Post on 14-Dec-2015
Human Regulation
Regulation:• The life process by which the human body
responds to its changing (inside and outside) environment.
• Constant adjustments made as a result of the changing environment help maintain…
HOMEOSTASIS!
Regulation:
1. Nervous System
2. Endocrine System
Main Function:
Responds to internal and external stimuliby controlling and coordinating functions throughout the body
Our nervous system allows us to feel pain and react to it!
Consists of: brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs
Sense Organs: Eyes, Skin, Ears, Nose & Tongue
2 Divisions of the Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System
(CNS)
• brain & spinal cord• Main control center of body
Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)
• nerves extending throughout body
• Gathers & delivers info to and from the CNS
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
All of the Organs the PNS controls!!!
Neurons carry messages called impulses back and forth between the
peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system.
Impulse in a Neuron
dendrites
cell bodyaxon
synapse(space)
signal directionONE WAY
nucleus
terminal branches
signal directionONE WAY
Impulse in a Neuron
axon
synapse(space)
signaldirection
myelin coating
Axon is coated with insulation made of myelin cells (Lipids)
With myelin…signal hops from node to node at 330mph! (vs. only 11mph)
Multiple Sclerosis immune system attacks myelin coating
loss of signal
synapse
Because neurons never touch, chemical signalers called neurotransmitters must travel through the space called synapse between two neurons.
Neurotransmitters
Synapse (gap)
The message is transferred when RECEPTORS receive neurotransmitters.
Receptors:• Protein• Shape Specific!
Drugs/Poisons
• Stimulants - Speed up production and release of neurotransmitters (Caffeine)
• Depressants – block formation of neurotransmitters. (Pain Killers)
Which cell (X or Y) shows the receptor molecules?
What would a drug that interferes with communication between these two cells look like?
Sensory
Neuron
Interneuron
Motor Neuron
Sensory Neuron
Interneuron
Motor Neuron
Muscle Contracts
Synapse
Synapse
Synapse
3 Types of neuronssensory neuron(from senses)receive stimulus
interneuronCNS
motor neuron(to effector – muscle/gland)produces response
Motor Neurons
Axons branching out to muscle fibers
Fun facts about neurons• Most specialized cell
in animals• Longest cell
– blue whale neuron• 10-30 meters
– giraffe axon• 5 meters
– human neuron• 1-2 meters
Nervous system allows for 1 millisecond response time
Nervous system allows for 1 millisecond response time
Simplest Nerve Circuit – Reflex Arc
1.Receptor
2.Sensory
Neuron
3.Interneuron
4.Motor Neuron
5.Effector
1
2 3
45
A reflex is an involuntary
response that is processed in the spinal cord not
the brain.
Reflexes protect the body before the brain knows
what is going on.*faster because they don’t
have to travel to brain!
Reflex Arc
Watch Again!!!
1.Receptor
2.Sensory
Neuron
3.Interneuron
4.Motor Neuron
5.Effector
1
2 3
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brain
Spinal Cord
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Medulla Oblongata
Brain- Receives 20% of blood pumped by heart- Is the major user of glucose in the body
Consists of 3 Parts:1. Cerebrum2. Cerebellum3. Medulla (Brain
Stem)
What does the brain use glucose for?
Higher Brain: Cerebrum • 2 hemispheres:
– left controls the right side of body– right controls the left side of body
Cerebrum Functions
frontal
temporal
• Regions specialized for different functions4 Lobes
1. frontal• speech,
control of emotions
2. temporal• smell, hearing
3. occipital• vision
4. parietal• speech, taste
reading
occipital
parietal
Cerebellum• Found in back part of head under the cerebrum
• coordination of smooth, steady and efficient MOVEMENT• BALANCE, equilibrium and posture
• If damaged can result in jerky movement, loss of coordination and balance
Brain Stem (Medulla)
• Medulla Oblongata• basic body functions
– breathing – heartbeat– digestion – swallowing – vomiting – coughing– blinking
• HOMEOSTASIS
CNS Protection• Bone: Skull, Vertebrae
• Cartilage disks found
between vertebrate
absorb shock
• Meninges (protective membrane) cover the brain and spinal cord
• Cerebral Spinal Fluid surrounds Brain and Spinal Cord. Acts like a watery cushion!
When homeostasis is distrupted!
Cerebral Palsy: A group of birth disorders characterized by disturbances of motor functions.
Polio: A viral disease of the CNS that can cause paralysis.
Prevented by immunization!
Meningitis – an inflammation, caused by bacteria, of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Can be fatal.
Symptoms: severe headache, stiff neck
Concussion:The Brain is a soft organ
• protected by your hard skull• surrounded by spinal fluid (cushion that keeps
your brain from banging into your skull)
Hard hit/fall=Brain crashes into your skull=Damaged Brain