Post on 22-Dec-2015
syllabus calendar advice genetics intro genetics & the organism
LECTURE 01: INTRODUCTION
SYLLABUS
Web Page:
http://www.unlv.edu/faculty/debelle/biol300/
SYLLABUS
lectures quizzes problems tutorials exams
SYLLABUS
SYLLABUS
CALENDAR
CALENDAR
GRADES
cheating, plagiarism & academic dishonesty religious holidays – notify me by e-Mail
Monday, September 1st
illness & family emergency
SYLLABUS
SYLLABUS
core course in biology essential aspect of all biology courses importance for professional schools learn vocabulary but... logic & analyses > memorization & regurgitation problem-based course, practice recommend Schaum’s Outline: Genetics assigned problems tutorial presentations don’t understand something?
INFORMATION & ADVICE
ASK
LEARNING
SPACED TRAINING~ study every night
MASSED TRAINING~ cramming M
EMO
RY
TIME
STUDY HABITS
6 PhDsRobertsAndres
$ 750 K
LECTURE 01: GENETICS & THE ORGANISM
CH1 key concepts variation quantitative methods classical methods complications
about: transmission, location, structure, function & variation in genetic material
not about: human genetics, biotechnology, molecular biology (but some)
genetic material does 3 things:1. copy2. code3. change
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
SECTION 1: TRANSMISSION
patterns of transmission cellular events during meiosis combined for chromosome theory
of inheritance (proof published in Genetics
1(1) & 1(2), 1916)
CHAPTER 1: KEY CONCEPTS(that you should already know)
DNA = hereditary material DNA = double helix of 2 wound
chains oriented in opposite directions DNA is copied – chains separate and serve as
templates 2 identical daughter DNA molecules genes = functional units of DNA*
gene = segment DNA sequence transcribed RNA RNA is translated amino acid sequence of protein protein = main determinants of structural and
physiological properties of organisms species characteristics encoded by genes P = G + E + G*E genetic variation from changed forms of genes
CHAPTER 1: KEY CONCEPTS(that you should already know)
PHENOTYPIC VARIATION characters vary in nature WHY is an evolutionary or ultimate question HOW is a mechanistic or proximate question concept of inheritance from ancient breeders Galton: blended characteristics, quantitative
phenotypes, measure individuals, continuous variation Mendel: particulate inheritance, qualitative phenotypes,
counting individuals, discontinuous variation both concepts of heredity have same physical basis differ in how they are studied only
P = G + E + G*Ephenotype = genotype + environment + interaction
PHENOTYPIC VARIATION
G1
G2
PH
EN
OT
YP
E
G
ENVIRONMENT
E1
E2
E1
E2
G+E
E
E1
E2
E1
E2
G*E
NORMS OF REACTION
P = G + E + G*Ephenotype = genotype + environment + interaction
PHENOTYPIC VARIATION
where does the E come from ?
GENESMESSAGESPEPTIDESPROTEINS
PROTEIN COMPLEXESORGANELLES
NEURONSASSEMBLIESSTRUCTURES
CIRCUITSNERVOUS SYSTEM
WHOLE ANIMALBEHAVIOR
EXPERIENCE
ENVIRONMENT
PLASTICITY
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
PHENOTYPIC VARIATION
P = G + E + G*Ephenotype = genotype + environment + interaction
PHENOTYPIC VARIATION
where does the G come from ?
GENETIC COMPONENT
genetic variation from alleles = different forms of genes causes polymorphism = multiple phenotypes caused by mutation = change in DNA sequence
(natural or induced) mutants – many types, very low frequency initially terms: gene, allele, locus more terms: wild type, mutant, mutation, mutant allele
GENESMESSAGESPEPTIDESPROTEINS
PROTEIN COMPLEXESORGANELLES
NEURONSASSEMBLIESSTRUCTURES
CIRCUITSNERVOUS SYSTEM
WHOLE ANIMALBEHAVIOR
EXPERIENCE
ENVIRONMENT
PLASTICITY
PHENOTYPIC VARIATION
GENESMESSAGESPEPTIDESPROTEINS
PROTEIN COMPLEXESORGANELLES
NEURONSASSEMBLIESSTRUCTURES
CIRCUITSNERVOUS SYSTEM
WHOLE ANIMALBEHAVIOR
EXPERIENCE
ENVIRONMENT
PLASTICITY
PHENOTYPIC VARIATION
0
1
FR
EQ
UE
NC
Y
PHENOTYPE
1 gene1 allele( = 0)
GENETIC COMPONENT
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
FR
EQ
UE
NC
Y
PHENOTYPE
1 gene2 alleles
GENETIC COMPONENT
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
FR
EQ
UE
NC
Y
PHENOTYPE
2 genes2 alleles
GENETIC COMPONENT
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
FR
EQ
UE
NC
Y
PHENOTYPE
164
3 genes
14n
3 genes2 alleles
GENETIC COMPONENT
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
FR
EQ
UE
NC
Y
PHENOTYPE
many genesmany alleles
GENETIC COMPONENT
natural sources: gene # / influence from F2 phenotype ratios
artificial selection
GENETIC COMPONENT
QUANTITATIVE METHODS
is there a genetic component for a trait of interest? can you do artificial selection experiments? – a
response indicates genetic components rate of response indicates number of genes what types of organisms can be used?
xx0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
FR
EQ
UE
NC
Y
0.00
PHENOTYPE
GENETIC COMPONENT
GENETIC COMPONENT
relaxselection
10 15
fixed
not
GENETIC COMPONENT
induced sources (... stay tuned!): chemical mutagens – “point” mutations ionizing radiation – chromosome rearrangements transposon insertions – disrupt gene activity transgene expression – block / add / change gene function
– qualitative / quantitative
– spatial / temporal control
natural sources: gene # / influence from F2 phenotype ratios
artificial selection
GENETIC COMPONENT
CLASSICAL METHODS
isolate or select mutants for process of interest design of experiment important characterize genetic change – controlled matings or
crosses terms: dominant, recessive mapping: recombination, physical, insitu hybridization molecular biology: cloning, sequencing, rescue functional studies: mosaic, complementation,
biochemistry, anatomy
UNIFIED METHODS(Quantitative + Classical)
genomics proteomics
P = G + E + G*Ephenotype = genotype + environment + interaction
PHENOTYPIC VARIATION
where does the G*E come from ?
E1 E2
G1
G2
INTERACTION COMPONENT
G1
G2
PH
EN
OT
YP
E
G
ENVIRONMENT
E1
E2
E1
E2
G+E
E
E1
E2
E1
E2
G*E
NORMS OF REACTION
COMPLICATIONS
expressivity: strength of phenotype in individuals penetrance: number of individuals of given
genotype expressing phenotype polygeny: >1 gene/phenotype pleiotropy: >1 phenotype/genotype
POLYGENY
GENE
GENE PHENOTYPE
GENE
BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAY: PHENOTYPE
COMPETITION / INHIBITION: PHENOTYPE
ENZYME CATALYSIS: PHENOTYPE
PLEIOTROPY
PHENOTYPE
GENE PHENOTYPE
PHENOTYPE
BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAY: GENE
RELATED PHENOTYPES: GENE UNRELATED PHENOTYPES: GENE
1 GENE
POLYGENY
PLEIOTROPY
phenotype significance interesting invariant
WHAT IS A GOOD MODEL ORGANISM ?
convenience cost sample size maintenance disease
research tools genetics / genomics molecular biology cell biology pharmacology physiology anatomy
ethical issues organisms research questions homology ?