Post on 15-Jan-2016
description
Kenya Rwanda Ethiopia
Djibouti Burundi Eritrea South Africa Somalia Sudan Tanzania Malawi Uganda Botswana Angola Zambia Mozambique Zimbabwe
Kenya
Symbolic of Africa The Lion King Game preserves – savanna National parks – protected wildlife
roam The great Masai warriors The Great Rift Valley
Kenya – physical characteristics
Located on the East coast of Africa Equator runs through the center Lowlands vs Highlands
SW highlands- most people live Central plateau rises to the west North – droughts common
Fertile highlands – get enough rain Great Rift Valley/ Lake Victoria
Masai vs Kikuyu – early tribes – held landPortugal, Germany claimedBritish East Africa Company
British Rule
Build a railroad from the coast (Mombasa) to Nairobi in center and to Uganda
Kenya-Uganda Railroad Problems around Tsavo
Lions were killing workers Movie – Great Lion Hunter Lions – Field Museum in Chicago
British Rule
Under British Rule
White settlers took the land from native tribes under British rule
1950s - Mau Mau Rebellion British crushed the rebellion
1963 – independence from Britain Jomo Kenyatta became president
(Kikuyu) Kikuyu regained some farm lands
Kenya under Kenyatta
Harambee (pulling together) grass-roots movement of people putting together
Solid economic growth – farmers raise cash crops coffee and tea Few minerals – depended on agriculture
Cash crop of flowers used to produce pyrethrum (pesticide)
Not growing crops to feed themselves - import People suffer from malnutrition
After Independence
Stable government 1980s population grew fast Not enough food or jobs Social and political unrest
Politics
Accused President Daniel arap Moi of corruption He refused multiparty elections, jailed
critics Supporters killed world famous scientist –
Richard Leakey 1992 - Agreed to hold elections
Western nations withheld loans Moi won elections in 1992, 1997 Defeated in 2002 – stepped aside peacefully
Kenya Today
Written a new constitution abolishes the Prime Minister – August 2010
President – Mwai Kibaki since 2002 Parliament Trying to create an uncorrupt
government Ethnic violence Not enough food
Search for Peace
Ethnic violence Not enough food Concerns about corruption in gov’t
Section 2
Other Countries of East Africa
Other Countries of East Africa
Key locations - Horn of Africa Strategic value
Valuable locations for military action On the Indian Ocean Shipping lanes Red Sea, Gulf of Aden Close to oil supplies in Middle East Midpoint between SE Asia and Europe
Djibouti
Earns income - strategic ports France pays large fees - military bases France has worked to maintain peace
Civil War 1991 Constitution followed Election in 1999 Peace in 2000 Working to repair agriculture, education,
infrastructure
Ethiopia Ancient nation -3500 BC High fertile plains
temperate climate Troubles
Drought in 1984, 1986 – famine Conflict with Somalia Civil War in Eritrea (coastal province) Government overthrown Lost the province of Eritrea – now
landlocked Torn by ethnic division
Eritrea
After independence economy suffered Government worked to create modern country Capital of Asmara – rebuilt modern capital Modern steel plant, modern housing Borrowed little from foreign powers Subsistence farming/herding – basis of economy No democracy but government is working
Somalia
Since its independence in 1960 Full-scale civil war Severe drought-1990s Border war with Ethiopia No effective national government Source of many pirates
UN sent relief Constant fighting/no supplies get to the
people UN frustrated – withdrew aid
The Sudan
Largest nation in all of Africa Climate much like Sahel Northern area mostly ergs – shifting sand dunes People divided
North – Muslim Arabs South - Different ethnic tribes (animism)(Christianity)
Southern areas called the Sudd – swampy area Continuous war since 1956 Darfur – genocide -millions have been killed
Uganda West of Kenya
High plateau – fertile land – cotton, coffee Prospered under Great Britain as a colony
1962 Independence - civil war North – people - military power struggled against South – people - economic power Military struggle ended with dictatorship
Idi Amin – ruthless dictator in power in the 1970-1979 300,000 people ‘disappeared’ - violent struggles
Mid 1990s - rebuilding Democratic election in 2001
Rwanda and Burundi
Ethnocracy – government in which one ethnic
group rules over others
Rwanda
80% Hutu 20% Tutsi (Watusi) Hutu in power for 35 years (after
1959) Overthrew Tutsi gov’t -killed 100,000
Tutsi 1994 – Civil War
2 million Rwandans driven away 100,000 Tutsi killed Currently share power -free elections Current president – 2000 -
Burundi
14% Tutsi – in power Control/use army to hold power
Mid 1993 – held its first free election Elected a Hutu president Coup overthrew him Many Hutu and Tutsi killed Violence continues
Agreed to share power in 2004 Currently President Nkurunziza – Hutu -2005 Current Vice president – Hutu - 2010
Tanzania
Ancient man inhabited Ancient slave traders – Zanzibar Germans controlled After WW I – British control Independence - 1961
Tanzania
Land has great potential wealth Fertile soils Minerals – iron ore, coal, diamonds
Varied terrain humid coastal plain cool highlands Lake Victoria and Mount Kilimanjaro dry central plains
Poor development = 2nd poorest country
Tanzania
Socialism Experiment from 1961-1985 Villagization –
Rural people forced into towns Worked on collective farms Failure
Moved back to free enterprise Farmers - back to farm land - had been idle Sold corn and cotton Paid a fair price for crops
Geography of S Africa
Mostly high, dry plateau Surrounded by escarpment to a
coastal plain Plateau has some areas with good
rain Grow corn, wheat and variety of
fruits
South Africa
Country is divided by race 76% population is black 13% white 9% mixed race 3% Asian White minority ruled over a
century
Movement into African Lands
1600s settled by Dutch, Germans, French Over time – groups became Africaners or
Boers Own language – African – combination of
Dutch, French, German White, wealthy Pushed natives inland, claiming land by
treaty or force
British Takeover
British settlers arrived pushed Africaners inland kept pushing to assert British control Boer War – 3 years – 1899-1902
Boer War
Africaners accepted British rule
Result - British colony Africaners/British settlers Black Africans
driven to reserves put to work on white-owned plantations
or factories
Independence
S Africa became independent in 1961 Blacks - move out of reserves Blacks - began to rebel Many were jailed
Leader - Nelson Mandela
1950-1980
Fastest growing economy in world Abundant coal = inexpensive energy Money to invest Excellent connection with Britain and
Europe provided technology, skills, knowledge
Blacks provided large pool of cheap labor
Minority Rule
Whites controlled government Whites controlled 2/3 land and best
farmland Whites controlled gold mines Whites controlled diamond mines Whites controlled mines of 70 other
minerals Whites controlled thriving industries Whites controlled the wealth
Government control
White government afraid of blacks To control them the gov’t created
arbitrary regions called homelands – 75% people forced to live on 13% land
Everyone has to stay in their assigned homeland unless they were given a pass to live somewhere else
Became know as Apartheid
Apartheid
Means apartness Black Africans were segregated
from the whites Separate public facilities – schools Facilities were never as good Any rebels were jailed
International Backlash
1986 Europe, US placed economic sanctions on South Africa End apartheid Prohibited Americans from investing Banned imports Pressure from within through protests Banned from the Olympics Cost S Africa $2 billion
Change
F.W. de Klerk – new prime minister in 1989 Released prominent activist Nelson Mandela
who had been in prison – 27 years Leader of African National Congress –
negotiated with white government 1990-1991 – apartheid laws were repealed Transition of power to Black majority
1994 – free elections – Mandela 1st president
Mandela/deKlerk
South Africa Today
1996 – new constitution Guaranteed equality in housing, health
care, water, food, and education Still some economic and social
problems Model government has kept peace
Mandela’s party still in power President Jacob Zuma – May 2009
Section 4 Other Countries of Southern Africa
All these countries are affected by the wealth and power of South Africa
Enclaves – country that is completely surrounded by a larger country Lesotho Swaziland
Malawi
Landlocked Located on the western shore of Lake Nyasa in the Great Rift Valley Migrant workers under labor
contracts to South Africa Fertile lands, good water supply Crowded nation Resources are stretched to meet
needs
Botswana
Landlocked Less dependent on S Africa – wealthier Arid country, sparsely populated Raises millions of beef cattle – feeds
itself Mineral wealth – diamonds, copper, coal Stable government
Angola
Western coast of Africa Former Portuguese colony
fought a tough war for its independence Portugal pulled out, Portuguese left taking their wealth and
chaos ensued “White flight” – departure of trained
white administrators and technicians
Angola
Reaction to problems of colonialism Government committed to communism Outraged the democratic neighbor - SA
Rebel group known as UNITA waged war Stress of civil war hurt economy 100,000 killed, disease and malnutrition 1 in 4 children died before the age of 4 Couldn’t feed itself
Angola
South Africa ended military presence
1992 - first free election Pope just visited in 2010
Mass to over a million people Hopeful it will soon feed itself Trying to keep a stable government
Mozambique – East Coast
Portuguese colony –similar to Angola Civil wars forced refugees into cities and camps Civil war ended -Rebels and government
worked things out Outlook is promising
Huge labor force, Excellent port Reserves of coal, Hydroelectric plant on Zambezi River
Still world’s poorest nation
Namibia
West coast – South of Angola Almost a colony of South Africa Had its own version of apartheid Now has a stable government Archeologists finding sunken ship
offshore Brad and Angelina
Zambia
Independence in 1964 President Kenneth Kaunda Counted on copper reserves for money to
buy food Let agricultural economy decline
1970s and 1980s Copper market fell – economy fell Kaunda defeated/ new leader tried to
improve agriculture and business
Zambia
Could not get enough money to feed its people Kauna tried the structural
readjustment program – caused riots Elected new president in 1991 who
returned to the program Slowly progressed Economic recovery is far off
Zimbabwe
British colony of Rhodesia landlocked 1965 independence White minority government Britain and UN demanded respect of
the rights of the black majority Years of conflict – some whites stayed 1979 first free election – Robert
Mugabe
Zimbabwe under Mugabe
White farmers stayed – corn, tobacco, cotton
Land Redistribution – give land to poor Gov’t set slow schedule Allowed time to build infrastructure 2000 Mugabe seized farms – violence Jailed opposition White farmers fled Economy suffered – 80% unemployment Mugabe defeated in 2008 – refused to leave
– finally allowed Tsvangivai to take office in Feb. 2009