LeafstructureofmonocotscanleadtoIden1fica1on

LeavesasFoodGreensandHerbsParsley

Chives

SwissChard Endive

Spinach

Rhubarb LeafLeBuce

PlantStructure/Anatomy

Buds

BudStructureAbudisanundevelopedshootfromwhichleavesorflowerpartsgrow.

Aleafbudiscomposedofashortstemwithembryonicleaves.LeafbudsoIenarelessplumpandmorepointedthanflowerbuds.

Aflowerbudiscomposedofashortstemwithembryonicflowerparts.

FlowerBuds

LeafBud

BudLoca1onTerminalorApicalbudsarelocatedattheapex(1p)ofastem.Lateraloraxillarybudsarelocatedonthesidesofastemandusuallyarisewherealeafmeetsastem(anaxil).Adven::ousbudsariseatsitesotherthantheterminaloraxillaryposi1on.Theymaydevelopfromroots,asteminternode,theedgeofaleafblade,orcallus1ssueatthecutendofastemorroot.Adven11ousbudsallowstem,leaf,androotcuOngstodevelopintoen1relynewplants.

Len:cels–raisedporesallowinggasexchange.

BudsasFood

PlantStructure/Anatomy

Flowers

FlowersFlowershavesexualreproduc1onastheirsolefunc1on.FragranceandcoloraBractpollinators(insectsorbirds)thatplayanimportantroleinthereproduc1veprocess.

FlowerStructure

Male FemaleorPis:l

(pollensac)

(eggs)Ifaneggisfer1lized,

theovuledevelopsintoaseed.

(protectsflowerbud)

(pollinatora@rac:on)

AllSepals=CalyxAllPetals=Corolla

TypesofFlowersAcompleteflowerhasastamen,pis1l,petalsandsepals.Anincompleteflowerhasoneofthepartsmissing.

Perfectflowercontainsbothfunc1onalstamensandpis1ls.Imperfectflowerlackseitherstamensandpis1ls.Pis:llate(female)flowershavefunc1onalpis1lsbutlackstamens.Staminate(male)flowerscontainstamens,butnopis1ls.

CompleteFlower Imperfect(pis1llate)Flower

PerfectbutIncomplete

PlantswithImperfectFlowersAperfectflowerhasbothsexeswhileanimperfectflowerlacksoneortheother.Ifaspecieshasimperfectflowers,butbothmaleandfemaleflowersareonthesameplant,thatspeciesissaidtobemonoecious.Ifthemaleandfemaleflowersareonseparate,maleandfemaleplants,thatspeciesissaidtobedioecious.

GinkgoMalePlant GinkgoFemalePlant

MonoeciousCornDioeciousGinkgo

Self-fruiVulplantsvs.Self-sterileplantsSelf-fruiFulplantscanbepollinatedwithpollenfromthesameflowerorpollenfromotherflowersonthesameplant.Thisistrueofmostplantspecies,butdoesnotprecludecross-pollina1on.

Self-sterileplantscannotbepollinatedwithpollenfromthesameflowerorpollenfromotherflowersonthesameplant.Theyrequirecross-pollina1onfromadifferentvariety.Thisistrueforsomeapple,plumandpearspecies.

“Whydoesn’tmy[apple/plum/pear]treeproducefruit?”

PlantStructure/Anatomy

Fruits

FruitStructureFruitconsistsoffer1lized,matureovules(seeds)plustheovarywall,whichmaybefleshy,asinanapple,ordryandhard,asinanacorn.

Theonlypartofthefruitthatcontaingenesfromboththemaleandfemaleflowersistheseed.Therestofthefruitarisesfromthematernalplantandisgene1callyiden1caltoit.

Insomefruits,theseedsareenclosedwithintheovary(e.g.apples).Inothers,seedsaresituatedontheoutsideoffruit1ssue(e.g.strawberries).

TypesofFruitFruitsareclassifiedassimple,aggregate,ormul:ple.

Simplefruitsdevelopfromasingleovary.Theyincludefleshyfruitssuchascherriesandpeaches(drupe),pearsandapples(pome),andtomatoes(berries).Althoughgenerallyreferredtoasavegetable,tomatoestechnicallyareafruitbecausetheydevelopfromaflower.Squash,cucumbers,andeggplantsalsodevelopfromasingleovaryandareclassifiedbotanicallyasfruits.

Othertypesofsimplefruitaredryfruits.Theirwalliseitherpaperyorleatheryandhard,asopposedtothefleshyexamplesjustmen1oned.Examplesarepeanuts(legume),poppies(capsule),maples(samara),andwalnuts(nut).

SimpleFruitTypesofFruit

Aggregatefruitsdevelopsfromasingleflowerswithmanyovaries.Examplesarestrawberries,raspberries,andblackberries.Theflowerisasimpleflowerwithonecorolla,onecalyx,andonestem,butithasmanypis1lsorovaries.Eachovaryisfer1lizedseparately.Ifsomeovulesarenotpollinatedsuccessfully,thefruitwillbemisshapen.

TypesofFruitAggregateFruit

Mul:plefruitsarederivedfroma1ghtclusterofseparate,independentflowersborneonasinglestructure.Eachflowerhasitsowncalyxandcorolla.Pineapplesandfigsareexamples.

TypesofFruitMul1pleFruit

FleshyFruits

DryFruits

OPENPOLLINATED&HEIRLOOMS:Theseplantsaregenerallythesamefromgenera1ontogenera1on.Yousavetheseedandyou’llgetthesameplant.But,some1mesthereisgene1cdriI(theseedproducesadifferentkindofoffspring).ThestrangeplantcanberemovedtosavetheintegrityofthevarietyORsavedifithasadesirabletraityouarelookingfor.

AA AAAA AA AAAA AA AA

aa aaaa aa aaaa aa aa

TrueBreedingParents

HYBRIDS:Ahybridplantistheresultofaspecificcrossoftwoparentplantsbycontrolledpollina1on–usuallybyhand.Thisprocesshasbeendoneforcenturiesbygardeners.Theextravitalitygainedinhybridplantsiscalledhybridvigor.Theseedsfromhybridplantswillnotproduceseedswhichwillgrowintothesamevariety.

AA AAaa Aa Aaaa Aa Aa

Aa AaAa AA AaAa Aa aa

HybridorF1(HybridVigor)

Aandaarealleles(Adominant;arecessive)

GENETICALLYMODIFIEDORGANISM0RGMO’s:Theseplantsaredevelopedbytakingagenefromoneplantandinser1ngthisgeneintoanotherplanttogetadesirabletrait.GMOseedsarenotavailableforhomegardens.

PlantProcesses/Physiology

Photosynthesis

Respira1on

Transpira1on

Transpira1on

Respira1on

6CO2+6H2O-energy

+6O2

glucose

variousstorageforms

Photosynthesis

6CO2+6H2O+light

+6O2

glucose

variousstorageforms

Chloroplast

(+energy)

fluidinbetweengrana,wherecarbohydrateforma1onoccurs

stromaorstromatav.stomaorstomata

Thematrixofthechloroplastwhichisathickfluidinbetweengranawherevariousenzymes,moleculesandionsarefound,andwherethedarkreac1on(orcarbohydrateforma1onreac1ons)ofphotosynthesisoccurs.

A1nyporeinaplantleafsurroundedbyapairofguardcellsthatregulateitsopeningandclosure,andservesasthesiteforgasexchange.

fluidinbetweengrana,wherecarbohydrateforma1onoccurs

Chlorophylla&b

Light-dependentReac1ons

StromaReac1ons

H2O O2

Light

ATP NADPH

glucose

NADP+ADP

CO2

ATP=StoredEnergy NADPH=StoredReducingPower

LightDependentReac1ons

StromaReac1ons

Environment HardinessZones

h@p://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/

h@p://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/

Greetings from Canfield, Ohio

Averagenumberofdayswithoutkillingfrost.

DatesinspringaIerwhichthechanceoftemperaturesfallingto32Forlowerislessthan50%.

Datesinfallbywhichthechanceofthefirst32Ftemperaturewillhaveoccurredis50%.

Long-termaveragerainfall(inches)forgrowingseason,AprilthroughSeptember.

BinomialNomenclature

CarolusLinnaeus(1707–1778)

Thescien:ficname(speciesname)ofanyplant,animal,fungus,algaorbacteriumconsistsoftwoLa1nizedwords.Thefirstwordisthenameofthegenustowhichtheorganismbelongs.Thesecondwordisthespecificepithetorspecifictermofthespecies.Together,thegenusplusthespecificepithetmakeupthespeciesname.

BinomialNomenclature

Some1mesthenameorabbrevia1onofthebiologist(calledtheauthority)whonamedtheorganismfollowsthespeciesname.UlmusamericanaL.tellsusthatCarolusLinnaeus(L.)namedtheAmericanelm.

Example: RedMaple=Acerrubrum

Theredmapleisinthe"maple"genus,whichiscalledAcer,anditsspecificepithetisrubrum,whichisLa1nforred.Therefore,thebinomialnameforthisspeciesisAcerrubrum.

Kingdom Planta--plants(~326,000species)

Subkingdom Tracheobionta--vascularplants(~287,000)

Division Magnoliophyta--angiosperms,floweringplants(~259,000)

Class Magnoliopsida--dicotyledons(~199,000)

Subclass Rosidae--flowerswithseparatepetals(~58,000)

Order Sapindales--woody,lobedorcompoundleaves(~5,700)

Family Aceraceae--oppositeleaves,wingedsamara;mostlymaples(~152)

Genus AcerL.--maples(~150)

Species AcerrubrumL.--redmaple(1)

DicentraspectabilisArisaematriphyllum

Calthapalustris

BleedingHeartsJackinthePulpit

MarshMarigolds

Ques/ons?