Post on 18-Dec-2015
JCOMM Status &Ocean-Observing Satellite Elements
Jean-Louis FELLOUS (ESA/CNES)Co-president, JCOMMCEOS Executive Secretary
Eric Lindstrom (NASA)
The WMO-IOC Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology
The JCOMM Vision
Integrated ocean observing system Integrated data managementState-of-the-art technologies and capabilitiesNew products and servicesUser responsiveness and interaction Involvement of all maritime countries
JCOMM Structure
Integrated Ocean Observing System
Ship observations Sea level
MooringsArgoDrifting buoy
ASAP
Satellites
there, and there, and everywhereeverywhere
Data stored here,Data stored here,
Data Management
Services
Maritime Safety
Waves and SurgesSea Ice information
Pollution Response
Oceanography
GCOS Essential Climate Variables
Variables that are both currently feasible for global implementation and have a high impact on UNFCCC requirements.
Three Domains Atmospheric (over land, sea and ice)
Surface Air temperature, Precipitation, Air pressure, Surface radiation budget, Wind speed
and direction, Water vapor.Upper-air
Earth radiation budget (including solar irradiance), Upper-air temperature (including MSU radiances), Wind speed and direction, Water vapor, Cloud properties.
Composition Carbon dioxide, Methane, Ozone, Other long-lived greenhouse gases , Aerosol
properties. Oceanic
Surface Sea-surface temperature, Sea-surface salinity, Sea level, Sea state, Sea ice,
Current, Ocean color (for biological activity), Carbon dioxide partial pressure.Sub-surface
Temperature, Salinity, Current, Nutrients, Carbon, Ocean tracers, Phytoplankton. Terrestrial
River discharge, Water use, Ground water, Lake levels, Snow cover, Glaciers and ice caps, Permafrost and seasonally-frozen ground, Albedo, Land cover (including vegetation type), Fraction of absorbed photo-synthetically active radiation (fAPAR), Leaf area index (LAI), Biomass, Fire disturbance
12501250
8686
3939
22402240
1515
472472
7979
7979
2626
923923
44
458458
6767
7979
2626
458458
6767
370370
975975
8383
2727
15001500
99
458458
6969
12501250
9797
4242
30003000
4646
2020
659659
106106
12501250
119119
5151
30003000
6060
3131
155155
12501250
115115
4747
30003000
5454
5252
2828
882882
148148
12501250
104104
4545
30003000
4949
4141
2323
831831
126126
12501250
9191
3939
30003000
1717
493493
9191
20022002 20032003 20042004 2006200620052005 20072007 20082008 20092009 20102010
Representative milestones including international contributionsRepresentative milestones including international contributions
Tide GaugesTide GaugesReal-time StationsReal-time StationsInitial GCOS SubsetInitial GCOS Subset
Surface Drifting BuoysSurface Drifting Buoys
Tropical Moored BuoysTropical Moored Buoys
Ships of OpportunityShips of Opportunity
Argo FloatsArgo Floats
Reference StationsReference Stations
Arctic SystemArctic System
Ocean Carbon NetworkOcean Carbon Network
Dedicated Ship TimeDedicated Ship Time
High resolution and frequentlyHigh resolution and frequentlyrepeated lines occupiedrepeated lines occupied
Number of floatsNumber of floats
Number of mooringsNumber of moorings
Number of buoysNumber of buoys
Days at sea Days at sea (NOAA contribution)(NOAA contribution)
Repeat Sections Completed,Repeat Sections Completed,One inventory per 10 yearsOne inventory per 10 years
Number of observatories, flux,Number of observatories, flux,and ocean transport stationsand ocean transport stations
Ice buoys, drifting andIce buoys, drifting andMoored stationsMoored stations
779779 787787
544544
3535 3737 4141
11
554859 817257Total System Total System 4040 4545
20022002 20032003 20042004 2006200620052005 20072007 20082008 20092009 20102010
System % CompleteSystem % Complete
4242 4343
Base BudgetFY 07 President’s BudgetPlanning, Unfunded
2424131312121212
Multi-Year Phased Implementation Plan (NOAA), 100% Requirement
12501250
119119
5151
30003000
8989
3737
170170
12501250
119119
5151
30003000
7878
5454
3434
882882
160160
5454
882882
20112011 20122012
89
20112011 20122012
97 100
2121 2424 2424
JCOMM Evaluation Metrics
Observing System Status: 2006 - Q1Sea Surface Temperature
0.494
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Year
GPRA Goal
Requirement: 0.2°C - 0.5°C
Requirement: All boxes blue
Drifting Buoys + Moored Buoys + Weighted Ship Observations
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Requirement: 0.2°C - 0.5°C accuracy; 500km horizontal resolution; 25 samples per week (GOOS/GCOS, 1999)
Performance Measure: Reduce the error in global measurement of Sea Surface Temperature
Metric: Potential satellite bias error (degrees Celsius)
Drifting BuoysMoored BuoysShipsTotal
Goal:100% Global Coverage
100
80
60
40
20
0
2003 2005
Systems Approach to StandardSystems Approach to StandardMapping and ReportingMapping and Reporting
JCOMM Reporting
Visit http://www.jcommops.org/network_status
COP-10 Decision onResearch and Systematic Observation
“Invites Parties that support space agencies involved in global observations to request these agencies to provide a coordinated response to the needs expressed in the GCOS Implementation Plan”
CEOS was asked to present its response to SBSTA at COP 12 in November 2006
Systematic Observation Requirements for Satellite-based Products for Climate
Supplemental details to the satellite-based component of the “Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC (GCOS-92)”
**************************************************
GCOS Secretariat
GCOS-107WMO/TD No. 1338
GCOS Implementation Plan“Satellite Supplement”
Requirements for space-based observations of ocean ECV’s (1)
Essential Climate Variable
(a)Requirements re: past/current data
sets
(b)Requirements re:
future systems
(c)Requirements re:
calibration and validation
O.1 Sea Ice Consolidate existing sea ice
productsCombine with in
situ records
Continue existing series of
MW/Vis/IRCryoSat-2, Sent-3,
IceSat
Focus on ice thickness and drift
data sets with rigorous cal/val
O.2 Sea Level Reprocess altimetry data as
orbit, geoid & tides improve
Continue series of overlapping
Jason-class & plan two ERS-class missions
Ancillary validation system
as part of the missions
O.3 Sea Surface Temperature
Continue support to GHRSST pilot
projects
Sustain IR & MW sensors (extend
ATSR, TMI, AMSR…)
Need to sustain in situ observations
Requirements for space-based observations of ocean ECV’s (2)
Essential Climate Variable
(a)Requirements re: past/current data
sets
(b)Requirements re:
future systems
(c)Requirements re:
calibration and validation
O.4 Ocean Colour Ocean colour products freely
available through ftp/Web
Reprocess
Sustain ocean colour recordRisk of gap
beyond 2007
Improve in situ measurement network for
vicarious cal
O.5 Sea State Build a comprehensive unified record
Continue at least altimeter and SAR
Explore new techniques
Use existing buoys for calibration
O.6 Ocean reanalysis
Data availability to reanalysis centres
Partnership with reanalysis centres
Requirements for space-based observations of ocean ECV’s (3)
Essential Climate Variable
(a)Requirements re: past/current data
sets
(b)Requirements re:
future systems
(c)Requirements re:
calibration and validation
Emerging product (O.7): Sea Surface Salinity
N/A Support research missions (SMOS,
Aquarius)
Special in situ observing efforts
needed to evaluate sensor performance
OCEAN OBSERVATIONS FROM SPACE HAVE SO FAR BEEN GATHERED MOSTLY THROUGH EXPERIMENTAL SATELLITES
TRANSITIONING FROM RESEARCH TO OPERATIONAL(i.e., « CROSSING THE VALLEY OF DEATH »)
REMAINS OUR FIRST CHALLENGE
Note: Surface Vector Wind is considered as an Atmospheric ECV
IPY
GODAE
ASAR/Envisat C-band
SAR for Sea Ice & Sea State
Planned/Pending approvalIn orbit Approved
PALSAR/ALOS L-band
RADARSAT-3
COSMO-SKYMED X-band
TERRASAR-X X-band
GMES S-1AMI/ERS
RADARSAT-2 C-bandRADARSAT-1 C-band
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
Mark R. Drinkwater
2
4 May, 2006
IPY
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
Ocean Surface Topography
Planned/Pending approvalIn orbit Approved
GODAE
OSTM/JASON -2
TOPEX/POSEIDON
JASON -1
RA-2/Envisat
Medium accuracy (SSH) from high -inclination orbit
High accuracy (SSH) from mid -inclination orbit
CRYOSAT -2/LRM
AltiKa/OceanSat-3
ICESAT
GFO
RA/ERS -2
SRAL/GMES S-3
Alt / NPOESS C3 - 05:30
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
ERS-2/RA
GODAE
ENVISAT/RA-2
TOPEX/Poseidon
Jason-1 Jason-2
ALTIKA
Sentinel-3
CRYOSAT-2
End of lifeIn orbit Approved Planned/Pending approval
Data gap?
Data gapERS-1
CNES/EUMETSAT/NASA/NOAA signedLetter of Agreement for Jason-2
GFO
“KNOWN” FUTURE ALTIMETRY MISSIONS“KNOWN” FUTURE ALTIMETRY MISSIONS
NPOESS
Jason-3?Data gap?
IPY
Mark R. Drinkwater
7
4 May, 2006
IPY
MSMR/Oceansat-1
Sea & Ice Surface Temperature
WINDSAT
VIIRS/NPOESS C2
MOS/IRS -P3
ADEOS -2
SLST/GMES S-3
SGLI/GCOM-C
**Geostationary sats: GOES, MSG important but not shown
CBERS -4CBERS-3CBERS-2BOptical
Microwave
VIIRS/NPOESS C1
In orbit Approved Planned/Pending approval
AATSR/ENVISAT
MODIS & AMSR -E/EOS -Aqua
ATSR/ERS -2
HY-1B
FY-3A, B,.. (VIRR/MODI)FY-1DFY-1C
AVHRR/METOP am orbit
MODIS/EOS-Terra/10:30
HY-1
CMIS/NPOESS C2
AMSR/GCOM-W
TMI/TRMM
VIIRS/NPP am
AVHRR/NOAA am orbit
AVHRR/NOAA pm orbit
GODAE
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
CBERS-2
Mark R. Drinkwater
8
4 May, 2006
IPY
In orbit Approved Planned/Pending approval
AVHRR/NOAA am orbit
Ocean Colour
MODIS/EOS-Aqua
MODIS/EOS-Terra/10:30
MERIS/ENVISAT
ADEOS-2
VIIRS/NPP am
HY-1
SeaWiFS/SEASTARVIIRS/NPOESS C2
SGLI/GCOM-C
OCM/OCEANSAT -2
MOS/IRS-P3
PARASOL -POLDER
OCM/IRS-P4/OCEANSAT-1
HY-1B
FY-3A, B,.. (VIRR/MODI)FY-1DFY -1C
GMES S-3
AVNIR-2/ALOS
GODAE
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
VIIRS/NPOESS C1
Surface Vector Winds
AMI/ERS-2
Seawinds/QuikSCAT
WINDSAT
97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
SeaWINDS/ADEOS-II
895 km 1700 km
500 km
1600 km
ASCAT/METOP – 3-satellite series
2 x 550 km w/ 768-km nadir gap
HY-2 series scatterometer
OceanSat-2 scatterometer
Planned/Pending approvalIn orbit Approved
While CMIS has been cancelled, a less capable CMIS is planned
beginning with C-2 in 2016.
CMIS/NPOESS-C1X
86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14
Example - ECV Sea Level
T/P
JasonJason-1
ERS-2
Envisat
ERS-1
GFO
S-3
Jason-2
NPOESSAltika
Below threshold At threshold Above threshold
In orbit Approved Planned or pending approval
High accuracy
Reference orbit
Lower accuracy
Polar orbit
ECV Sea Level
X
Oceanic Domain ECV Status as of Mid-2006
Note: this color graph (and similar ones for Atmospheric and Terrestrial Domains) was withdrawn from CEOS Response to GCOS-IP
CEOS response to GCOS Satellite Requirements
CEOS Response to the GCOS Implementation Plan – September 2006
Satellite Observation of the Climate System
The Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) Response to the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Implementation Plan (IP)
Developed by CEOS and submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Subsidiary Body on Scientific and Technical Advice (SBSTA) on behalf of
CEOS by the United States of America (USA) delegation
Visit http://www.ceos.org for the full report
Ocean Domain – Overall status
“Space-based ocean observations for climate are currently at a crossroads: unless additional urgent actions in response to relevant GCOS requirements are taken, only observations for the sea surface temperature ECV will be adequate in the next six years. The level of observation for all other ocean ECVs will be marginal (sea ice, sea state) or even inadequate (sea level, ocean colour) within and beyond that timeframe. It should be noted, however, that new research missions are planned that will provide the first-ever measurements of sea surface salinity, an emerging ECV.”
CEOS Contemplated Actions re: ECV Sea Level
Ocean Surface Topography “Virtual Constellation”Ocean Surface Topography “Virtual Constellation”
Sea Level: ensure continuity of high -accuracy altimetry measurements . A series of dedicated high -accuracy altimetry missions has been operated continuously since 1992 (Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon, then Jason -1), and complemented for geographical coverage by the polar -orbiting European Remote Sensing satellite ( ERS)-1, ERS-2, Envisat, and Geosat F/O; this continuity will be secured (though with little chance of overlap with Jason-1) with the planned launch of Jason -2 in mid-2008. Beyond this, however, there is currently no firm plan. The time series of dedicated high -accuracy altimetry missions must be continued beyond 2012 and complemented by other altimeter data from polar -orbiting platforms.
Action O-4: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and EUMETSAT will lead a CEOS study team to establish, by 2007, the basis for a future Ocean Surface Topography Constellation that satisfies the th reshold requirements for the sea level ECV (and those of the sea state ECV). This will include consideration of a future Jason -3 mission and requirements for new altimeter technologies to improve spatial resolution and extend observations in coastal regio ns (and over lakes and rivers for the lakes ECV). Action O-5: The Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) and the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) will cooperate on a new polar -orbiting altimeter aimed at filling a potential data gap beyond 2008. ESA and the European Union (EU) will lead planning for Sentinel -3 carrying an altimeter to complement spatial/temporal coverage of the sea level (and sea state) ECVs (and possibly sea ice extent and thickness, river, and lake level with the altimeter op erating in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) mode beyond 2012 ).
CEOS Contemplated Actions re: Ocean Reanalyzes
Reprocessing, Constellation StandardsReprocessing, Constellation Standards
Ocean Reanalysis : ensure the optimal utilis ation of data already collected for all ocean ECVs. For all ocean ECVs, reprocessing of past data sets must be undertaken at re gular intervals and their utilisation for ocean reanalysis must be facilit ated through framework agreements between CEOS agencies and reanalysis centres.
Action O-17: CEOS agencies will undertake planning for reprocessing past data to improve FCDRs and legacy databases ( e.g. , AVHRR Pathfinder, ATSR, Sea Level Pathfinder, and th e sea ice ECV) in close coordination and partnership with existing advisory groups and reanalysis centres. All Level 2 data products for use in reanalysis should be properly accompanied by estimates of their uncertainty. Action O-18: CEOS, through its Wor king Group on Calibration and Validation (WGCV) and in the context of developing standards for on -going missions and for the Constellations, will recommend best practices for pre -launch and onboard calibration of ocean sensors and for validation of space-based ocean observations with in situ sensors, including the establishment and maintenance of calibration and validation sites and networks. This will facilitate the combination of data from different sources and enable the establishment of global data sets and long-term series. Action O-19: CEOS agencies, in cooperation with other partners, will support planning for a follow-on to GODAE by 2007.
Official draft SBSTA Statement
“The SBSTA welcomed the report submitted by the United States of America on behalf of the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) (FCCC/SBSTA/2006/MISC.14), which describes the coordinated response by space agencies involved in global observations to the needs expressed in the GCOS implementation plan. The SBSTA invited the Parties that support space agencies to enable these agencies to implement, to the extent possible, the actions identified in the CEOS report and to continue responding in a coordinated manner through CEOS to the efforts to meet these needs. The SBSTA encouraged the GCOS and CEOS to continue their partnership for linking space-based capabilities with global climate observing requirements and encouraged Parties to improve access to space-based climate observations to all interested Parties.”
The Way Forward
In conclusion, CEOS recognizes that both satellite and in situ data are required to better monitor, characterize, and predict changes in the Earth system. While in situ measurements will remain essential and largely measure what cannot be measured from satellites, Earth-observation satellites are the only realistic means to obtain the necessary global coverage, and with well-calibrated measurements, will become the single most important contribution to global observations for climate.