Lecture#2 hardware

Computer Basics

Sunday, October 31, 2010

Computer BasicsComputer Technology

The History of the Computer

Then &

Then & Now

Computer Evolution

1642 Blaise Pascal – mechanical adding machine

Computer Evolution

Computer Evolution Early 1800’s

Jacquard – uses punch cards to control the pattern of the weaving loom.

1832 Charles Babbage - invents the Difference Engine

The Punch Card

The Punch Card 1890 Herman

Hollerith – invents a machine using punch card to tabulate info for the Census. He starts the company that would later be IBM.

The Punch Card 1890 Herman

Hollerith – invents a machine using punch card to tabulate info for the Census. He starts the company that would later be IBM.

Evolution (continued)

Evolution (continued)1946 – Mauchly and Eckert created the

ENIAC computer, first electronic computer is unveiled at University of Pennsylvania (shown on next slide)

ENIAC Computer

ENIAC Computer Miles of wiring

ENIAC Computer Miles of wiring 18,000 vacuum tubes

ENIAC Computer Miles of wiring 18,000 vacuum tubes Thousands of resistors and switches

ENIAC Computer Miles of wiring 18,000 vacuum tubes Thousands of resistors and switches No monitor

ENIAC Computer Miles of wiring 18,000 vacuum tubes Thousands of resistors and switches No monitor 3,000 blinking lights

ENIAC Computer Miles of wiring 18,000 vacuum tubes Thousands of resistors and switches No monitor 3,000 blinking lights Cost $486,000

ENIAC Computer Miles of wiring 18,000 vacuum tubes Thousands of resistors and switches No monitor 3,000 blinking lights Cost $486,000 100,000 additions per second

ENIAC Computer Miles of wiring 18,000 vacuum tubes Thousands of resistors and switches No monitor 3,000 blinking lights Cost $486,000 100,000 additions per second Weighed 30 tons

1943 Base codes develop by Grace

Hopper while working on the Mark I programming project.

1943 Base codes develop by Grace

Hopper while working on the Mark I programming project.

She invented the phrase “bug” – an error in a program that causes a program to malfunction.

1950s Vacuum Tubes were the components

for the electronic circuitry

for the electronic circuitry Punch Cards main source of input

for the electronic circuitry Punch Cards main source of input Speeds in milliseconds (thousands/

sec) 100,000 additions/sec.

sec) 100,000 additions/sec. Used for scientific calculations

sec) 100,000 additions/sec. Used for scientific calculations New computers were the rule, cost

effectiveness wasn’t’

Transistors were electronic circuitry (smaller, faster, more reliable than vacuum tubes)

Speeds in microseconds (millionth/sec)

Speeds in microseconds (millionth/sec) 200,000 additions/sec.

Speeds in microseconds (millionth/sec) 200,000 additions/sec. Computers In Businesses: Emphasis on

marketing of computers to businesses

marketing of computers to businesses Data files stored on magnetic tape

marketing of computers to businesses Data files stored on magnetic tape Computer Scientists controlled

operations

marketing of computers to businesses Data files stored on magnetic tape Computer Scientists controlled

operations

Late 60’s Early 70’s

Late 60’s Early 70’s Integrated circuit boards

Late 60’s Early 70’s Integrated circuit boards New input methods such as plotters,

scanners

scanners Software became more important

scanners Software became more important Sophisticated operating systems

scanners Software became more important Sophisticated operating systems Improved programming languages

scanners Software became more important Sophisticated operating systems Improved programming languages Storage capabilities expanded (disks)

1970’s Integrated circuits

Late 80’s to Current

Improved circuitry – several thousand transistors placed on a tiny silicon chip.

Pentium chip named by Intel

Pentium chip named by Intel Modems – communication along telephone

wires Portable computers: laptops

wires Portable computers: laptops Increased storage capabilities: gigabytes

wires Portable computers: laptops Increased storage capabilities: gigabytes Emphasis on information needed by the

decision maker.

The Information Processing Cycle

INPUT PROCESSING

MAIN MEMORY

INPUT OUTPUTPROCESSING

MAIN MEMORY

INPUT OUTPUT

AUXILIARYSTORAGE

PROCESSING

MAIN MEMORY

INPUT DEVICES (Hardware)

INPUT DEVICES (Hardware)INPUT

Keyboard

Keyboard Mouse

Keyboard Mouse Joystick

Keyboard Mouse Joystick Trackball

Keyboard Mouse Joystick Trackball Light pen

Keyboard Mouse Joystick Trackball Light pen Image

scanner

Touch tone telephone

scanner

Touch tone telephone Touch screens

scanner

Touch tone telephone Touch screens Bar code scanner

scanner

Touch tone telephone Touch screens Bar code scanner Digitizer

scanner

Touch tone telephone Touch screens Bar code scanner Digitizer Voice recognition

scanner

Touch tone telephone Touch screens Bar code scanner Digitizer Voice recognition Auxiliary Storage

Device

PROCESSING HARDWARE

PROCESSINGPROCESSING HARDWARE

Central Processing Unit: CPU

Central Processing Unit: CPU The Brains or Intelligence of the

computer. Controls input and output

The part of the computer that interprets and executes instructions. Silicon chip: integrated circuit

board Pentium: name give to a particular

The part of the computer that interprets and executes instructions. Silicon chip: integrated circuit

board Pentium: name give to a particular

What two numbers are used in Binary Code?

0 and 1

0 and 1 They are each called a BIT

0 and 1 They are each called a BIT 8 BITS make a BYTE

0 and 1 They are each called a BIT 8 BITS make a BYTE 1 BYTE makes a letter or

number

number KILOBYTE = 1,024 bytes

number KILOBYTE = 1,024 bytes MEGABYTE = 1,048,576 bytes

number KILOBYTE = 1,024 bytes MEGABYTE = 1,048,576 bytes GIGABYTE = 1,024 megabytes

number KILOBYTE = 1,024 bytes MEGABYTE = 1,048,576 bytes GIGABYTE = 1,024 megabytes TERABYTE = 1,024 gigabytes

MEMORY PROCESSING HARDWARE

MEMORY

ROMREAD ONLY MEMORY

MEMORY

ROMREAD ONLY MEMORY Small

MEMORY

ROMREAD ONLY MEMORY Small Instructions are

installed permanently at the factory

MEMORY

Cannot be changed

MEMORY

Cannot be changed These instructions

check the computer’s resources and looks for Operating System

MEMORY

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY

MEMORY

Main Memory

MEMORY

Main Memory Temporary—it is erased

when turned off.

MEMORY

Main Memory Temporary—it is erased

when turned off. It is where programs and

data is stored while being processed

MEMORY

OUTPUT DEVICES

OUTPUTSunday, October 31, 2010

OUTPUT DEVICES Useful information that leaves the system

OUTPUT DEVICES Useful information that leaves the system Output Hardware includes:

•Monitor: soft copy•Printers: hard copy•Flat Panel displays•Voice and music - speakers•Synthesizers•Plotters OUTPUT

AUXILIARY STORAGE DEVICES

AUXILIARYSTORAGE

Network Drive (H: drive)AUXILIARYSTORAGE

Network Drive (H: drive)

Hard Disk Drive (C:drive)AUXILIARYSTORAGE

Hard Disk Drive (C:drive)

Floppy Disk Drive with 3 ½” Floppy Disk (A:drive)

AUXILIARYSTORAGE

Smart card

AUXILIARYSTORAGE

Smart card CD Read/Write Drive

AUXILIARYSTORAGE

Smart card CD Read/Write Drive Zip Drive

AUXILIARYSTORAGE

Smart card CD Read/Write Drive Zip Drive Digital Audio Tape

AUXILIARYSTORAGE

Computer Hardware

Hardware

Hardware Includes the electronic and mechanical

devices that process the data; refers to the computer as well as peripheral devices

System Unit

System Unit Case that holds the power supply,

storage devices and the circuit boards (including the motherboard).

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Where the processing in a computer takes place, often called the brain of the computer.

Circuits

Circuits The path from one

component of a computer to another that data uses to travel.

Circuits run between RAM and the

microprocessor RAM and various

storage devices

Silicon Chip

Silicon Chip Silicon is melted

sand. What the circuits

are embedded into to keep them together.

sand. What the circuits

are embedded into to keep them together.

Peripheral Devices

Peripheral Devices Devices connected by cable to the

CPU. Used to expand the computer’s input,

output and storage capabilities.

Input Devices

Input Devices Units that gather

information and transform that information into a series of electronic signals for the computer.

Input Devices Units that gather

information and transform that information into a series of electronic signals for the computer.

Keyboard

Keyboard An arrangement of

letters, numbers, and special function keys that act as the primary input device to the computer.

Keyboard An arrangement of

letters, numbers, and special function keys that act as the primary input device to the computer.

Mouse An input device that

allows the user to manipulate objects on the screen by moving the mouse along the surface of the desk.

Mouse An input device that

allows the user to manipulate objects on the screen by moving the mouse along the surface of the desk.

Sound Card

Sound Card A circuit board that

gives the computer the ability to accept audio input, play sound files, and produce audio output through speakers or headphones.

Sound Card A circuit board that

gives the computer the ability to accept audio input, play sound files, and produce audio output through speakers or headphones.

Modem A device that sends

and receives data to and from computers over telephone lines.

Means (Modulate – Demodulate).

Output Devices

Output Devices Devices that display,

print or transmit the results of processing from the computers memory.

Output Devices Devices that display,

print or transmit the results of processing from the computers memory.

Monitor

Monitor Display device that forms an image by

converting electronic signals from the computer into points of colored light on the screen.

Resolution

Resolution The density of the grid used to display

or print text and graphics; the greater the horizontal and vertical density, the higher the resolution.

Resolution The density of the grid used to display

or print text and graphics; the greater the horizontal and vertical density, the higher the resolution.

The amount of Pixels on the screen. The more pixels the better the resolution.

Pixels

The smallest unit in a graphic image; computer display devices use a matrix of pixels to display text and graphics.

Pixels

The smallest unit in a graphic image; computer display devices use a matrix of pixels to display text and graphics.

Basic unit of composition of an image on a TV screen, Computer monitor, or similar display

Printer

Printer Output device that

produces text or graphical images on paper.

Printer Output device that

produces text or graphical images on paper.

Speakers

Speakers Output devices that receive signals

from the computer’s sound card to play music, narration, or sound effects.

Speakers Output devices that receive signals

from the computer’s sound card to play music, narration, or sound effects.

Storage Devices

Storage Devices Used to keep data

when the power to the computer is turned off.

Different forms Hard disk Floppy or zip disks CD-Writer

Formatted

Formatted Arrangement of data for storage or

display.

Formatted Arrangement of data for storage or

display. All storage devices must be formatted.

Hard Disk

Hard Disk Rigid magnetic disk mounted for

permanent storage

Floppy Disk

Floppy Disk Small portable magnetic disk enclosed

in stiff envelope

Compact Discs

Compact Discs CD-ROM

Compact disk with read only memory

Compact disk with read only memory CD-R

Compact disk which you can write to only one time. It then becomes a read only disk.

Compact disk with read only memory CD-R

Compact disk which you can write to only one time. It then becomes a read only disk.

CD-RW Compact disk which you may rewrite to.

DVD DVD ROM

Digital Video Disk which is read only.

DVD DVD ROM

Digital Video Disk which is read only. DVD-R

Digital Video Disk which can be written to one time. It then becomes read only.

DVD DVD ROM

Digital Video Disk which is read only. DVD-R

Digital Video Disk which can be written to one time. It then becomes read only.

DVD-RW Digital Video Disk which can be rewritten

Flash or Jump Drives

Flash or Jump Drives External storage devices that can be

used like a external hard drive.

Flash or Jump Drives External storage devices that can be

used like a external hard drive. They have the capability to be saved

to, deleted from, and files can be renamed just like with a normal hard drive.

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