Post on 22-Mar-2016
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Kingdoms, Dichotomous Keys, Diversity, & Resilience
Homework
Review pp. 8-23 in your textbook and answer 1.1 even questions1.2, questions 1, 3, 5
Define: unicellular & multicellular prokaryotic & eukaryotic autotrophic & heterotrophic sexual & asexual
Species Concepts?
DefinitionsUnicellular: single-celledMulticellular: more than one cellProkaryote: smaller, simpler type of cell without a membrane-bound nucleusEukaryote: larger, more complex type of cell with a membrane-bound nucleusAutotroph: obtains energy by making its own food (sunlight)Heterotroph: consumes other organisms to obtain energy and nutrientsSexual reproduction: requires the genetic material from two parents to form
offspring with a unique combination of genes (unique to the Domain, Eukarya)
Asexual reproduction: offspring arise from a single parent, and inherit the genes of that parent only. The offspring will be exact genetic copies of the parent (eg. in Eukarya include some reptiles, insects, and fish).
Eukaryotic cells• Us!• Membrane-
bound nucleus • much larger
and more complex than prokaryotic cells
Examples?Organisms we
can see
Prokaryotic cells
• Do not have a nucleus. Genetic material is found in the cytoplasm
• Smaller, and less complex than eukaryotic cells
• There are at least 20 times more prokaryotic cells on Earth than there are eukaryotic cells
Features common to all cells
DOMAINS
KINGDOMS
Kingdoms(refer to text p. 29, table 1.5)
DKPCOFGS: We need a mnemonic!
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order FamilyGenus Species
Dichotomous Keys
An identification solution that uses many 2-part choices to narrow down the solution
We did this! With our shoes! (eg. leather and not leather)
Another activity… meet the Norns!…for more practice and information, look at text
pp. 40-1
Criteria depends on Taxonomic rank
(refer to p. 29, Table 1.5 vs p. 30, #9)
If we’re interested in the Kingdom what types of criteria are we looking at?
If we’re interested in the Species rank, what types of criteria are we looking at?
How to Make a Dichotomous Key From a Table of Bacterial Characteristics
(for use in running the minimum number of tests in identifying an unknown bacterium)
ericstavney.net/ppts/a10d%20DichoKeyExample.ppt
Organism CharacteristicsAlcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose,
catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative
Corynebacterium xerosis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive
Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria
Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatisCitrobacter freundii Mycobacterium lepraePseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosisStreptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila
Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria
Organism CharacteristicsAlcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose,
catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative
Corynebacterium xerosis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive
Table of Characteristics for Eight BacteriaTable of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria
Organism CharacteristicsAlcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose,
catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative
Corynebacterium xerosis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive
Table of Characteristics for Eight BacteriaTable of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria
Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatisCitrobacter freundii Mycobacterium lepraePseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosisStreptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila
Gram stain
negativeAlcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatisCitrobacter freundii Mycobacterium lepraePseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosisAeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae
positive
Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria
Organism CharacteristicsAlcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose,
catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative
Corynebacterium xerosis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive
Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria
Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatisCitrobacter freundii Mycobacterium lepraePseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosisStreptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila
Gram stain
negative
positive
Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatisCitrobacter freundii Mycobacterium lepraePseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosisAeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae
Galactose fermentation
negativeAlcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens
positive
Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria
Organism CharacteristicsAlcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose,
catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative
Corynebacterium xerosis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive
Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria
Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatisCitrobacter freundii Mycobacterium lepraePseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosisStreptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila
Gram stain
negative
positive
Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatisCitrobacter freundii Mycobacterium lepraePseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosisAeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae
Galactose fermentation
negativeAlcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens
H2S production
positive negativeAlcaligenes faecalis
Aeromonas hydrophila
positive
Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria
Organism CharacteristicsAlcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose,
catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative
Corynebacterium xerosis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive
Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria
Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatisCitrobacter freundii Mycobacterium lepraePseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosisStreptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila
Gram stain
negative
positive
Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatisCitrobacter freundii Mycobacterium lepraePseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosisAeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae
Galactose fermentation
negativeAlcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens
H2S production
positive negativeAlcaligenes faecalis
Aeromonas hydrophila
positive
Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria
Litmus milk
acid alkalineCitrobacter freundii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Organism CharacteristicsAlcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose,
catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative
Corynebacterium xerosis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive
Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria
Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatisCitrobacter freundii Mycobacterium lepraePseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosisStreptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila
Gram stain
negative
positive
Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatisCitrobacter freundii Mycobacterium lepraePseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosisAeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae
Galactose fermentation
negativeAlcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens
H2S production
positive negativeAlcaligenes faecalis
Aeromonas hydrophila
positive
Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria
Litmus milk
acid alkalineCitrobacter freundii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
acid fast
Acid-fast staining
not acid fastMycobacterium smegmatis Corynebacterium xerosis Mycobacterium leprae Streptococcus pneumoniae
Organism CharacteristicsAlcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose,
catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative
Corynebacterium xerosis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive
Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria
Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatisCitrobacter freundii Mycobacterium lepraePseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosisStreptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila
Gram stain
negative
positive
Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatisCitrobacter freundii Mycobacterium lepraePseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosisAeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae
Galactose fermentation
negativeAlcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens
H2S production
positive negativeAlcaligenes faecalis
Aeromonas hydrophila
positive
Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria
Litmus milk
acid alkalineCitrobacter freundii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
acid fast
Acid-fast staining
not acid fastMycobacterium smegmatis Corynebacterium xerosis Mycobacterium leprae Streptococcus pneumoniae
positive
Catalase produced
negativeMycobacterium smegmatis
Mycobacterium leprae
Organism CharacteristicsAlcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose,
catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative
Corynebacterium xerosis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive
Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria
Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatisCitrobacter freundii Mycobacterium lepraePseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosisStreptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila
Gram stain
negative
positive
Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatisCitrobacter freundii Mycobacterium lepraePseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosisAeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae
Galactose fermentation
negativeAlcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens
H2S production
positive negativeAlcaligenes faecalis
Aeromonas hydrophila
positive
Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria
Litmus milk
acid alkalineCitrobacter freundii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
acid fast
Acid-fast staining
not acid fastMycobacterium smegmatis Corynebacterium xerosis Mycobacterium leprae Streptococcus pneumoniae
positive
Catalase produced
negativeMycobacterium smegmatis
Mycobacterium leprae
positive
Hemolysis
negativeCorynebacterium
xerosisStreptococcus pneumoniae
DIVERSITY!
Ecosystem Diversity
Diversity!
Ecosystem Diversity:The variety of ecosystems in the biosphere (landscapes)
Ecosystem Services:Can you think of any examples?
For a grassland?A ravine?Wetlands?Temperate forests?Tropical rainforests?
Is it important to preserve ecosystem diversity? Why?
Diversity!
Species Diversity: The variety and abundance of species in a given
area (community)
-What are some examples of species diversity?
-How might species diversity at the level of primary production (plants) affect other trophic levels in food chains?
Species Diversity
Species Diversity
Species Diversity
Species Diversity
Diversity!
Genetic Diversity:The variety of genes in a population of
interbreeding individuals
-Why is genetic diversity important?-What would happen if a population lacked genetic
diversity?
Genetic Diversity
(Homo sapiens)
Resilience!Biodiversity is the most important factor in ensuring resilience
at the ecosystem (landscape), species (communities), and genetic (population) scales
• What is resilience?Resilience is the ability of an ecosystem to maintain a balance in the face of outside disturbances
• What are some examples of threats to resilience?Loss of resilience = more brittle populations, communities, and ecosystems
• How does this relate to Endangered Species?
ENDANGERED SPECIES PROFILE #1Polar bear (Ursus maritimus)
IMPORTANCE of the POLAR BEAR
Polar bears are at the top of the food chain and have an important role in the overall health of the marine environment. Over thousands of years, polar bears have also been an important part of the cultures and economies of Arctic peoples. Polar bears depend on sea ice for their existence and are directly impacted by climate change—serving as important indicator species.
http://worldwildlife.org/species/polar-bear
A Warming Climate Takes its Toll on the Polar Bears of
Hundson Bay
Homework
Review: text pp. 44-47: 1-22, 30, 32, 33
text pp. 48-49: 1-13, 17-23(use the self-check summary at the bottom of page 49 for questions you don’t understand)
Quiz Next Class! - Wed, Feb 13