Learning
description
Transcript of Learning
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Learning
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What is Learning?
a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience
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Behaviorism
The psychological domain that argues that psychology should be an objective science
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Pavlov
Russian scientist that studied the affect of salivation on digestion
Problem: Dogs would start salivating before they got food.
Solution: Forget the digestion, let’s study learning!
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Learning Pavlov noticed the dogs
salivated naturally when they ate.
He paired bringing food with ringing a tone.
After a while he rang the tone, but didn’t bring food.
What did the dogs do?
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Classical Conditioning
A form of learning where an organism learns to associate stimuli
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4 Parts of Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimuli
(UCS)- something that causes a natural response
Unconditioned Response (UCR)- what happens naturally as a result of the UCS
Conditioned Stimuli (CS)- a previously neutral stimuli that, after learning, produces the natural response
Conditioned Response (CR)- same as UCR, but in response to the CS
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4 Parts of Pavlov UCS-
UCR-
CS-
CR-
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4 Parts of Pavlov
UCS- Food
UCR- Salivation
CS- Tone
CR- Salivation
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Other examples?
Flinching when seeing lightning Shocking animals after a tone Fear of drawing/tests
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Parts of Learning
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Parts of Learning
Acquisition- gaining learning Extinction- when the CS is no longer paired
with the UCS, learning is lost Spontaneous recovery- after extinction, if one
waits awhile, learning can come back
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Generalization
Conditioned responses occurring for similar stimuli (even ones that aren’t conditioned)
Example: Children fearing cars and learn to avoid motorcycles and trucks as well
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Discrimination
The ability to tell the difference between stimuli
Example: Being afraid of pit bulls but not beagles
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Examples of Classical Conditioning
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hBfnXACsOI (John Watson, Little Albert)
http://teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?title=The_Office_Conditioning&video_id=247611 (The Office)
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Aversive Conditioning
Using classical conditioning to keep animals (people) away from harmful substances
Developed by Garcia after studying taste aversions in rats
What things won’t you eat any more?
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Applications of Classical Conditioning
Teaching people new things Psych Therapy Aversive Conditioning
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Operant Conditioning
A type of learning that teaches using reinforcement and punishment
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B.F. Skinner
English major who decided to study psychology as a graduate student
Focused on Thorndike’s law of effect: rewarded behaviors will likely be continued
Taught animals tricks
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Principles of Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement- Something that causes a behavior to increase Positive- good behavior results in a reward Negative- good behavior results in taking away
something bad
Punishment- Something that causes a behavior to decrease
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Shaping
When behavior is trained through closer and closer approximations
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Types of Reinforcement
Primary- innately satisfying (meets a need) Food
Secondary- paired with primary to become satisfying Money
Immediate- happens right now Get a treat for
answering a question
Delayed- reward comes in the future Graduating high
school
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Reinforcement Schedules Fixed-ratio- behavior is
reinforced after a specific number of responses You can take a break from
homework after completing 2 assignments
Variable-ratio- behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable amount of responses
Traveling salesperson
Fixed-interval- behavior is reinforced for the first desired response after a specific time Baking time on a cake
Variable-interval- behavior is reinforced for the first desired response after a variable time length Getting e-mail
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Punishment
Reduces behavior
Why?
Applying something undesirable
Taking away something desirable
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Motivation
Extrinsic- Outside of you Rewards and
punishments
Intrinsic- Inside of you Event is valuable for
its own sake
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Legacies of BF Skinner
Computers at school
Rewards at school/work
Child-rearing
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Cognition in learning
Sometimes we learn without being conditioned
Known as latent learning
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Observational Learning
We learn things from watching others
Monkey see, monkey do
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Albert Bandura
Bobo Doll experiment Children watched a
video of an adult beating up a Bobo doll
Children beat up the Bobo doll
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqNaLerMNOE
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Biological Basis? Mirror Neurons- fire
when perform an action or see someone else doing it
Provides the foundation for observational learning