Keep Pots Clean Or Families Get Sick!

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species

Kindom Protizoa proto, first + zoo, animal• Evolved from the Archae approx. 1.5 billion years

ago• Polyphyletic group- protists arose by way of more

than one ancestral group• Represents separate evolutionary lineages• Plant like b/c autotrophic (produce their own food)• Animal-Like b/c they are heterotrophic (feed upon

other organisms)

Today you will study phyla and animal like protists.

Animal-Like Protists

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Fig. 8.2

Chapter 8 Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa

“Protist” Unicellular and Colonial Eukaryotes-

any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus

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Fig. 8.3

W. D. Russell-Hunter, A Life of Invertebrates, © 1979.

Protozoan Protist

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Fig. 8.4

Asexual Reproduction in Protozoa

Figure 8.5

Symbiotic lifestyles

• Symbiosis (Gr. Syn, with +bios, life)

• Parasitism- a form of symbiosis- organism lives in or on other (Host)

Some parasites have life cycles involving multiple hosts

• Definite host- harbors the sexual stages of the parasite

• Intermediate host- the offspring enter another host where they reproduce asexually, to complete lifecycle the final asexual stage must have access to a Definite host

Other kinds of symbiosis

• Don’t harm host– Commensalisms- one member benefits

– Mutualism- both benefit

Flagellated Protozoa

• Flagellates are the ancestors of ameoboid protozoan

• Phytoflagellated (photosynthesizing)

• zooflagellated (particle feeding and parasitic)

Phytoflagellated Protozoa

– Chlorophyll (oxygen for marine life)– One or two flagella– These protozoans are large portion of the

marine food – i.e dinoflagellates– Two flagellates, chlorophyll, xanthophyll

(bloom=red tides) and results in fill kills (Red sea, bible)

Figure 8.6

Other Phytoflagellated Protozoa Euglena

• Freshwater phytoflagellated protozoa

• Chloroplast has a pyrenoid (synthesizes and stores carbohydrates)• feed by absorption or are heterotrophic

• Stigma- photoreceptor at the base of the flagellum

• Haploid organisms and reproduce binary fission

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Fig. 8.7

Structure of Euglena

Subphylum Mastigophora

(cl. Phytomastigophora)

Zooflagellated Protozoa

• Lack chloroplast• Heterotrophic• Some members are important human

parasites

• Species Trypanosoma brucei cause African sleeping sickness (Intermediate host- Tsetse flies )

Zooflagellated Protozoa Trypanosomes

• Tsetse fly picks up parasite from infected • Multiply asexually in the gut of flies• Infects other individuals

• Cause mental dullness and lack of coordination “Sleepiness”

• Death- Central Nervous System, cardiovascular, and malnutrition

• Curable if detected early

Figure 8.8 (a)

Figure 8.8 (b)

Amoeboid Protozoa

Fig 8.10 Amoebozoan proteus

Study representatives of the following three

Protista phyla:1) Phylum Sarcomastigophora

Subphylum Mastigophora

Subphylum Sarcodina

2) Phylum Apicomplexa

3) Phylum Ciliophora

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

• Chars: Flagella, pseudopodia, or both; single type of nucleus; no spores formed.

• Subphylum Masigophora– Chars: One or more Falgella– Autotrophic (cl. Phytomastigophora)– Heterotrophic (cl. Zoomastigophora) or both;– Reproduction usually by fission

• Freshwater phytomastigophoran

• Ponds and slow moving streams

• Study live protozoans using methylcellulose

• Observe Flagella using iodine potassium iodine (IKI)

Other Mastigophora

• Zoomastigophora- Trypanosoma, Trichonympha, and Trichomonas

• Trichonympha- Mastigophora Symbionts- Termite gut

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Fig. 8.9

Life Cycle of Trypanosoma Brucei

Phytomstigophoran- Volvox

• shows colonial organization. Concave slide Culture Medium, cover slide no air pockets

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Fig. 8.8

Volvox, A Colonial Flagellate

Subphylum Sarcodina

• Chars: Pseudopodia, Flagella occasionally present (in developmental stages. The Amoebas

• Ameobas- common freshwater protist

• Lives on the bottom of ponds

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Fig. 8.10

Variations in Pseudopodia

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Fig. 8.11b

Subphylum Sarcodina: Superclass Rhizopoda, Class Lobosea

Other Sarcodina-“Not naked” sarcodines

• Arcella, Difflugia, and Actinospaerium and marine radiolarians and foraminifera form test.

• Test (shell) are protective structures that the cytoplasm secretes

• Test can be made of calcium carbonate, protein, silica or chitin (a polysaccharide)

• Test can be formed from sand grains, calcium carbonate and silica

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Fig. 8.12

Freshwater Amoeba (Difflugia Oblongata)

The Coccidea- Phylum Apicomplexa

• Chars: All parasites

• Apical complex used for penetrating host cells

• Lack cilia and flagella, except in certain reproductive stages

• Coccidians or apicomplexans are named based upon the presence of apical complex

Most important Coccidians are members of the class Sporozoea

• Chars: intracellular parasites of animals• Form spores or oocysts following sexual

reproduction• Complex life cycle that involve both

vertebrate and invertebrate hosts

• Example- Plasmodium the sporozoan that causes malaria.

Figure 8.14Fig 8.14 Life Cycle of Plasmodium

Phylum Ciliophora

• Chars: Cilia, macronuclei, and micronuclei usually present

• Ciliates are the largest most complex and diverse group of the protozoans

• Nearly occupy all aquatic habitats• Some are symbiotic• Reproduction can be asexual through

fission or sexual through conjugation

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Fig. 8.17b

Ciliate (Paramecium)

Figure 8.15 (a)Fig 8.15The Ciliateparamecium

Figure 8.17

Figure 8.18

Fig 8.18 Suctroian feeding

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Fig. 8.21

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Conjugation in Paramecium

Example of a Ciliophora: Paramecium

• Common freshwater ciliate

• Observe live sample using methylcellulose solution

• Other Ciliophora: Colpidium, Vorticella and Stentor

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Fig. 8.22

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Cladogram of Protozoa Relationships

Figure 8.20

Box Figure 8.1

EOC Figure

The End