Japanese (superstrate)

Chinese (substrate) English (substrate)

foreigner talk

Interlanguage foreigner talk

Interlanguage

tertiary usage

interlanguage

Three (or more) source languages in Pidginzation

カイザー(2005)参照

Role played by substrate languages

watakushi tempo haikin nai nagai toki

Watashi wa nagai aida tempo wo haiken shite inai