Post on 17-Feb-2018
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PsychologicalAssessment
Projective Personality Tests
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Projective Tests: EssentialFeatures Individuals must impose their own structure
which is meaningful
Stimulus material is unstructured
Indirect (disguised) method
Freedom of response
Interpretation is broad
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Projective Tests
Rorschach Inblot Test
Thematic !pperception Test
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Rorschach Inkblot Test
"ermann Rorschach (#$$%')
icnamed *+lec, orinblot
Talented art student whodecided to study science
-ream convinced him ofrelationship betweenperception and unconscious
#'# published
Psychodiagnostik -ied in #'
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RorschachInkblot
Test
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Rorschach: Historical
5 Scoring Systems !dopted by . !merican psychologists with
very different theoretical bacgrounds
Shared common features (same blots wereused/ response phase followed by in0uiry)
. different systems of administration/ scoring
and interpretation emerged Two most popular (1ec/ +lopf)
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Rorschach: Validity andReliability
Poor psychometric reputation2
3ac of standardi4ed rules for administration
and scoring
Poor inter&rater reliability
3ac of ade0uate norms
5nnown or wea validity
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Rorschach: ontem!orary"se 6ohn 78ner
7stablished Rorschach Research Foundation
in #'$9
Integrated five scoring and interpretation
systems
7stablished empirical support for new system
Provide a center for training
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ontem!orary "se:AdministrationAssociation Phase
What might this be?
Present all the cards
Record response verbatim
ote location of response
Inquiry Phase
I want you to help me see what
you saw. Im going to read
what you said, and then I
want you to show me whereon the blot you saw it and
what there is there that
makes it look like that so
that I can see it too. Id like
to see it just like you did, sohelp me now.
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Rorschach Inkblot Test
! psychometrically sound test:
!n in&class e8ercise
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ontem!orary "se: #coring
Exner scoring system: The Structural Summary
Location 3ocation (;/ -/ -d)
5se of white space (S)
eterminants Form (good/ poor/ bad 0uality)
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Rorschach Inkblot Test
! psychometrically sound test:
Particularly useful in assessing thought
processes
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Thematic A!!erce!tion Test$TAT% -eveloped by "enry
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TAT: Administration
Now I want you to make up a story about
each of these pictures. ell me who the
people are, what they are doing, what they
are thinking or feeling, what led up to thescene, and how it will turn out.
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TAT: #coring&Inter!retation
=ontent analysis of themes that emerge from
the stories
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TAT: Psychometric riti'ue
Selection of cards is not standardi4ed
3ac of norms
=linicians rely on 0ualitative impressions
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Thematic A!!erce!tion Test
5sed to assess2
3ocus of problems
ature of needs
?uality of interpersonal relationships
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PsychologicalAssessment cont(
@bjective Personality Testing
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)hat is Personality*
A characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling,
and acting
A emerges in informal/ familiar situations in
which we feel unconstrained principle o! aggregation "
personality is the sum of the best descriptors and
predictors of our actions o!er time in a number ofsituations
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+bjective Personality Tests
#aterial $o%ere&
% major approaches to test construction
78amples of test based on first three test
construction procedures
5se of personality tests in modern clinical
practice
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haracteristics +bjectivePersonality Tests
Standard set of 0uestions Stan&ar&i'ation as a concept2 given to large BCs
of people&&yield norms to which an individualCsscores can be compared
Norms are defined as a set of scores from a largegroup of people who ha!e completed the
measure.
Fi8ed response options
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+bjective Personality Tests:Advantages Individual or groups (economical)
!dministration is simpleDobjective
Scoring is simpleDobjective
Interpretation of results re0uires less
interpretative sill than projective tests
!pparent increased objectivity and reliability
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+bjective Personality Tests:,isadvantages
Items limited to behavior
Single overall score
Transparent meaning of items
Forced choice approach
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Test ConstructionApproaches 3ogical or content validation
7mpirical =riterion +eying (
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A!!roaches to Testonstruction: ontent
Validation -efining all aspects of the construct
=onsulting e8perts about the constructs
"aving e8pert judges assess each potential
item
Perform psychometric analyses of items
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ontent Validation: AnE-am!le(oal: $onstruct a test &esigne& to measure
attitu&es to)ar& school
!nswer true or false I enjoy getting up in the morning for school I lie my teacher(s)
I enjoy seeing my friends at school I enjoy the subjects I learn about at school
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ontent Validation: Advantagesand ,isadvantagesA&%antages
Face validity with test
taers
isa&%antages
7asy to fae good or bad
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ontent Validation: The .ooneyProblem hecklist
!ssesses emotional functioning in the following areas2
"ome and family
Interpersonal relationships =ourtship and marriage
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A!!roaches to Testonstruction:
Em!irical /eying =reate test items to measure one or more
traits
!dminister test items to a *criterion, and
*control, group
Select items that distinguish between these
two groups =ontent of the item is not considered
important
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Empirical Keying: MinnesotaMultiphasic Inventory (MMPI)
-eveloped in #'>Gs
Stare "athaway PhH-H 6H =harnley
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..PI linical #cales
Scale B Scale ame "ysteria Somatic complaints
-enial of psychH probH% Psychopathic -eviate !ntisocial behavior
.
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..PI: Validity #cales
* (=annot say) 5nanswered items
L +Lie,
Faing good
- (Infre0uency) Faing bad
+ (-efensiveness) -efensiveness in admitting to problems
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Inter!reting ..PI
Ealidity Scales
Single scales
Profile analysis
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..PI: #hortcomings
5nrepresentative normative sample
3anguage of items was outdated (including
se8ist language)
Inade0uately addressed difficulties such as
suicide or drug use
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..PI: Revision
!ssembled team of
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ontinued !roblems
failure of some items to reliably discriminate
between groups
dimensions based on pre&conceived theory about
structure of personality/ scales correlate highly and thus provide
redundant information
they are highly influenced by state at the time of
taing/ and the test and re&test stability maytherefore be lower than desired (a problem for
manyDmost trait measures)
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..PI01 ontent #cales
!n8iety
Fears
@bsessiveness
-epression "ealth =oncerns
1i4arre Thoughts
!nger =ynicism
!ntisocial Practices
Type !
3ow Self&7steem
Social -iscomfort Family Problems
;or Interference
egative TreatmentIndicators
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#illon $linical #ultiaxial In%entory +#$#I,: more useful than the
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A!!roaches to Test onstruction:Factor Analysis $Internal
onsistency% =orrelational techni0ue used to determine
whether a group of items are correlated with
one another
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Revised 2E+ PersonalityInventory $2E+0PI0R% 1ased on five factor model of personality
(/euroticism/ E8traversion/ 0penness/!greeableness/ and =onscientiousness)
ame derived from initials of the first three traits !ssesses all five traits
7mphasi4es assessment of normal personality style
rather than psychopathology
Parallel forms
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The Schedule for onadaptive and !daptivePersonality (S!P)
a factor&analytically derived instrument designed toassess traits important in personality disorders #. scales2
# trait scales assess specific or primary traits and > temperament scales measure more general affective
traitsH
. validity scales plus an overall validity inde8 items to assess the personality disorder criteria in
the -S< follows the three&factor model of personality
euroticismDegative 7motionality/ 78traversionDPositive7motionality/ and -isinhibition vsH =onstraintH
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A!!roaches to Testonstruction: onstruct Validity =ombines aspects of content validity/
empirical criterion eying and factor analytic
approaches in developing assessment
devises (=lar and ;atson/ #''.)
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The Place o3 Personality Assessmentin ontem!orary linical
Psychology 0r
Why do we use these tests?
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Psychological Assessment:Pur!ose $Te-tbook Res!onse%
=lassification (diagnosis)
-escription
Prediction
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lassi4cation
Results from psychological testing assists in
maing a diagnosis
=ritics of psych testing& tests are not reliable
or valid diagnostic instruments -efenders2 test information is used in
conjunction with other clinical data
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,escri!tion
-ependent
-epressed =lient/arcissistic
epresse&
$lient
Testing
provides a
time efficient
means ofdeveloping a
broader
understanding
of the patientH
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Prediction
Test findings can be used to mae predictions
about behavior
;hether client will benefit from
psychotherapy
;hat type of psychotherapy would be best
Suicidal ris Ris for violence
Th Pl 3 P li A
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The Place o3 Personality Assessmentin ontem!orary linical
Psychology 0r
Why do we use these tests?
P h l i l A P
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Psychological Assessment: Pur!ose:Ty!ical Re3erral 5uestion
Please evaluate for organic brain damage
(patient has history of polysubstance abuse)
and evaluate for psychotic thining
T Ad i i d
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Tests Administered
E%i&ence o! 0rganicamage
;eschler
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Interpretation of Results
ormal performance on tests of memory/ concentration andattention
Personality testing suggested the primary etiological role ofemotional turmoilH
Presence of both acute distress and chronic characterologicalproblemsH
!cute distress2 severe depression and a ris for suicide Reality testing in the normal range
Significant ego regression when faced with affective arousal wasnotedH
P j ti d +bj ti P lit
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Projective and +bjective PersonalityTests: Incremental Validity
-egree to which assessment increases
prediction based on base rates (prevalence)
or other sources
I t l V lidit t
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Incremental Validity: urrentFindings
Tentative support for the incremental validity of the ##PI12scales in prediction of personality disorder/ aggression/ anddifferentiation between depressed patients and substance abusepatients
7@&PI&R2 personality disorder/ maternal responsiveness toinfants and violence
Rorschach2 thought disorder but not other scores
T!T2 not ade0uately investigated
+bj ti T t #
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+bjective Tests: #ummary
#aterial $o%ere&
% major approaches to test construction
78amples of test based on first three test
construction procedures
5se of personality tests in modern clinical
practice