Post on 23-Feb-2016
description
Learning
What is Learning?
a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience
Behaviorism
The psychological domain that argues that psychology should be an objective science
Pavlov
Russian scientist that studied the affect of salivation on digestion
Problem: Dogs would start salivating before they got food.
Solution: Forget the digestion, let’s study learning!
Learning Pavlov noticed the dogs
salivated naturally when they ate.
He paired bringing food with ringing a tone.
After a while he rang the tone, but didn’t bring food.
What did the dogs do?
Classical Conditioning
A form of learning where an organism learns to associate stimuli
4 Parts of Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimuli
(UCS)- something that causes a natural response
Unconditioned Response (UCR)- what happens naturally as a result of the UCS
Conditioned Stimuli (CS)- a previously neutral stimuli that, after learning, produces the natural response
Conditioned Response (CR)- same as UCR, but in response to the CS
4 Parts of Pavlov UCS-
UCR-
CS-
CR-
4 Parts of Pavlov
UCS- Food
UCR- Salivation
CS- Tone
CR- Salivation
Other examples?
Flinching when seeing lightning Shocking animals after a tone Fear of drawing/tests
Parts of Learning
Parts of Learning
Acquisition- gaining learning Extinction- when the CS is no longer paired
with the UCS, learning is lost Spontaneous recovery- after extinction, if one
waits awhile, learning can come back
Generalization
Conditioned responses occurring for similar stimuli (even ones that aren’t conditioned)
Example: Children fearing cars and learn to avoid motorcycles and trucks as well
Discrimination
The ability to tell the difference between stimuli
Example: Being afraid of pit bulls but not beagles
Examples of Classical Conditioning
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hBfnXACsOI (John Watson, Little Albert)
http://teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?title=The_Office_Conditioning&video_id=247611 (The Office)
Aversive Conditioning
Using classical conditioning to keep animals (people) away from harmful substances
Developed by Garcia after studying taste aversions in rats
What things won’t you eat any more?
Applications of Classical Conditioning
Teaching people new things Psych Therapy Aversive Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
A type of learning that teaches using reinforcement and punishment
B.F. Skinner
English major who decided to study psychology as a graduate student
Focused on Thorndike’s law of effect: rewarded behaviors will likely be continued
Taught animals tricks
Principles of Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement- Something that causes a behavior to increase Positive- good behavior results in a reward Negative- good behavior results in taking away
something bad
Punishment- Something that causes a behavior to decrease
Shaping
When behavior is trained through closer and closer approximations
Types of Reinforcement
Primary- innately satisfying (meets a need) Food
Secondary- paired with primary to become satisfying Money
Immediate- happens right now Get a treat for
answering a question
Delayed- reward comes in the future Graduating high
school
Reinforcement Schedules Fixed-ratio- behavior is
reinforced after a specific number of responses You can take a break from
homework after completing 2 assignments
Variable-ratio- behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable amount of responses
Traveling salesperson
Fixed-interval- behavior is reinforced for the first desired response after a specific time Baking time on a cake
Variable-interval- behavior is reinforced for the first desired response after a variable time length Getting e-mail
Punishment
Reduces behavior
Why?
Applying something undesirable
Taking away something desirable
Motivation
Extrinsic- Outside of you Rewards and
punishments
Intrinsic- Inside of you Event is valuable for
its own sake
Legacies of BF Skinner
Computers at school
Rewards at school/work
Child-rearing
Cognition in learning
Sometimes we learn without being conditioned
Known as latent learning
Observational Learning
We learn things from watching others
Monkey see, monkey do
Albert Bandura
Bobo Doll experiment Children watched a
video of an adult beating up a Bobo doll
Children beat up the Bobo doll
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqNaLerMNOE
Biological Basis? Mirror Neurons- fire
when perform an action or see someone else doing it
Provides the foundation for observational learning