Post on 02-Jun-2015
1. Monosaccharides are aldehydes or ketones with multiple hydroxyl groups.
2. Complex carbohydrates are formed by linkage of monosacchrides.
3. Carbohydratea can attach to proteins to form glycoproteins.
4. Lectins are specific carbohydrate-binding proteins mediating Cell-Cell interaction.
On Monday:
Monosaccharides can be modified by reaction
with alcohols and amines to form adducts
O-Glycosidic bond: between the anomeric carbon atom of glucose and the hydroxyl oxygen atom of methonol.
N-Glycosidic bond: anomeric carbon atom – nitrogen atom of an amine
Complex carbonhydrate are formed by linkage of monosacchrides
Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
O-glycosidic bonds
Formation of a mannose 6-phosphate
1. Mannose 6-phosphate is a marker directing certain proteins from the Golgi to lysosomes.
2. Deficient in the phosphotransferase
I-cell disease
(psychomotor retardation + skeletal deformities)
Can’t form mannose 6-phosphate
Mistargeting of essential enzymes
(lysosome blood and urine)
Lipids and Cell Membrane
Structure of biomembraneHead group
Fatty acid
Electron micrograph of red blood cell plasma membrane
Electron micrograph of red blood cell plasma membrane
Confocal image of ERD-GFP (an ER marker)
Common feagures of biological membrane
1. Membranes are sheetlike structures, only two molecules thick, that form closed boundaries between different compartments. The thickness of most membranes is between 6 nm and 10 nm.
2. Membrane consist mainly of lipids and proteins. Their mass ratio ranges from 1:4 to 4:1. Membranes also contain carbohydrates that are linked to lipids and proteins.
3. Membrane lipids have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties. These lipid bilayers are barriers to the flow of polar molecules.
4. Specific proteins mediate distinctive functions of membrane.
5. Membranes are noncovalent assemblies. The constituent proteins and lipid molecules are held together by many noncovalent interactions.
6. Membranes are asymmetric. The two faces of biological membranes always differ from each other.
7. Membranes are fluid structures.lipid and protein molecules diffuse rapidly , unless they are anchored by specific interactions. Membranes can be regarded as two-dementional solutions of oriented proteins and lipids.
8. Most cell membranes are electrically polarized. Membrane potential plays a key role in transport, energy conversion, and excitability.
Common feagures of biological membrane
Fatty Acids are key conponents of lipids
Structure of biomembraneHead group
Fatty acid
General Features of Fatty Acid Structure
The elements of fatty acid structure are quite simple. There are two essential features:
1. A long hydrocarbon chain ●The chain length ranges from 4 to 30 carbons; 12-24 is
most common. ● The chain is typically linear, and usually contains an even
number of carbons.
2. A carboxylic acid group
The many fatty acids which occur naturally arise primarily through variation of chain length and degree of saturation.
Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds
Carbon-carbon double bonds (unsaturations) are found in naturally occurring fatty acids. There may be one double bond or many, up to six in important fatty acids. Fatty acids with one double bond are the most prevalent in the human body, comprising about half of the total. Fatty acids with two or more double bonds occur in lesser quantities, but are extremely important.
When double bonds occur they are almost always cis. If there is more than double bond, they occur at three-carbon intervals, e.g., -C=C-C-C=C-. This is called the divinylmethane pattern.
Classification of Fatty Acids
One system of fatty acid classification is based on the number of double bonds.
● 0 double bonds: saturated fatty acids
● 1 double bond: monounsaturated fatty acids
● 2 or more double bonds: polyunsaturated fatty acids
Phospholipids are the major class of membrane lipids
Hydrophobic hydrophilic
Amphipathic
Cholesterol is a lipid based on a steriod Nucleus
Cholesterol is a lipid based on a steriod Nucleus
4 linked hydrocarbon rings
Cholesterol is a lipid based on a steriod Nucleus
Interact with phospholipid head group
A micelle
Membrane formation is a consequence of the amphipathic nature of the lipids
A section of a bilayer membrane
leaflets
The favored structure for most phospholipids and glycolipids in aqueous media is a bimolecular sheet rather than a micelle.
Hydrophobic interactions have three significant biological consequences:
1. Lipid bilayers have an inherent tendency to be extensive.
2. Lipid bilayers tends to close on themselves so that there are no edges with exposed hydrocarbon chains, and so they form compartments.
3. Lipid bilayer are self-sealing because a hole in a bilayer is energetically unfavorable.
Preparation of glycine-containing
liposomes (size ~ 50nm).
Proteins carry out most membrane processes
SDS-acrylamide gel patterns of membrane proteins
Immunofluorescent staining of a plasmamembrane protein
Proteins associate with the lipid bilayer in a variety of ways
Integral membrane protein: a, b, c.
Peripheral membrane protein: d, e.
Proteins interact with membranes in a variety of ways
Protein can span the menrane with alpha helices which are the most common structural motif in membrane proteins.
A channel protein can be formed from Beta strands
hydrophilic
hydrophobic
Lipids and many membrane proteins diffuse rapidly in the plane of the membrane
FRAP: Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
The fluid mosaic model allows lateral movement but not rotation through the membrane
Membrane fluidity is controlled by fatty acid composition and cholesterol content
● All biological Membranes asymmetric.
● The outer and inner surface of all known biological membranes have different components and different enzymatic activities.
Proteins are targeted to specific compartments by signal sequences
Proteins are targeted to specific compartments by signal sequences
Proteins are targeted to specific compartments by signal sequences
C473 C482 FVIFIVVQTVLFIGYIMY ERQQEAAAKKFFCRD
Luminal domainTMD cytoplasm tail
P58-Y
FPC47
3L-Y
FPC48
2L-Y
FPC47
3L/C
482L
-YFP
6
2
1
P58-YFP C473L-YFP
C482L-YFP C473L/C482L-YFP-YFP
Summary
○ Many common features underlie the diversity of biological membrane
○ Fatty acid are key constituents of lipid
○ There are three common types of membrane lipids: phosphlipids, glycolipids and cholesterol.
○ Protein associate with the lipid bilayer in a variety of way.
○ Lipids and many membrane proteins diffuse rapidly in the plane of the membrane
Selectec readings
De Weer, P. 2000. a century of thinking about cell membranes. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 62: 919-926
White SH and wimley WC. 1999. Membrane protein folding and stability: Physical principles. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 28: 319-365.
Gunnar von Heijne. 2006. Membrane-protein topology. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 7, 909 – 918
John F. Hancock. 2006. Lipid rafts: contentious only from simplistic standpoints. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 7, 456-462