Lecture 6 Personality

7/30/2019 Lecture 6 Personality

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Personality Disorders


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Antisocial Personality Disorder

This disorder is characterized by a long-standing pattern of a disregard for other

people's rights, often crossing the line andviolating those rights. This pattern ofbehavior has occurred since age 15(although only adults 18 years or older can

be diagnosed with this disorder) andconsists by the presence of the majority ofthese symptoms:


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Antisocial Personality Disorder

failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawfulbehaviors as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that aregrounds for arrest

deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases,or conning others for personal profit or pleasure

impulsivity or failure to plan ahead irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated

physical fights or assaults

reckless disregard for safety of self or others

consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failureto sustain consistent work behavior or honor financialobligations

lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to orrationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another


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Avoidant Personality Disorder

This disorder is characterized by a long-

standing and complex pattern of feelings of

inadequacy, extreme sensitivity to whatother people think about them, and social

inhibition. It typically manifests itself by

early adulthood and includes a majority ofthe following symptoms:


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Avoidant Personality Disorder

avoids occupational activities that involve significantinterpersonal contact, because of fears of criticism,disapproval, or rejection

is unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of beingliked

shows restraint within intimate relationships because of thefear of being shamed or ridiculed

is preoccupied with being criticized or rejected in socialsituations

is inhibited in new interpersonal situations because of feelings

of inadequacy views self as socially inept, personally unappealing, or inferior

to others

is unusually reluctant to take personal risks or to engage inany new activities because they may prove embarrassing


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Symptoms of Borderline Personality

DisorderThe main feature of borderline personality

disorder (BPD) is a pervasive pattern of

instability in interpersonal relationships,self-image and emotions. People with

borderline personality disorder are also

usually very impulsive.


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Symptoms of Borderline Personality

Disorder

A person with this disorder will also often exhibit impulsive behaviors and havea majority of the following symptoms:

Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment

A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized byalternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation

Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense ofself

Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e.g.,spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating)

Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behavior

Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (e.g., intense episodicdysphoria, irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarelymore than a few days)

Chronic feelings of emptiness

Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (e.g., frequentdisplays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights)

Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms


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Dependent Personality Disorder

This personality disorder is characterized by

a long-standing need for the person to be

taken care of and a fear of being abandonedor separated from important individuals in

his or her life. This pervasive fear leads to

"clinging behavior" and usually manifestsitself by early adulthood. It includes a

majority of the following symptoms:


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Dependent Personality Disorder

has difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amountof advice and reassurance from others

needs others to assume responsibility for most major areas of his or herlife

has difficulty expressing disagreement with others because of fear ofloss of support or approval.

has difficulty initiating projects or doing things on his or her own(because of a lack of self-confidence in judgment or abilities rather thana lack of motivation or energy)

goes to excessive lengths to obtain nurturance and support from others,to the point of volunteering to do things that are unpleasant

feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone because of exaggerated

fears of being unable to care for himself or herself urgently seeks another relationship as a source of care and support

when a close relationship ends

is unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left to take care ofhimself or herself


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Histrionic Personality Disorder

A pervasive pattern of excessive

emotionality and attention seeking,

beginning by early adulthood and present ina variety of contexts, as indicated by five

(or more) of the following:


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Histrionic Personality Disorder

(1) is uncomfortable in situations in which he or she is not thecenter of attention(2) interaction with others is often characterized byinappropriate sexually seductive or provocative behavior(3) displays rapidly shifting and shallow expression ofemotions(4) consistently uses physical appearance to draw attention toself(5) has a style of speech that is excessively impressionisticand lacking in detail(6) shows self-dramatization, theatricality, and exaggerated

expression of emotion(7) is suggestible, i.e., easily influenced by others orcircumstances(8) considers relationships to be more intimate than theyactually are


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Dissociative Identity Disorder

The presence of two or more distinct identities or

personality states (each with its own relatively

enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, andthinking about the environment and self).

At least two of these identities or personality states

recurrently take control of the person's behavior.

Inability to recall important personal information

that is too extensive to be explained by ordinary

forgetfulness.


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Narcissistic Personality Disorder

The essential feature of Narcissistic Personality

Disorder is a pervasive pattern of grandiosity

(either in fantasy or actual behavior), need foradmiration, and lack of empathy that begins by

early adulthood and is present in a variety of

situations and environments.

In order for a person to be diagnosed withnarcissistic personality disorder (NPD) they must

meet five or more of the following symptoms:


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Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Has a grandiose sense of self-importance (e.g., exaggerates achievementsand talents, expects to be recognized as superior without commensurateachievements)

Is preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance,beauty, or ideal love

Believes that he or she is "special" and unique and can only be understoodby, or should associate with, other special or high-status people (orinstitutions)

Requires excessive admiration

Has a sense of entitlement, i.e., unreasonable expectations of especiallyfavorable treatment or automatic compliance with his or her expectations

Is interpersonally exploitative, i.e., takes advantage of others to achieve

his or her own ends Lacks empathy: is unwilling to recognize or identify with the feelings and

needs of others

Is often envious of others or believes that others are envious of him or her

Shows arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes.


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Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with

orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and

interpersonal control, at the expense offlexibility, openness, and efficiency,

beginning by early adulthood and present in

a variety of contexts, as indicated by four(or more) of the following:


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Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

(1) is preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, organization, or schedules tothe extent that the major point of the activity is lost (2) shows perfectionism thatinterferes with task completion (e.g., is unable to complete a project because hisor her own overly strict standards are not met)

(3) is excessively devoted to work and productivity to the exclusion of leisureactivities and friendships (not accounted for by obvious economic necessity)

(4) is overconscientious, scrupulous, and inflexible about matters of morality,ethics, or values (not accounted for by cultural or religious identification)

(5) is unable to discard worn-out or worthless objects even when they have nosentimental value

(6) is reluctant to delegate tasks or to work with others unless they submit toexactly his or her way of doing things

(7) adopts a miserly spending style toward both self and others; money isviewed as something to be hoarded for future catastrophes

(8) shows rigidity and stubbornness


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Paranoid Personality Disorder

A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of

others such that their motives are

interpreted as malevolent, beginning byearly adulthood and present in a variety of

contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of

the following:


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Paranoid Personality Disorder

suspects, without sufficient basis, that others are exploiting,harming, or deceiving him or her

is preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty ortrustworthiness of friends or associates

is reluctant to confide in others because of unwarranted fear thatthe information will be used maliciously against him or her

reads hidden demeaning or threatening meanings into benignremarks or events

persistently bears grudges, i.e., is unforgiving of insults, injuries,or slights

perceives attacks on his or her character or reputation that are notapparent to others and is quick to react angrily or tocounterattack

has recurrent suspicions, without justification, regarding fidelityof spouse or sexual partner


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Schizoid Personality Disorder

A pervasive pattern of detachment from

social relationships and a restricted range of

expression of emotions in interpersonalsettings, beginning by early adulthood and

present in a variety of contexts, as indicated

by four (or more) of the following:


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Schizoid Personality Disorder

neither desires nor enjoys close relationships,

including being part of a family

almost always chooses solitary activities

has little, if any, interest in having sexual experiences

with another person takes pleasure in few, if any, activities

lacks close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives

appears indifferent to the praise or criticism of others shows emotional coldness, detachment, or flattened

affectivity


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Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A pervasive pattern of social and

interpersonal deficits marked by acute

discomfort with, and reduced capacity for,close relationships as well as by cognitive

or perceptual distortions and eccentricities

of behavior, beginning by early adulthoodand present in a variety of contexts, as

indicated by five (or more) of the following:


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Schizotypal Personality Disorder

ideas of reference (excluding delusions of reference)

odd beliefs or magical thinking that influences behavior and isinconsistent with subcultural norms (e.g., superstitiousness, beliefin clairvoyance, telepathy, or "sixth sense"; in children andadolescents, bizarre fantasies or preoccupations)

unusual perceptual experiences, including bodily illusions

odd thinking and speech (e.g., vague, circumstantial,metaphorical, overelaborate, or stereotyped)

suspiciousness or paranoid ideation

inappropriate or constricted affect

behavior or appearance that is odd, eccentric, or peculiar

lack of close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives excessive social anxiety that does not diminish with familiarity

and tends to be associated with paranoid fears rather thannegative judgments about self

Lecture 6 Personality

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