Isyllabus Icalendar Iadvice Igenetics intro Igenetics & the organism LECTURE 01: INTRODUCTION.
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Transcript of Isyllabus Icalendar Iadvice Igenetics intro Igenetics & the organism LECTURE 01: INTRODUCTION.
![Page 1: Isyllabus Icalendar Iadvice Igenetics intro Igenetics & the organism LECTURE 01: INTRODUCTION.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062715/56649d795503460f94a5c6e8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
syllabus calendar advice genetics intro genetics & the organism
LECTURE 01: INTRODUCTION
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SYLLABUS
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Web Page:
http://www.unlv.edu/faculty/debelle/biol300/
SYLLABUS
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lectures quizzes problems tutorials exams
SYLLABUS
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SYLLABUS
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CALENDAR
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CALENDAR
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GRADES
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cheating, plagiarism & academic dishonesty religious holidays – notify me by e-Mail
Monday, September 1st
illness & family emergency
SYLLABUS
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SYLLABUS
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core course in biology essential aspect of all biology courses importance for professional schools learn vocabulary but... logic & analyses > memorization & regurgitation problem-based course, practice recommend Schaum’s Outline: Genetics assigned problems tutorial presentations don’t understand something?
INFORMATION & ADVICE
ASK
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LEARNING
SPACED TRAINING~ study every night
MASSED TRAINING~ cramming M
EMO
RY
TIME
STUDY HABITS
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6 PhDsRobertsAndres
$ 750 K
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LECTURE 01: GENETICS & THE ORGANISM
CH1 key concepts variation quantitative methods classical methods complications
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about: transmission, location, structure, function & variation in genetic material
not about: human genetics, biotechnology, molecular biology (but some)
genetic material does 3 things:1. copy2. code3. change
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
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SECTION 1: TRANSMISSION
patterns of transmission cellular events during meiosis combined for chromosome theory
of inheritance (proof published in Genetics
1(1) & 1(2), 1916)
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CHAPTER 1: KEY CONCEPTS(that you should already know)
DNA = hereditary material DNA = double helix of 2 wound
chains oriented in opposite directions DNA is copied – chains separate and serve as
templates 2 identical daughter DNA molecules genes = functional units of DNA*
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gene = segment DNA sequence transcribed RNA RNA is translated amino acid sequence of protein protein = main determinants of structural and
physiological properties of organisms species characteristics encoded by genes P = G + E + G*E genetic variation from changed forms of genes
CHAPTER 1: KEY CONCEPTS(that you should already know)
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PHENOTYPIC VARIATION characters vary in nature WHY is an evolutionary or ultimate question HOW is a mechanistic or proximate question concept of inheritance from ancient breeders Galton: blended characteristics, quantitative
phenotypes, measure individuals, continuous variation Mendel: particulate inheritance, qualitative phenotypes,
counting individuals, discontinuous variation both concepts of heredity have same physical basis differ in how they are studied only
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P = G + E + G*Ephenotype = genotype + environment + interaction
PHENOTYPIC VARIATION
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G1
G2
PH
EN
OT
YP
E
G
ENVIRONMENT
E1
E2
E1
E2
G+E
E
E1
E2
E1
E2
G*E
NORMS OF REACTION
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P = G + E + G*Ephenotype = genotype + environment + interaction
PHENOTYPIC VARIATION
where does the E come from ?
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GENESMESSAGESPEPTIDESPROTEINS
PROTEIN COMPLEXESORGANELLES
NEURONSASSEMBLIESSTRUCTURES
CIRCUITSNERVOUS SYSTEM
WHOLE ANIMALBEHAVIOR
EXPERIENCE
ENVIRONMENT
PLASTICITY
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
PHENOTYPIC VARIATION
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P = G + E + G*Ephenotype = genotype + environment + interaction
PHENOTYPIC VARIATION
where does the G come from ?
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GENETIC COMPONENT
genetic variation from alleles = different forms of genes causes polymorphism = multiple phenotypes caused by mutation = change in DNA sequence
(natural or induced) mutants – many types, very low frequency initially terms: gene, allele, locus more terms: wild type, mutant, mutation, mutant allele
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GENESMESSAGESPEPTIDESPROTEINS
PROTEIN COMPLEXESORGANELLES
NEURONSASSEMBLIESSTRUCTURES
CIRCUITSNERVOUS SYSTEM
WHOLE ANIMALBEHAVIOR
EXPERIENCE
ENVIRONMENT
PLASTICITY
PHENOTYPIC VARIATION
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GENESMESSAGESPEPTIDESPROTEINS
PROTEIN COMPLEXESORGANELLES
NEURONSASSEMBLIESSTRUCTURES
CIRCUITSNERVOUS SYSTEM
WHOLE ANIMALBEHAVIOR
EXPERIENCE
ENVIRONMENT
PLASTICITY
PHENOTYPIC VARIATION
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0
1
FR
EQ
UE
NC
Y
PHENOTYPE
1 gene1 allele( = 0)
GENETIC COMPONENT
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0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
FR
EQ
UE
NC
Y
PHENOTYPE
1 gene2 alleles
GENETIC COMPONENT
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0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
FR
EQ
UE
NC
Y
PHENOTYPE
2 genes2 alleles
GENETIC COMPONENT
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0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
FR
EQ
UE
NC
Y
PHENOTYPE
164
3 genes
14n
3 genes2 alleles
GENETIC COMPONENT
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0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
FR
EQ
UE
NC
Y
PHENOTYPE
many genesmany alleles
GENETIC COMPONENT
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natural sources: gene # / influence from F2 phenotype ratios
artificial selection
GENETIC COMPONENT
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QUANTITATIVE METHODS
is there a genetic component for a trait of interest? can you do artificial selection experiments? – a
response indicates genetic components rate of response indicates number of genes what types of organisms can be used?
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xx0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
FR
EQ
UE
NC
Y
0.00
PHENOTYPE
GENETIC COMPONENT
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GENETIC COMPONENT
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relaxselection
10 15
fixed
not
GENETIC COMPONENT
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induced sources (... stay tuned!): chemical mutagens – “point” mutations ionizing radiation – chromosome rearrangements transposon insertions – disrupt gene activity transgene expression – block / add / change gene function
– qualitative / quantitative
– spatial / temporal control
natural sources: gene # / influence from F2 phenotype ratios
artificial selection
GENETIC COMPONENT
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CLASSICAL METHODS
isolate or select mutants for process of interest design of experiment important characterize genetic change – controlled matings or
crosses terms: dominant, recessive mapping: recombination, physical, insitu hybridization molecular biology: cloning, sequencing, rescue functional studies: mosaic, complementation,
biochemistry, anatomy
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UNIFIED METHODS(Quantitative + Classical)
genomics proteomics
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P = G + E + G*Ephenotype = genotype + environment + interaction
PHENOTYPIC VARIATION
where does the G*E come from ?
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E1 E2
G1
G2
INTERACTION COMPONENT
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G1
G2
PH
EN
OT
YP
E
G
ENVIRONMENT
E1
E2
E1
E2
G+E
E
E1
E2
E1
E2
G*E
NORMS OF REACTION
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COMPLICATIONS
expressivity: strength of phenotype in individuals penetrance: number of individuals of given
genotype expressing phenotype polygeny: >1 gene/phenotype pleiotropy: >1 phenotype/genotype
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POLYGENY
GENE
GENE PHENOTYPE
GENE
BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAY: PHENOTYPE
COMPETITION / INHIBITION: PHENOTYPE
ENZYME CATALYSIS: PHENOTYPE
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PLEIOTROPY
PHENOTYPE
GENE PHENOTYPE
PHENOTYPE
BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAY: GENE
RELATED PHENOTYPES: GENE UNRELATED PHENOTYPES: GENE
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1 GENE
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POLYGENY
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PLEIOTROPY
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phenotype significance interesting invariant
WHAT IS A GOOD MODEL ORGANISM ?
convenience cost sample size maintenance disease
research tools genetics / genomics molecular biology cell biology pharmacology physiology anatomy
ethical issues organisms research questions homology ?