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James Madison The War of 1812
Prelude to War
The Non-Intercourse Act was expiring.
Congress passes Macon’s Bill #2
If either France or England would rescind their orders, we would impose non-importation against the other.
Napoleon agrees and Madison believes him.
War Hawk Congress
The 12th Congress adjourns with young, new members from the south and west.
“Harry of the West”
Henry Clay of Kentucky is elected Speaker of the House.
Debate over war with Britain begins.
Reasons for War
War Hawks wanted a war of their own.
Wanted protection from the Indians.
Wanted to remove the British from western forts.
Wanted to take Canada and Florida.Wanted “Free Trade and Sailor’s
Rights.”
Battle of Tippecanoe Shawnee war chief
Tecumseh was trying to create an Indian Confederacy to resist white settlement.
William Henry Harrison, governor of the Indiana Territory, had negotiated a series of treaties by force.
Harrison’s forces are ambushed near Tippecanoe Creek and are able to fight off the Indians led by Tecumseh’s brother The Prophet.
The Prophet
Westerner’s call the battle a major victory - Harrison is a hero.
Vote for War
Word reaches Congress of victory in the west - Indians are being aided by the British.
Madison sends a war message to Congress - citing impressment and trade restrictions.
Vote is not overwhelming -- 79 for and 49 against.
Shows lack of unity.
Federalist Reaction
Federalists opposed the war.Profits were being made from
British trade.
They feared Napoleon and republicanism.
They feared the acquisition of Canada
New England bankers would continue to lend money to Canadians and British during the war.
New England governors refused to allow their militias to fight outside their states
Problems with the War
Nation was not unitedNo burning national anger.Non-Intercourse had weakened the
economy.
Bank of the United States had expired - currency was scarce.
Army was ill-trained and poorly equipped.
Navy was small.
Disasters and Victories.
1812 -- Canadian Campaign - 3 offenses left from Detroit, Niagara and Lake Champlain -- all were repulsed by British and Indians.
British captured Ft. Michilimackinac
USS Constitution vs. HMS Guerriere
1813 -- Oliver Hazard Perry defeats a British fleet on Lake Erie
"WE HAVE MET THE ENEMY "WE HAVE MET THE ENEMY AND THEY ARE OURS.AND THEY ARE OURS.““
Oliver Hazard Perry
William Henry Harrison defeats a British and Indian force at the Battle of the Thames - Tecumseh is killed.
1814 -- Napoleon is defeated and exiled to the island of Elba.
This ended the British diversions in Europe - freeing troops for US.
10,000 British troops begin invasion of New York by way of Lake Champlain.
US. Commander Thomas MacDonough defeats the British at the Battle of Plattsburg - Sept. 11, 1814.
Plattsburg is a major turning point in the war - possibly kept New England from seceding.
August 1814 - British forces land on Chesapeake Bay to attack Washington, D.C.
British defeat U.S. militia at Bladensburg.
Dolly Madison The First Lady saved a
number of priceless artifacts from the fire including a portrait of George Washington
Battle for Baltimore
British fleet bombards Ft. McHenry near Baltimore.
Baltimore survives - Francis Scott Key writes the Star Spangled Banner.
Star Spangled Banner
Oh, say can you see by the dawn's early light What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars thru the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming? And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. Oh, say does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?
Battle of New Orleans - Andrew Jackson (hero of the Battle of Horseshoe Bend) is sent to defend the city of New Orleans.
January 8, 1815 - a veteran British army attacks Jackson’s defenses and is repulsed - 2000 British dead = worse defeat of the war.
The Battle of New Orleans
Naval War
US had no major ships of the line.
US super frigates were superior to British of the same class.
All major engagements were between smaller craft.
American privateers carrying letters of marque captured hundreds of British ships.
Attacks on British trade put pressure on British manufacturing - they put pressure on Parliament to end the war.
British blockade was very successful in hurting the American economy.
Treaty of Ghent
Tsar Alexander of Russia sought to mediate in the war.
US ambassadors (John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay) met with British in Ghent, Belgium.
British wanted to create an Indian buffer state, control of the Great Lakes and to keep part of conquered Maine.
British military reverses in NY and MD cause them to back down.
Treaty of Ghent is signed on Dec.. 24, 1814 creating an armistice.
The treaty returned conditions to the ante-bellum status quo.
War was basically a draw but was seen as a victory at home.
“Not one inch of territory ceded or lost.”
Hartford Convention
New England Federalists call for a convention at Hartford, Conn.
Met from Dec.. 15, 1814 - Jan. 5, 1815.
Some extremists called for secession and nullification.
Actual resolutions that passed called for Amending the constitution to weaken congressional powers involving embargoes, admission of new states and the power to declare war.
Republican propaganda called the convention treasonous.
The Hartford convention was the final blow for the Federalist Party.
Outcomes of the War
American navy earns world’s respect.
Nationalism increased and sectionalism is weakened.
Indians in the Ohio Valley and Alabama are forced to cede large tracts of lands.
Increased feelings of hatred and bitterness towards Britain.
Rise of Canadian nationalismEventual passage of the Rush -
Bagot agreement limiting naval armaments on the Great Lakes.
James Monroe James Monroe “The Era of Good Feelings”
James Monroe
"He is tall and well formed. His dress plain and in the old style.... His manner was quiet and dignified. From the frank, honest expression of his eye ... I think he well deserves the encomium passed upon him by the great Jefferson, who said, 'Monroe was so honest that if you turned his soul inside out there would not be a spot on it.'
James Monroe Dobbs, Sr.
•He was consul-general during the second Cleveland administration from 1893 to 1898 in Valparaiso, Chile.• He was in the U.S. consular service from 1898 to 1900 in Brazil. •He worked on the Panama Canal about 1900.
Monroe Elected - 1816
Continues the Virginia Dynasty Last Federalist candidate gets 34 electoral
votes.
Year Electoral Votes
1816 James Monroe Rufus King (Votes Not Cast)
183344
Monroe goes on a goodwill tour of the states.
Period called “The Era of Good Feelings”
Was this an era of good will?
Sectional differences developed over: Tariffs Bank of the United States Internal Improvements Public lands Slavery
Tariff of 1816.First truly protective tariff.20 - 25% duty on imports.
Supported by the south - John C. Calhoun. Opposed by the north - Daniel Webster.
Calhoun Webster
Clay’s American System
Tariffs would protect growing industries.
Revenue would be used to build internal improvements.
Roads and canals would connect the Ohio Valley and Mississippi to the East.
Food and raw materials from the South and West would be exchanged for finished goods from North and East.
West heavily supported Clay.Clay’s Bonus Bill fails in 1817 -
leaving improvements to states.
Panic of 1819 Causes
Overspeculation in land Curtailment of credit Congress ordered banks to make
payment in hard currency instead of paper.
Investors became overextended.
Effects
1. Collapse of many state banks2. Banks foreclosed on farm mortgages3. Rise of sectionalism - west and
south vs. Northeast4. Deflation, bankruptcy, debtors
imprisoned, unemployment.
First of many First of many panics on an panics on an
approximate 20 approximate 20 year cycle.year cycle.
Long term fallout
1. Led to the Land Act of 1820 - smaller and cheaper land parcels made available.
2. Small farmers and poorer classes support “Jacksonian Democracy”
3. Legislation passed ending debtor prisons.
4. Farmer’s mistrust of eastern banking establishment.
Growth of the West Nine frontier states added
by 1819Alternating free and slave
(11 free and 11 slave)
Westward expansion Accelerated by:
Ohio fever Soil exhaustion Land speculation The Embargo
Indian removal
Immigration
Cumberland and Natchez roadsErie Canal - 1825Steamboat - 1807
Westerners called for - cheap land, cheap transportation, and cheap money.
New States in the Union
Order of Admission 1791 -- Vermont - 14th (Free) 1792 -- Kentucky - 15th (Slave) 1796 -- Tennessee - 16th (Slave) 1803 -- Ohio - 17th (Free)
1812 -- Louisiana - 18th (Slave) 1816 -- Indiana - 19th (Free) 1817 -- Mississippi - 20th (Slave) 1818 -- Illinois - 21st (Free) 1819 -- Alabama - 22nd (Slave)
SECTIONAL BALANCE
Free StatesFree States = New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Vermont, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois = 11 States.
Slave StatesSlave States = Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama = 11 States.
The Missouri Compromise
1819 - Missouri seeks statehood as 23rd state.
Would have entered the union as a slave state.
Tallmadge Amendments
House passes a series of amendments to statehood bill.
Banned further introduction of slaves into Missouri
Declared children of slaves born after statehood to be freed at age 25.
Bill defeated in Senate
Opposed by the south and westNorth is more populous - controls
the House.South is still even in senate - states
still half slave.
The South feared any attempts to control the expansion of slavery.
South wanted to protect its “peculiar institution” and economic balance.
The Missouri Compromise
Drafted by Henry Clay - 1820.1. Missouri admitted as a slave
state.2. Maine is admitted as a free
state.
3. Slavery is prohibited in future states carved from Missouri Territory north of the 36º 30’ line.
Dirty Bargain or Savior of the Union?
Election of 1820
James Monroe is reelected by nearly unanimous electoral count in 1820 - one elector votes against him to maintain Washington’s uniqueness.
The Marshall Court
McCulloch v. MarylandCohens v. VirginiaGibbons v. OgdenFletcher v. PeckDartmouth College v. Woodward
John Quincy Adams and
American Continentalism
As James Monroe’s Secretary of State - Adams deliberately sought to create an American Continental Empire.
John Quincy Adams
The Rush-Bagot Agreement had limited American and British naval forces on the Great Lakes.
The Treaty of 1818 with Great Britain
Allowed American fishing off New Foundland,
Set the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory at the 49º line from the Lake of the Woods to the Rockies,
Agreed to allow the 10 year joint occupation of the Oregon Territory.
The Florida “Purchase” Treaty of 1819 with Spain.
The seizure of West Florida was ratified in 1812.
Revolutions in Latin America forced Spain to remove troops from Florida leading to lawlessness.
1818 - Andrew Jackson pursues Indians into Florida - hanged two Indian Chiefs and executed two British traders.
Adams informed Spain that Jackson was reacting to Spain’s failure to live up to the Treaty of 1795.
Spain agreed to cede Florida and give up claims to Oregon - U.S. gave up all claims to Texas.
The Adams-Onís Treaty (1819), also known as the Transcontinental Treaty
Adam’s treaty line gave the U.S. a border extending to the Pacific Ocean.
The Monroe Doctrine
European monarchs were reasserting their power after the end of the Napoleonic Wars and in answer to democratic and nationalistic revolts in Europe and Latin America.
1821 - Tsar Alexander I of Russia decreed the west coast of North America to be off limits to foreign ships - south to 54 º 40’ line of latitude.
1822 - US extends formal recognition to Latin American republics.
British trade with Latin America led George Canning, British Foreign Secretary, to propose a treaty of joint protection of the western hemisphere with the U.S.
Adams warned against being a “cockboat in the wake of the British Man-of War.”
Monroe issues his Doctrine outlining the principles of non-colonization and non-intervention.
It was not a law - simply one president’s policy statement.
It was not enforceable, but became a major foreign policy tradition in the USA.
The Monroe Doctrine