IslamAn Abrahamic Religion

IslamAn Abrahamic Religion

Muslims are strict monotheists.

They believe in the Judeo- Christian God (Allah)

Muslims believe that the Torah and the Bible, like the Qur’an, is part of the word of God.

“People of the Book”People of the Book”

Abraham’s GenealogyAbraham’s Genealogy

ABRAHAMABRAHAM SARAHSARAHHAGARHAGAR

IsaacIsaac

EsauEsauJacobJacob

12 Tribes of Israel

12 Tribes of Israel

Ishmael

Ishmael

12 Arabian Tribes

12 Arabian Tribes

The Prophetic Tradition

The Prophetic Tradition

Adam

Noah

Abraham

Moses

Jesus

Muhammad

The Origins of the Qur’an

The Origins of the Qur’an Muhammad received his first

revelation from the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 610.

622 Hijrah Muhammed fled Mecca for Medina. * The beginning of the Muslim calendar (1 A.H.)

Muhammad’s revelations were compiled into the Qur’an by 650, soon after his death (632) –.

The Qur’anThe Qur’an Muslims believe it contains the word of God.

114 suras (chapters).

In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful.

Written in Arabic.

1. The Shahada1. The Shahada The testimony.

The declaration of faith:

There is no god worthy of There is no god worthy of worship except God, andworship except God, andMuhammad is HisMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].Messenger [or Prophet].

There is no god worthy of There is no god worthy of worship except God, andworship except God, andMuhammad is HisMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].Messenger [or Prophet].

2. The Salat2. The Salat The prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed

Wash before praying.

Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.

2. The Salat2. The Salat

22

The call to prayer by the muezzin in the minaret.

Pray in the mosque on Friday.

3. The Zakat3. The Zakat

Almsgiving (charitable donations).

Muslims believe that all things belong to God.

Zakat means both “purification” and “growth.”

4. The Sawm4. The Sawm Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.

Considered a method of self- purification.

No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.

Eid al fitr – end of Ramadan celebration

Eid MubarakEid Mubarak

End of the Ramadan holiday.

5. The Hajj5. The Hajj The pilgrimage to Mecca.

To be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime, if possible.

2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year.

The KaabaThe Kaaba

5. The Hajj5. The Hajj Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the title hajji to their name.

The Dar al-Islam

The Dar al-Islam

11 22 33 44 55

The WorldThe Worldof Islamof Islam

The WorldThe Worldof Islamof Islam

The MosqueThe Mosque The Muslim place of worship.

The Dome of the Rock Mosque in

Jerusalem

The Dome of the Rock Mosque in

Jerusalem

Mount Moriah Rockwhere Muhammad ascended into heaven.

Other Traditional Islamic Religious Practices

Other Traditional Islamic Religious Practices

ShariaSharia body of Islamic law to regulate daily living.Up to four wives allowed at once.

No alcohol or pork.

No gambling.

Three holiest cities in Islam: Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.

Essential Question:Essential Question:

Why was Islam able to spread so quickly and

convert so many to the new religion?

The Spread of IslamThe Spread of Islam Easy to learn and practice.

No priesthood.

Teaches equality.

Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of the Book,” were allowed religious freedom; just paid a military tax.

Easily “portable” nomads & trade routes.

Jihad (“Holy War”) for inner purity and against pagans

Islamic Islamic Caliphates Caliphates and Statesand States

Muhammad’s death 632Muhammad’s death 632

• Caliph= “successor to the Prophet”

• 1) Abu Bakr

• 2) Umar (began conquest of Syria, Egypt, Sassanid Empire)

• 3) Uthman – (assassinated; assassins chose Ali as new successor –Civil war 656-680

• Muhammad + KhadijaMuhammad + Khadija

Fatimah = Ali Fatimah = Ali (assassinated)(assassinated)• Hassan (poisoned)Hassan (poisoned)

• Husayn (assassinated)Husayn (assassinated)at: Battle of Karbala Battle of Karbala (in Iraq) (in Iraq)

10-day mourning period held 10-day mourning period held every Muharram every Muharram

• To Shi’a Islam, only descendants of Muhammad are true successors (imam)

• Twelvers & Hidden Imam

Split over successor=Split over successor=• SunniSunni• No single No single

person can person can define true define true belief; belief; accepted accepted political political caliphatescaliphates

• ShiaShia

• Only heir of Only heir of Muhammad –Muhammad –

• 1212thth imam imam – – Hidden Imam – Hidden Imam – will return (& a will return (& a little later, Jesus) little later, Jesus) to rule and judgeto rule and judge

• 1000 yrs justice1000 yrs justice

Damascus - capital

Umayyad Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate 661-750 661-750

Founded by Uthman kinsmanFounded by Uthman kinsman

Frankish Kingdom

Eastern Roman/ Byzantine Empire

Umayyad Caliphate “Dar al Islam”

Battle of Tours 732

• 750 – 750 – Abbasid CaliphateAbbasid Caliphate – – Overthrew last Umayyad Overthrew last Umayyad (although one fled to Spain and (although one fled to Spain and established a caliphate there- established a caliphate there- CordobaCordoba))

• Begins the Begins the Golden AgeGolden Age

• Conversion to Islam Conversion to Islam

• 945 – smaller Abbasid Empire 945 – smaller Abbasid Empire becomes Shiite ruled: Iran & becomes Shiite ruled: Iran & IraqIraq

Abbasid Caliphate 750Abbasid Caliphate 750

New capital –

Baghdad

Umayyad SpainUmayyad Spain

Abbasid Caliphate and Umayyad Spain – Islamic Golden Age 750-1000

Islamic golden ageIslamic golden age• ““The ink of the scholar is more holy The ink of the scholar is more holy

than the blood of martyrs.”than the blood of martyrs.”

• Classical works preservedClassical works preserved

• Papermaking adoptedPapermaking adopted

• PhilosophersPhilosophers

• Environmental treatises, esp. Environmental treatises, esp. pollutionpollution

• Hospitals – a varietyHospitals – a variety

• Medical knowledge & advancementsMedical knowledge & advancements

• Mathematical & scientific writings Mathematical & scientific writings (surpass total # of classical writings)(surpass total # of classical writings)

• Globalization of trade & cultural Globalization of trade & cultural diffusiondiffusion

• Adoption of Indian number systemAdoption of Indian number system

• Business & contractual law practicesBusiness & contractual law practices

• Chemistry, physics, psychology, Chemistry, physics, psychology, AlgebraAlgebra

• Libraries (with lending) and emphasis Libraries (with lending) and emphasis on educationon education

Fatimid dynasty- Shi’aFatimid dynasty- Shi’a

Cairo

• Seljuk TurksSeljuk Turks – triggered urban – triggered urban decline & decline & the Crusadesthe Crusades

• Fatimid reunified: Fatimid reunified: Saladin; Saladin; involved in involved in the Crusadesthe Crusades

• MamluksMamluks – established an – established an empire that halted the Mongols empire that halted the Mongols ca. 1250ca. 1250

Salah - al – din /Salah - al – din /SaladinSaladin

-recaptured -recaptured Jerusalem from the Jerusalem from the

European European CrusadersCrusaders

Seljuk Seljuk TurksTurks

Mamluk sultanate - Mamluk sultanate - (1250–1517)

Resisted being conquered by The Mongols13th century