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Ryanji(late15thcentury)inKyoto,Japan,afamousexampleofazengarden

Amountain,waterfall,andgravel"river"atDaisenin(15091513)

JapaneserockgardenFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TheJapaneserockgarden(karesansui)or"drylandscape"garden,oftencalledazengarden,createsaminiaturestylizedlandscapethroughcarefullycomposedarrangementsofrocks,waterfeatures,moss,prunedtreesandbushes,andusesgravelorsandthatisrakedtorepresentripplesinwater.[1]Azengardenisusuallyrelativelysmall,surroundedbyawall,andisusuallymeanttobeseenwhileseatedfromasingleviewpointoutsidethegarden,suchastheporchofthehojo,theresidenceofthechiefmonkofthetempleormonastery.ClassicalzengardenswerecreatedattemplesofZenBuddhisminKyoto,JapanduringtheMuromachiPeriod.Theywereintendedtoimitatetheintimateessenceofnature,notitsactualappearance,andtoserveanaidtomeditationaboutthetruemeaningoflife.[2]

Contents

1History1.1EarlyJapaneserockgardens1.2ZenBuddhismandtheMuromachiPeriod(13361573)1.3Laterrockgardens

2Selectionandarrangementofrocks3Sandandgravel4Symbolism5LandscapepaintingandtheZengardencritique6Seealso7List8References9Bibliography

9.1Note10Externallinks

History

EarlyJapaneserockgardens

RockgardensexistedinJapanatleastsincetheHeianPeriod(7841185).TheseearlygardensweredescribedinthefirstmanualofJapanesegardens,Sakuteiki(RecordsofGardenKeeping),writtenattheendofthe11thcenturybyTachibananoToshitsuna(10281094).TheywerelargelycopiedfromtheChinesegardensoftheSongDynasty(9601279),wheregroupsofrockssymbolizedMountPenglai,thelegendarymountainislandhomeoftheEightImmortalsinChinesemythology,knowninJapaneseasHorai.[3]TheSakuteikidescribedexactlyhowrocksshouldbeplaced.Inonepassage,hewrote:"Inaplacewherethereisneitheralakeorastream,onecanputinplacewhatiscalledakaresansui,ordry

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landscape..."Thiskindofgardenfeaturedeitherrocksplaceduprightlikemountains,orlaidoutinaminiaturelandscapeofhillsandravines,withfewplants.Hedescribedseveralotherstylesofrockgarden,whichusuallyincludedastreamorpond,includingthegreatriverstyle,themountainriverstyle,andthemarshstyle.Theoceanstylefeaturedrocksthatappearedtohavebeenerodedbywaves,surroundedbyabankofwhitesand,likeabeach.[4]

WhitesandandgravelhadlongbeenafeatureofJapanesegardens.IntheShintoreligion,itwasusedtosymbolizepurity,andwasusedaroundshrines,temples,andpalaces.Inzengardens,itrepresentswater,or,likethewhitespaceinJapanesepaintings,emptinessanddistance.Theyareplacesofmeditation.

ZenBuddhismandtheMuromachiPeriod(13361573)

TheMuromachiPeriodinJapan,whichtookplaceatroughlythesametimeastheRenaissanceinEurope,wascharacterizedbypoliticalrivalrieswhichfrequentlyledtowars,butalsobyanextraordinaryflourishingofJapaneseculture.ItsawthebeginningofNohtheater,theJapaneseteaceremony,theshoinstyleofJapanesearchitecture,andthezengarden.[5]

ZenBuddhismwasintroducedintoJapanattheendofthe12thcentury,andquicklyachievedawidefollowing,particularlyamongtheSamuraiclassandwarlords,whoadmireditsdoctrineofselfdiscipline.ThegardensoftheearlyzentemplesinJapanresembledChinesegardensofthetime,withlakesandislands.ButinKyotointhe14thand15thcentury,anewkindofgardenappearedattheimportantzentemples.Thesezengardensweredesignedtostimulatemeditation."Nature,ifyoumadeitexpressivebyreducingittoitsabstractforms,couldtransmitthemostprofoundthoughtsbyitssimplepresence",MichelBaridonwrote."Thecompositionsofstone,alreadycommonChina,becameinJapan,veritablepetrifiedlandscapes,whichseemedsuspendedintime,asinacertainmomentsofNohtheater,whichdatestothesameperiod."[6]

ThefirstgardentobeginthetransitiontothenewstyleisconsideredbymanyexpertstobeSaihji,"TheTempleofthePerfumesoftheWest,"popularlyknownasKokedera,theMossGarden,inthewesternpartofKyoto.TheBuddhistmonkandzenmasterMusKokushitransformedaBuddhisttempleintoazenmonasteryin1334,andbuiltthegardens.ThelowergardenofSaihjiisinthetraditionalHeianPeriodstyleapondwithseveralrockcompositionsrepresentingislands.Theuppergardenisadryrockgardenwhichfeaturesthreerock"islands."Thefirst,calledKameshima,theislandoftheturtle,resemblesaturtleswimmingina"lake"ofmoss.Thesecond,Zazenseki,isaflat"meditationrock,"whichisbelievedtoradiatecalmandsilenceandthethirdisthekaretaki,adry"waterfall"composedofastairwayofflatgraniterocks.Themosswhichnowsurroundstherocksandrepresentswater,wasnotpartoftheoriginalgardenplanitgrewseveralcenturieslaterwhenthegardenwasleftuntended,butnowisthemostfamousfeatureofthegarden.[7]

MusoKokushibuiltanothertemplegardenatTenryji,the"TempleoftheCelestialDragon".ThisgardenappearstohavebeenstronglyinfluencedbyChineselandscapepaintingoftheSongDynastywhichfeaturemountainsrisinginthemist,andasuggestionofgreatdepthandheight.ThegardenatTenryjihasarealpondwithwaterandadrywaterfallofrockslookinglikeaChineselandscape.SaihjiandTenryjishowthetransitionfromtheHeianstylegardentowardamoreabstractandstylizedviewofnature.[7]

ThegardensofGinkakuji,alsoknownastheSilverPavilion,arealsoattributedtoMusoKokushi.Thistemplegardenincludedatraditionalpondgarden,butithadanewfeatureforaJapanesegardenanareaofrakedwhitegravelwithaperfectlyshapedmountainofwhitegravel,resemblingMountFuji,inthe

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center.Thescenewascalledginshanada,literally"sandofsilverandopensea".Thisgardenfeaturebecameknownaskogetsudai,orsmallmountainfacingthemoon,"andsimilarsmallMountFujismadeofsandorearthcoveredwithgrassappearedinJapanesegardensforcenturiesafterwards.[8]

ThemostfamousofallzengardensinKyotoisRyanji,builtinthelate15thcenturywhereforthefirsttimethezengardenbecamepurelyabstract.Thegardenisarectangleof340squaremeters.[9]Placedwithinitarefifteenstonesofdifferentsizes,carefullycomposedinfivegroupsonegroupoffivestones,twogroupsofthree,andtwogroupsoftwostones.Thestonesaresurroundedbywhitegravel,whichiscarefullyrakedeachdaybythemonks.Theonlyvegetationinthegardenissomemossaroundthestones.Thegardenismeanttobeviewedfromaseatedpositionontheverandaofthehj,theresidenceoftheabbotofthemonastery.[10]

ThegardenatDaisenin(15091513)tookamoreliteraryapproachthanRyanji.Therea"river"ofwhitegravelrepresentsametaphoricaljourneythroughlifebeginningwithadrywaterfallinthemountains,passingthroughrapidsandrocks,andendinginatranquilseaofwhitegravel,withtwogravelmountains.

TheinventionofthezengardenwascloselyconnectedwithdevelopmentsinJapaneseinklandscapepaintings.JapanesepainterssuchasSesshTy(14201506)andSoami(died1525)greatlysimplifiedtheirviewsofnature,showingonlythemostessentialaspectsofnature,leavinggreatareasofwhitearoundtheblackandgraydrawings.SoamiissaidtohavebeenpersonallyinvolvedinthedesignoftwoofthemostfamouszengardensinKyoto,RyanjiandDaisenin,thoughhisinvolvementhasneverbeendocumentedwithcertainty.

MichelBaridonwrote,"ThefamouszengardensoftheMuromachiPeriodshowedthatJapanhadcarriedtheartofgardenstothehighestdegreeofintellectualrefinementthatitwaspossibletoattain."[11]

Saihji,ortheMossGarden,anearlyzengardenfromthemid14thcentury.Themossarrivedmuchlater,whenthegardenwasnottended.

ThegardenofGinkakujifeaturesareplicaofMountFujimadeofgravel,inagravelsea.itwasthemodelforsimilarminiaturemountainsinJapanesegardensforcenturies.

PartofthegardenatRyanji(late15thcentury),themostabstractofallJapanesezengardens

ClassictriadrockcompositionatRyanji.

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InthegardenofDaisenin,ariverofgraveltakesvisitorsonametaphoricaljourneythroughlife

Thewhitegravel"ocean"ofthegardenofDaisenji,towhichthegravelriverflows.

TheGardenoftheBlissfulMountainatZuihoin,asubtempleofDaitokuji.

InZuihoingarden,someoftherocksaresaidtoformacross.ThegardenwasbuiltbythedaimyotomoSrin,whowasaconverttoChristianity.

Laterrockgardens

DuringtheEdoperiod,thelargepromenadegardenbecamethedominantstyleofJapanesegarden,butzengardenscontinuedtoexistatzentemples.Afewsmallnewrockgardenswerebuilt,usuallyaspartofagardenwherearealstreamorpondwasnotpractical.

In1880,thebuildingsofTfukujitempleinKyoto,oneoftheoldesttemplesinthecity,weredestroyedbyafire.In1940,thetemplecommissionedthelandscapehistorianandarchitectShigemoriMireitorecreatethegardens.Hecreatedfourdifferentgardens,oneforeachfaceofthemaintemplebuilding.Hemadeonegardenwithfiveartificialhillscoveredwithgrass,symbolizingthefivegreatancienttemplesofKyotoamodernrockgarden,withverticalrocks,symbolizingMountHoraialarge"sea"ofwhitegravelrakedinacheckboardpatternandanintimategardenwithswirlingsandpatterns.[12]

Inthelastcentury,zengardenshaveappearedinmanycountriesoutsideofJapan.

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ThegardenofTfukuji(1940).ThefivehillssymbolizethefivegreatzentemplesofKyoto.

ThemodernzengardenatTfukuji(1940).

Azengardeninacheckboardpattern,atTfukuji(1940).

AcourtyardzengardenatTfukuji(1940).

partofthemodernzengardenatTfukuji(1940).The"islands"oftheimmortals.

PartofthemodernzengardenatTfukuji(1940).

ShitennjiHonbgarden

AsmallgardenintheJapaneseTeaGardenofGoldenGatePark,inSanFrancisco

SandandstonegardenlocatedinthePortlandJapaneseGardens.

An'yinGardenofTaisanjiinKobe,Hyogo,Japan.

Rosanjigarden

ShitennjiinOsaka

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AdachiMuseumofArt

Taizin,Myshinji,inKyoto

Kmyzenji

Jissin,inKyoto(Iwakura)

GroundplanoftheTsuboenkaresansuiorZengarden,Lelystad,Netherlands

Aminiaturedrylandscapegarden

JapaneseGardenatHamiltonGardens,Waikato,NewZealand

Selectionandarrangementofrocks

TheselectionandplacementofrocksisthemostimportantpartofmakingaJapaneserockgarden.InthefirstknownmanualofJapanesegardening,theSakuteiki,'"Creatingagarden"isexpressedas"settingstones",ishiwotaterukotoliterally,the"actofsettingstonesupright."Itlaidoutveryspecificrulesforchoiceandtheplacementofstones,andwarnedthatiftheruleswerenotfollowedtheownerofthegardenwouldsuffermisfortune.[13]InJapanesegardening,rocksareclassifiedaseithertallvertical,lowvertical,arching,reclining,orflat.[14]

Forcreating"mountains",usuallyigneousvolcanicrocks,ruggedmountainrockswithsharpedges,areused.Smooth,roundedsedimentaryrocksareusedforthebordersofgravel"rivers"or"seashores."[14]InChinesegardensoftheSongdynasty,individualrockswhichlookedlikeanimalsorhadotherunusualfeatureswereoftenthestarattractionofthegarden.InJapanesegardens,individualrocksrarelyplaythestarringroletheemphasisisupontheharmonyofthecomposition.[14]Forarrangingrocks,therearemanyrulesintheSakuteiki.Forexample:

"Makesurethatallthestones,rightdowntothefrontofthearrangement,areplacedwiththeirbestsidesshowing.Ifastonehasanuglylookingtopyoushouldplaceitsoastogiveprominencetoitsside.Evenifthismeansithastoleanataconsiderableangle,noonewillnotice.Thereshouldalwaysbemorehorizontalthanverticalstones.Ifthereare"runningaway"stonestheremustbe"chasing"stones.Ifthereare"leaning"stones,theremustbe"supporting"stones."

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Rocksarerarelyifeverplacedinstraightlinesorinsymmetricalpatterns.Themostcommonarrangementisoneormoregroupsofthreerocks.Onecommontriadarrangementhasatallverticalrockflankedbytwosmallerrocks,representingBuddhaandhistwoattendants.Otherbasiccombinationsareatallverticalrockwitharecliningrockashortverticalrockandaflatrockandatriadofatallverticalrock,arecliningrockandaflatrock.Otherimportantprinciplesaretochooserockswhichvaryincolor,shapeandsize,toavoidrockswithbrightcolorswhichmightdistracttheviewer,andmakecertainthatthegrainsofrocksruninthesamedirection.

AttheendoftheEdoperiod,anewprinciplewasinventedtheuseofsuteishi,"discarded"or"nameless"rocks,placedinseeminglyrandomplacestoaddspontaneitytothegarden.[14]Otherimportantprinciplesofrockarrangementincludebalancingthenumberofverticalandhorizontalrocks.

Sandandgravel

Gravelisusuallyusedinzengardens,ratherthansand,becauseitislessdisturbedbyrainandwind.Theactofrakingthegravelintoapatternrecallingwavesorripplingwater,knownassamon()[15]orhkime(),hasanaestheticfunction.Zenpriestspracticethisrakingalsotohelptheirconcentration.Achievingperfectionoflinesisnoteasy.Rakesareaccordingtothepatternsofridgesasdesiredandlimitedtosomeofthestoneobjectssituatedwithinthegravelarea.Nonethelessoftenthepatternsarenotstatic.Developingvariationsinpatternsisacreativeandinspiringchallenge.

Stonearrangementsandotherminiatureelementsareusedtorepresentmountainsandnaturalwaterelementsandscenes,islands,riversandwaterfalls.Stoneandshapedshrubs(karikomi,hakozukuritopiary)areusedinterchangeably.Inmostgardensmossisusedasagroundcovertocreate"land"coveredbyforest.

Symbolism

IntheJapaneserockgarden,rockssometimessymbolizemountains,(particularlyHorai,thelegendaryhomeoftheEightImmortalsinBuddhistmythology)ortheycanbeboatsoralivingcreature(usuallyaturtle,oracarp).Inagroup,theymightbeawaterfalloracraneinflight.

IntheearliestrockgardensoftheHeianperiod,therocksinagardensometimeshadapoliticalmessage.AstheSakuteikiwrote:

"Sometimes,whenmountainsareweak,theyarewithoutfaildestroyedbywater.Itis,inotherwords,asifsubjectshadattackedtheiremperor.Amountainisweakifitdoesnothavestonesforsupport.Anemperorisweakifhedoesnothavecounselors.Thatiswhyitissaidthatitisbecauseofstonesthatamountainissure,andthankstohissubjectsthatanemperorissecure.Itisforthisreasonthat,whenyouconstructalandscape,youmustatallcostplacerocksaroundthemountain."[16]

Someclassicalzengardens,likeDaisenin,havesymbolismthatcanbeeasilyreaditisametaphoricaljourneyontheriveroflife.Others,likeRyanji,resisteasyinterpretation.Manydifferenttheorieshavebeenputforwardaboutwhatthegardenissupposedtorepresent,fromislandsinastreamtoswimmingbabytigerstothepeaksofmountainsrisingabovethecloudstotheoriesaboutsecretsofgeometryoroftherulesofequilibriumofoddnumbers.GardenhistorianGunterNitschkewrote:"ThegardenatRyanjidoesnotsymbolizeanything,ormoreprecisely,toavoidanymisunderstanding,thegardenof

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Ryanjidoesnotsymbolize,nordoesithavethevalueofreproducinganaturalbeautythatonecanfindintherealormythicalworld.Iconsiderittobeanabstractcompositionof"natural"objectsinspace,acompositionwhosefunctionistoincitemeditation.".[17]

Arecentsuggestion,byGertvanTonderofKyotoUniversityandMichaelLyonsofRitsumeikanUniversity,isthattherocksofRyanjiformthesubliminalimageofatree.Theresearchersclaimthesubconsciousmindissensitivetoasubtleassociationbetweentherocks.Theysuggestthismayberesponsibleforthecalmingeffectofthegarden.[18]

LandscapepaintingandtheZengardencritique

ChineselandscapepaintingwasoneofthemanyChineseartsthatcametoJapanwithZenBuddhisminthefourteenthcentury.ThattheBuddhismofZeninfluencedgardendesignwasfirstsuggestednotinJapan,butintheWestbyaHawaiangardenjournalistLoraineKuckinthe1930sanddisputedassuchbyascholarofJapanesegardenhistory,WybeKuitertin1988.[19]Thiswaswellbeforescholarsjumpedonthebandwagoninthe1990stodeconstructthepromotionandreceptionofZen.[20]ThecritiquecomesdowntothefactthatBuddhistpriestswerenottryingtoexpressZeningardens.AreviewofthequotesofBuddhistprieststhataretakento"prove"ZenforthegardenareactuallyphrasescopiedfromChinesetreatisesonlandscapepainting.SecondarywritersontheJapanesegardenlikeKeaneandNitschke,whowereassociatingwithKuitertwhenhewasworkingonhisresearchattheKyotoUniversityjoinedtheZengardencritique,likeKendallH.Brown,whotookasimilardistancefromtheZengarden.InJapanthecritiquewastakenoverbyYamadaShoujiwhotookacriticalstancetotheunderstandingofallJapaneseculture,includinggardens,underthenominatorofZen.[21]ChristianTagsoldsummarizedthediscussionbyplacingperceptionsoftheJapanesegardeninthecontextofaninterdisciplinarycomparisonofculturesofJapanandtheWest.[22]

ZenpriestsquotefromChinesetreatisesonlandscapepaintingindicatingthattheJapaneserockgarden,anditskaresansuigardenscenerywasandstillisinspiredbyorbasedonfirstChineseandlateralsoJapaneselandscapepainting.[23]Landscapepaintingandlandscapegardeningwerecloselyrelatedandpracticedbyintellectuals,theliteratiinspiredbyChineseculture.Aprimarydesignprinciplewasthecreationofalandscapebasedon,oratleastgreatlyinfluencedby,thethreedimensionalmonochromeink(sumi)landscapepainting,sumieorsuibokuga.InJapanthegardenhasthesamestatusasaworkofart.Thougheachgardenisdifferentinitscomposition,theymostlyuserockgroupingsandshrubstorepresentaclassicsceneofmountains,valleysandwaterfallstakenfromChineselandscapepainting.Insomecasesitmightbeasabstractasjustafewislandsinasea.AnyJapanesegardenmayalsoincorporatesexistingsceneryoutsideitsconfinement,e.g.thehillsbehind,as"borrowedscenery"(usingatechniquecalledShakkei).

Seealso

GardenspaHigashiyamaBunkainMuromachiperiodJapanesegardenWabisabi

List

Shrinesandtempleswithrockgardens:

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InKyoto:

DaitokujiDaiseninJishojiJissoinMyoshinjiRozanjiRyoanjiTofukuji

OutsideKyoto:

An'yin(Kobe)BingoAnkokuji(Fukuyama)HarimaAnkokuji(Kato,Hyogo)Jmyji(Kamakura)KinbyzanZuisenji(Kamakura)Komyozenji(Fukuoka)Shitennoji(Osaka)

References1. OnoKenkichiandWalterEdwards:"Bilingual(EnglishandJapanese)DictionaryofJapaneseGardenTerms

(Karesansui.p.20)fromKansaiPrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Pageocess,Nara2001TheKaresansuidefinitionwasextractedwithpermissionfromTheonline"living"guidetorealizeaZengarden(http://www.zengarden.org/)byP.M.Patings.

2. GunterNitschke,LeJardinjaponais,pg.65.3. MichelBaridon,LesJardinsPaysagistes,Jardinieres,Poetes,pg.485487.4. MichelBaridon,LesJardins,pg.4885. Nitschke,lejardinjaponais,pg.67.6. Baridon,LesJardinspg.472.7. Nitschke,lejardinjaponais,pg.6873.8. Nitschke,Lejardinjaponais,pg.86.9. Nitschke,LeJardinJaponais.YoungandYoungputthesizeattwentyfivemetersbytenmeters.

10. Nitschke,LeJardinJaponais,pg.90.11. MichelBaridon,:LesJardins,pg.474.TranslationofthisexcerptfromFrenchbyD.R.Siefkin.12. Nitschke,LejardinJaponais,pg.21721813. MichelBaridon,LesJardins,pg.485490.14. YoungandYoung,TheArtoftheJapaneseGarden.pg.22.15. JAANUS,"samon(http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/s/samon.htm)"16. Baridon,LesJardins,pg.492.17. Nitschke,LejardinJaponais,"pg.92.TranslationofthiscitationfromFrenchbyD.R.Siefkin.18. vanTonder,GertLyons,MichaelJ.(September2005)."VisualPerceptioninJapaneseRockGardenDesign"

(http://www.kasrl.org/axiomathes.pdf)(PDF).Axiomathes(Springer)15(3):353371(19).doi:10.1007/s1051600454488(https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs1051600454488).Retrieved20070108.

19. WybeKuitert,Themes,Scenes,andTasteintheHistoryofJapaneseGardenArt,p.150160,JaponicaNeerlandicaVolume3,GiebenPublishers,AmsterdamISBN9050630219http://edepot.wur.nl/206169

20. ReviewElizabethtenGrotenhuis,JournalofJapaneseStudies,Vol.29,No.2(Summer,2003),pp.429432http://www.jstor.org/stable/25064424

21. YamadaShoji,(EarlHartmantransl.)ShotsintheDark,Japan,Zen,andtheWest,TheUniversityofChicagoPress,2009

22. ChristianTagsoldSpacesofTranslation:JapaneseGardensintheWest,Habilitationsschrift,HHUDusseldorf

23. Kuitert,Wybe(March2013)."CompositionofSceneryinJapanesePreModernGardensandtheThree

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WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoJapaneserockgarden.

DistancesofGuoXi".StudiesintheHistoryofGardens&DesignedLandscapes(TaylorandFrancis)33(1):115.doi:10.1080/02666286.2012.753189(https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F02666286.2012.753189).

Bibliography

WybeKuitert(1988).Themes,Scenes,andTasteintheHistoryofJapaneseGardenArt.GiebenAmsterdam.ISBN9050630219.WybeKuitert(2002).ThemesintheHistoryofJapaneseGardenArt.HawaiiUniversityPress.ISBN0824823125.DavidYoungMichikoYoung(July2005).TheArtoftheJapaneseGarden.TuttlePub.ISBN9780804835985.GnterNitschke(2007).Lejardinjaponais:Angledroitetformenaturelle.ISBN9783822830345.Baridon,Michel(1998).LesJardinsPaysagistes,Jardiniers,Poetes.,ditionsRobertLafont,Paris,(ISBN222106707X)MiyekoMurase(1996).LArtDuJapon.LGF/LeLivredePoche.ISBN9782253130543.DanielleElisseeff(20100923).Jardinsjaponais.ISBN9782359880298.VirginieKlecka(20110415).JardinsJaponais.ISBN9782815300520.

Note

*TheSakuteikiisagardenbookwithnotesongardenmakingthatdatesbacktothelateseventeenthcentury.ItsoldesttitleisSenzaiHish,"SecretExtractsonGardens",andwaswrittennearly1000yearsago,makingittheoldestworkonJapanesegardening.Itisassumedthatthiswaswritteninthe11thcenturybyanoblemannamedTachibananoTichitsuna.Inthistextliesthefirstmentionofthekaresansuiinliterature.OnlyrecentlywesawanEnglishmoderntranslationofthisgardeningclassic.

Externallinks

ZenGardens:imagesandmeaning(http://www.aboutzen.info/perceive/zengarden.htm)PhotoGalleryofJapaneseZenGardens(http://www.phototravels.net/kyoto/zengardensindex.html)VirtualtouroftheZenGardensinandaroundKyoto(http://learn.bowdoin.edu/japanesegardens/)GeometricalconceptsofJapaneserockgarden(http://www.phantomgallery.64g.ru/sad/sad1en.htm)StanfordUniversityarticleonthehistoryandmeaningofsomeJapanesegardens(http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjeaa/journal42/japan2.pdf)PDF(180KB)Tsuboen(http://www.zengarden.org/)AvirtualtourofthekaresansuigardeninTheNetherlandsStudyintothekaresansuigardensoftheEdoera(http://www.zengarden.org/html/page_samurai.htm)karesansuigardensofTraditionalSamuraiResidencesNeuroscienceunlockssecretsofZengarden(http://www.nature.com/nsu/020923/0209238.html)(Requiressubscription)

NeuroscienceunlockssecretsofZengarden(http://www.lauralee.com/news/zensecrets.htm)(Mirror)

Criticismsoftheterm"ZenGarden"(http://www.rothteien.com/superbait/zenviewpoints.htm)inJapaneseGardenJournal

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