Dr. Ludmila CaroneChameleon Kickoff Meeting

Exoplanets in 3D

[K]

~ km/s

L. Carone @ Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg (MPIA)

Dr. Ludmila CaroneChameleon Kickoff Meeting

How to determine the wind structure?

● Phase curves

Josh Winn

You will see different parts or phases of the highly irradiated planetary day side

Dr. Ludmila CaroneChameleon Kickoff Meeting

The case of uperrotation

2002

Prediction by GCMShowman & Guillot 2002

2007

Observations byKnutson et al. 2007

Showman & Polvani 2011

2011

Rossby waves

Kelvin waves

2 km/s strong wind jets (>10x than Jupiter)

Dr. Ludmila CaroneChameleon Kickoff Meeting

Caveat: 3D models have some problems

Recalibration of Spitzer data

Blue and liliac (WRONG):Recalibration of Spitzer data (Diamond-Lowe+ 2014)e.g. Line et al. 2016 HST/WFC3 Spectroscopy Zellem+2014

TiO

Dr. Ludmila CaroneChameleon Kickoff Meeting

How to tame the (too) superrotation?

Clouds(many openquestions →

Ch. Helling)

Parmentier+2016

Dr. Ludmila CaroneChameleon Kickoff Meeting

How deep do the jets go?

100 bar

WASP-43b HD 209458b

Carone,Baeyens et al. 2020aLower boundary has to be AT LEAST at 700 bar(with potential to go at least down to 1500 bar)

(Rot -3.5 days)(Rot-0.83 days)

10 bar

Very long simulation times: 10 000 days (compared to 400 days)

Dr. Ludmila CaroneChameleon Kickoff Meeting

Interior recognized as important issue in 3D climate models

● Models may not be deep enough and run-times are too short (Carone,Baeyens+2020a)

● Review Showman+2020 :arXiv:2007.15363

“Understanding the interactions and couplingbetween the photospheric level dynamicsand interior dynamics is a pressing need”

● Wang &Wordsworth, 2020 (reproduced Carone+2015)“Results on the circulation of tidally locked exoplanets with thick atmospheres may need to be revisited.”

Ludmila Carone3D – Circulation on Exo-Earths3D – Circulation on Exo-Earths

TRAPPIST-1d – (Anti-)Brewer-Dobsonclock-wise circulation Anti-clockwise circulation

Strong Weak

-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 PoleLatitude [degrees]

Pole EQ

10-3

Pole EQLatitude [degrees]

Pre

ssu

re [

bar

]

10-1

100

10-2

Surface friction (Carone+2016)

(Carone+ 2018)

[kg/s]1011

1010

109109

-109

-1010

-1011

Similar to Yates+2020 Confirmed by Chen+2020

Dr. Ludmila CaroneChameleon Kickoff Meeting

How to connect to formation in exoplanet atmospheres?

Zeile 1 Zeile 2 Zeile 3 Zeile 40

2

4

6

8

10

12

Spalte 1

Spalte 2

Spalte 3

Artist impression: Oph-IRS 48 (van der Marel+2013, ESO/L. Calçada)

TimeMany processes

Interpretation

Climates,Composition,Surfaces

1D →

3 D

Deep layers are key!Carone+ 2020a,b – gas planets

I. Kamp

Dr. Ludmila CaroneChameleon Kickoff Meeting

3D climates

● It's complicated, but necessary● Check your boundary conditions or else ...