloe,WilliamJ.KennedyIII,BertCollinsandJamesH.SpeedJr.,whoassumedofficeJanuary1,2004.“Withasenseofcorporatesocialconsciousnessandresponsibilitythroughoutitshistory,theCompanyformulateditsconceptoftheDouble-DutyDollar.Modeledafterpopularmutualbenefitsocietiestheconceptwasbasedonthepremisethatincomefrominsurancesalescouldbechanneledbackintothecommunity.Overtheyears,theCompanyhashadprogramstobuildstrongblackfamiliesandcommunitiesthroughjobs,investments,loans,contributionsandsupportofsocialprograms.”FoundersandEarlyBuilders(fromwww.ncmutuallife.com)
• JohnMerrick-thefirstdreamerandleader.Aformerslave,wholearnedtoreadandwriteinaReconstructionSchool.HelaterbecameabrickmasoninRaleigh,NorthCarolinaandlearnedthebarbertradeduringalullinconstruction.Subsequently,hemovedtoDurhamowningseveralbarbershops,someofwhichcateredtowealthywhitemen.HewasinvolvedinrealestateandtheRoyalKnightsofKingDavid,afraternalbenefitsociety.Itwasthere,Merrickgotthenotionoflifeinsurancefromtheverypopularmutualbenefitsocietiesdevelopinginthesouth.Aseedhadbeenplanted.MerrickwasbornonSeptember7,1859anddiedAugust6,1919.
• Dr.AaronMcDuffieMoore-Ahumanitarian.BornSeptember6,1863offreeparents.HetaughthighschoolforseveralyearsandattendedmedicalschoolatShawUniversity'sLeonardMedicalSchool.HewasthefirstBlackpersontopracticemedicineinthecityofDurham.Dr.MoorewastheCompany's
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firsttreasurerandwieldedwideinfluenceinthecity.Hewasinstrumentalinstartingotherenterprisessuchasadrugcompany,LincolnHospitalandalibrary.HebecamepresidentoftheCompanyfollowingMerrick'sdeathin1919.HedevotedfulltimetoworkingforNorthCarolinaMutualuntilhisdeathin1923.
• CharlesClintonSpaulding-Thebuilder.BorninColumbusCounty,NorthCarolina,August1,1874.HecametoDurhamatagetwentyandattendedhighschoolgraduatingin1898.Hebeganhiscareerasapart-timeagentwiththeCompanyandwentontobecomegeneralmanagerinlessthanayear.Spauldingservedinvariouscapacities,i.e.,asagent,clerk,janitorandgeneralmanager.Hewasnamedpresidentin1923,aposthehelduntilhisdeathin1952.Inadditiontohiscareerinlifeinsurance,hewaswidelyrespected.Mr.SpauldingservedonHowardUniversity'sboardoftrusteesfrom1936untilhisdeathin1952
Sources:Allquotationswithinthisarticlearefromthewebsitehttp://www.ncmutuallife.com/newsite/pages/about.html.“TheEndofanEra,”byDorothyPhelpsJones,wasalsousedasareferenceforfurtherinformation(sourcelinknotworking).Fordiscussion:1. WhydoesthefactthatNCMutualwasfoundedin1898byAfricanAmericansmakeitsprosperityeven
moreofasuccessstory?
2. InwhatwayshasNCMutualexhibitedacommitmenttoservice?
3. Whatismeantbytheconcept“DoubleDutyDollar?”Doyouthinksuchaconceptisaneffectivebusinessdecision?Whyorwhynot?
4. WhydoyouthinkNCMutual’sfoundersfeltacommitmenttoserviceshouldbepartofthecompany’scharterandwork?
5. Howdoesthisconceptdifferfromyourtypicalimpressionofaninsurancecompany?
6. WhydoyouthinkNCMutualhasbeensosuccessfulthroughouttheyears?
7. Whatchallengesdidthefounders(Merrick,Moore,andSpaulding)eachfaceandovercome?8. Ofthesethreemen,whomostinspiresyouandwhy?
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WhoAmI?-Image1
Source:LibraryofCongressPrintsandPhotographsDivision,Photographer:CorneliusMarionBattey.Retrievedfrom:http://thelouvertureproject.org/index.php?title=File:WEB_DuBois_1918.jpg
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WhoAmI?–Image2
Source:Googleimages
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WhoAmI?-Image3
Source:https://durhamcountylibrary.org/exhibits/dcrhp/images/cr049.jpg
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BlackBusinessesinDurham
Excerptfrom"TheUpbuildingofBlackDurham:TheSuccessoftheNegroesandtheirValuetoaTolerantandHelpfulSouthernCity,"byW.E.B.DuBois,inWorld'sWorkvol.23(Jan.1912).
Durham,N.C.,isaplacewhichtheworldinstinctivelyassociateswithtobacco...Itis,however,becauseofanotheraspectofitslifethatthisarticleiswritten:namely,itssolutionoftheraceproblem.Thereisinthissmallcityagroupoffivethousandormorecoloredpeople,whosesocialandeconomicdevelopmentisperhapsmorestrikingthanthatofanysimilargroupinthenation.
TheNegroesofDurhamCountypaytaxesonaboutahalfmilliondollars’worthofpropertyoranaverageofnearly$500afamily,andthispropertyhasmorethandoubledinvalueinthelasttenyears.…
Inallcoloredgroupsonemaynoticesomethingofthiscooperationinchurch,school,andgrocerystore.ButinDurham,thedevelopmenthassurpassedmostothergroupsandbecomeofeconomicimportancetothewholetown.
Thereare,forinstance,amongthecoloredpeopleofthetownfifteengrocerystores,eightbarbershops,sevenmeatandfishdealers,twodrugstores,ashoestore,ahaberdashery,andanundertakingestablishment.Thesestorescarrystocksaveraging(saveinthecaseofthesmallergroceries)from$2,000to$8,000invalue.
Thisdiffersonlyindegreefromanumberoftowns;butblackDurhamhasinadditiontothisdevelopedfivemanufacturingestablishmentswhichturnoutmattresses,hosiery,brick,ironarticles,anddressedlumber.Theseenterprisesrepresentaninvestmentofmorethan$50,000.Beyondthisthecoloredpeoplehaveanumberoffinancialenterprisesamongwhichareabuildingandloanassociation,arealestatecompany,abank,andthreeindustrialinsurancecompanies.Thecooperativebondsofthegrouparecompletedinsociallinesbyacoupleofdozenprofessionalmen,twentyschoolteachers,andtwentychurches.…
ThefirstthingIsawinblackDurhamwasitsnewtrainingschool—fourneatwhitebuildingssuddenlysetonthesidesofaravine,whereasummerChautauquaforcoloredteacherswasbeingheld.Thewholethinghadbeenbuiltinfourmonthsbycoloredcontractorsafterplansmadebyacoloredarchitect,outoflumberfromthecoloredmillandironworklargelyfromthecoloredfoundry.Thoseofitstwohundredandfiftystudentswhoboardedattheschool,sleptonmattressesfromthecoloredfactoryandlistenedtocoloredinstructorsfromNewYork,Florida,Georgia,Virginia,Pennsylvania,NewJersey,andNorthCarolina.Allthiswasthepartiallyrealizeddreamofonecoloredman,JamesE.Shepard.HeformerlyworkedassecretaryforagreatChristianorganization,butdissatisfiedatapeculiarlyun-Christiandrawingofthecolorline,hedeterminedtoerectatDurhamakindoftrainingschoolforministersandsocialworkerswhichwouldbe“different.”
Onemorningtherecameouttotheschoolasharp-eyedbrownmanofthirty,C.C.Spaulding,whomanagesthelargestNegroindustrialinsurancecompanyintheworld.Athisownexpensehetookthewholeschooltotownincarriagesto“showthemwhatcoloredpeopleweredoinginDurham.”
Naturallyhetookthemfirsttothehomeofhiscompany—“TheNorthCarolinaMutualandProvidentAssociation,”aninstitutionwhichisnowtwelveyearsold.OnehasarighttoviewindustrialinsurancewithsomesuspicionandtheInsuranceCommissionerofSouthCarolinamadelastyearafifteendaysthoroughexaminationofthisenterprise.Thenhewrote:“Icannotbutfeelthatifallothercompaniesareputonthesamebasisasyours,thatitwillmeanagreatdealtoindustrialinsuranceinNorthandSouthCarolina,andespeciallyagreatbenefittotheNegrorace.”
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Thecompany’sbusinesshasincreasedfromlessthanathousanddollarsin1899toanincomeofaquarterofamillionin1910.Ithas200,000members,haspaidahalfmilliondollarsinbenefits,andownsitsofficebuildingsinthreecities.…
TheDurhamofficebuildingofthiscompanyisneatandlight.Downstairsintherentedportionwevisitedthemen’sfurnishingstorewhichseemedabusiness-likeestablishmentandcarriedaconsiderablestockofgoods.Theshoestorewasnewerandlookedmoreexperimental;thedrugstorewassmallandpretty.
Fromherewewenttothehosierymillandtheplaningmill.Thehosierymillwastomeofsingularinterest.ThreeyearsagoImetthemanager,C.C.Amey.Hewasthenteachingschool,buthehadmuchunsatisfiedmechanicalgenius.ThewhitehosierymillsinDurhamweresucceedingandoneofthememployedcoloredhands.Ameyaskedforpermissionheretolearntomanagetheintricatemachines,butwasrefused.Finally,however,themanufacturersofthemachinestoldhimthattheywouldteachhimifhecametoPhiladelphia.Hewentandlearned.Acompanywasformedandthirteenknittingandribbingmachinesatseventydollarsapiecewereinstalled,withacapacityofsixtydozenmen’ssocksaday.Atpresentthesalesarerapidandsatisfactory,andalreadymachinesareorderedtodoublethepresentoutput;adyeingdepartmentandfactorybuildingareplannedforthenearfuture.
Thebrickyardandplaningmillarepartofthegeneraleconomicorganizationofthetown.R.B.Fitzgerald,aNorthern-bornNegro,haslongfurnishedbrickforalargeportionofthestateandcanturnout30,000bricksaday.
TofinancetheseNegrobusinesses,whicharesaidtohandleamillionandahalfdollarsayear,asmallbankinginstitutionhasbeenstarted.The“Mechanics’andFarmers’Bank”lookssmallandexperimentalandowesitsexistencetoratherlenientbankinglaws.Ithasapaid-incapitalof$11,000andithas$17,000depositedby500differentpersons.…
ThreemenbegantheeconomicbuildingofblackDurham:aministerwithcollegetraining,aphysicianwithprofessionaltraining,andabarberwhosavedhismoney.Thesethreecalledtotheiraidabrighthustlingyounggraduateofthepublicschools,andwiththesefour,representingvision,knowledge,thrift,andefficiency,thedevelopmentbegan.Thecollegemanplannedtheinsurancesociety,butittooktheyounghustlertoputitthrough.Thebarberputhissavingsintotheyoungbusinessman’shands,thephysiciangavehistimeandgeneralintelligence.Othersweredrawnin—thebrickmaker,severalteachers,afewcollege-bredmen,andanumberofmechanics.Asthegroupbegantomakemoney,itexpandedandreachedout.Noneofthemenarerich—therichesthasanincomeofabout$25,000ayearfrombusinessinvestmentsandeightytenements;theothersoftheinnergrouparemakingfrom$5,000to$15,000—averymodestrewardassuchrewardsgoinAmerica.
Quiteanumberofthecoloredpeoplehavebuiltthemselvesprettyandwell-equippedhomes—perhapsfourteenofthesehomescostfrom$2,500to$10,000;theyarerebuildingtheirchurchesonascalealmostluxurious,andtheyaredeeplyinterestedintheirnewtrainingschool.Thereisnoevidenceofluxury—ahorseandcarriage,andthesendingofchildrenofftoschoolisalmosttheonlysignofmorethanordinaryexpenditure.
If,now,wewereconsideringasinglegroup,geographicallyisolated,thisstorymightendhere.ButneverforgetthatDurhamisintheSouthandthataroundthese5,000Negroesaretwiceasmanywhiteswhoownmostoftheproperty,dominatethepoliticallifeexclusively,andformthemaincurrentofsociallife.WhatnowhasbeentheattitudeofthesepeopletowardtheNegroes?Inthecaseofanotablefewithasbeensincerelysympatheticandhelpful,andinthecaseofamajorityofthewhitesithasnotbeenhostile.Ofthetwoattitudes,greatashasundoubtedlybeenthevalueoftheactivefriendshipoftheDukefamily,GeneralJulianS.
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Carr,andothers,IconsiderthegreatestfactorinDurham’sdevelopmenttohavebeenthedispositionofthemassofordinarywhitecitizensofDurhamtosay:“Handsoff—givethemachance—don’tinterfere.”
Source:http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-newcentury/4819(SourceLinkdoesnotwork)
BlackbusinessesinDurham-DiscussionQuestions
1. WhydoyouthinkDuBoistraveledtoandwrotesopositivelyaboutDurhamin1912?
2. DescribethevariousbusinessesrunbyAfricanAmericaninDurham.WhywasthiscollectionofAfricanAmericanbusinessessosignificantduringthistimeperiod?
3. WhydidDuBoisbelievethesebusinessesweresuccessful?
4. HowwereAfricanAmericanbusinessesfundedinDurham?
5. WhydoyouthinkDuBoismentionedthenicehousesbuiltbyAfricanAmericansinDurham?
6. AccordingtoDuBois,whatpercentageofDurhamwasAfricanAmerican?
7. WhatdidDuBoissaywastheattitudeofwhitestowardssuccessfulAfricanAmericans?HowdidthisdifferfromhowAfricanAmericansweretreatedinotherNorthCarolinacities,suchasWilmington?
Source:http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-newcentury/4819(SourceLinkdoesnotwork)
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CongratulationsonYourNewJobwiththeHeritageDirectionsUrbanPlanningConsultingFirm!TheParrishStreetProject&AdvocacyGroupisaninitiativetocommemoratethehistoryofDurham’s“BlackWallStreet”andspureconomicrevitalizationalongthiscentraldowntownlocation.TheCityofDurhamrecentlyreceivedatwo-yearrevitalizationandplanninggrantfromtheUSDepartmentofHousing&UrbanDevelopment,andthus,yoururbanplanningconsultingfirmhasbeenhiredtocreatearevitalizationplanforParrishStreet.
TheParrishStreetAdvocacyGroupandtheCityofDurhamareseekingaplanthatwillmakeParrishStreetoncemoreavibrantlocationintheheartofdowntownDurham.Theyalsohopethatanyplanpresentedwillfocusonthecelebration,exploration,andpreservationofParrishStreet’simportanthistory.AsemployeesofHeritageDirectionsUrbanPlanningConsultingFirm,yourgrouphasbeentaskedwithdevelopingarevitalizationplanforParrishStreet.YoushouldrelyonwhatyouhavealreadylearnedaboutParrishStreet,aswellasconductadditionalresearch,tofindouthowtomakethisareaofdowntownDurhama“hot”destination,whilealsopreservingandcelebratingitsdiversehistory.Whencreatingyourplan,yourgroupshouldconsider:• WhataspectsofParrishStreet’shistoryaremostimportantandcompelling?Whatbuildingsshouldbe
renovatedand/orpreservedandwhy?HowwillyoumakeuseofoldandnewspaceonParrishStreet?• Whilecelebratingitspast,howwillyoupromotethefutureofParrishStreet?Howwillyoudrawvisitorsto
thisarea?HowwillyoumakeParrishStreeta“hot”destination?• Whendevelopingyourrevitalizationplan,addressthefollowingcomponentsanddescribewhatwillbe
includedonParrishStreetthatfallswithinthesecategories:o Businesseso Non-profitso ArtsandEntertainmento StructuresandLandscaping(sidewalks,parkingdecks,artinstallations,lighting,plants,etc.)o SpecialEvents
• HowwillyourplanhonorandcelebratethehistoryofParrishStreet?Whatwillyouincludeinyourdesigntoeducatevisitorsaboutthehistory?
Yourfinalrevitalizationplanmustinclude:• Anoverallmapor3-DmodelofyourvisionofarevitalizedParrishStreet(andoptionallythesurrounding
area)whichlabelsthevariousinstitutions,businesses,structures,etc.thatyouhavedeemedimportanttotherevitalizationofthisarea;makesureyoumaintaintheoriginalbusinesses(i.e.,NCMutual)thatarestillthriving
• Atleastonedetailedsketchor3-DmodelofhowyouenvisionParrishStreettoappearonceyourplanhasbeenimplemented.ThissketchmightbeofoneparticularbuildingonParrishStreet(perhapsthatwhichyoudeemmostexcitingorcreative),itmightbearenderingofanartinstallationyou’vedesignedthatrepresentsParrishStreet;itmightbeasketchshowingthedetailsofaribboncuttingceremonyyou’vescheduled,etc.Becreative!
• ApitchthatyoupresenttotheParrishStreetAdvocacyGroupmembersandDurhamlocalgovernmentofficials,explainingyourplanandvision,andwhyitwillbesuccessfulindrivingvisitorsandbusinessestoParrishStreet.Duringthispitch,youwilldisplayyourmap,sketch,andanyothercreativeinformationyouchoosetoinclude.Yourpitchshouldbe3-5minuteslongandcanbedeliveredinanycreativeformatyouchoose(i.e.PowerPointpresentation,speechwithposterboardsorbanners,creativeskit,etc.)
DueDate:____________________________________(Youandyourgroupwillpresentyourpitch,map/model,andsketch/model,totheremainderofclassontheduedate.)
