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Is There a Puzzle?
Compliance with Minority Rights in Turkey (1999-2010)
Gzde Yilmaz
No. 23 | January 2011
Working Paper
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2 | KFGWorking Paper No. 23| January 2011
KFG Working Paper Series
Edited by the Kolleg-Forschergruppe T Tfv P f E
The KFG Working Paper Series serves to disseminate the research results of the Kolleg-Forschergruppe by making them availa-
b t bd bc. It m t c cdmc xc w t tt d bd x bc c
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tfm-@f-b.d.
Copyright for this issue: Gzde Yilmaz
Edt tc d dc: F A, C Btt, J St
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Is There a Puzzle? | 3
Is There a Puzzle?
Compliance with Minority Rights in Turkey (1999-2010)
Gzde Yilmaz
F Uv B
Abstract
T H Smmt 1999 t t t f EUT . T d tt
fm cddt ct f t EU vd t cv t c dmcc fm f t
mt wd f mmb. Sc 2001, t ct cd mb f fm mtt. M ctv , c d f t xtc f t Kd, t c f t t
td t -Mm m t ct, v md . Ev t t fm mt
t m t tmd t f t E c f T, t cmc td
mt t t v mt. W t c wt t tt bt
t cc f fm t 2002 d t w dw b 2005 mt c , c
dvdd t tw cm d t c w dw f t fm c t vv f
t fm c 2008. I , t t , tt t cmc c wt mt t
T d t t dtd tcm d t ct vv f bv cmc.
I m t d t t mc fct t t- f fm t mt c.
Through a detailed analysis of minority-related reform process of Turkey being an instance of ongoing
cmc, t ctbt t t tt dvdd t d t f E t
ct ct.
T Ar
Gzde Yilmaz PD tdt t t B Gdt Sc f
T Std. S d Mt It Std d
E It fm t Uvt f Bmm d Bc
It R fm Hc Uvt A, T. H
m d f tt EU mt, E Nbd Pc,
EU-T R, EU-U R w T Pc.
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4 | KFGWorking Paper No. 23| January 2011
Contents
1. Itdc 5
2. T EU d Mt Rt 7
2.1 Any Standards of the EU on Minority Rights? 7
2.2 The Demands of the EU from Turkey in Regard to Minority Rights 8
3. Minority Rights in Turkey Prior to the Reforms 10
4. Cmc wt Mt Rt T: Fm R Ad
d Bv Ad 12
4.1 1999-2001: Preparaon Phase 13
4.2 2002-2004: Progress as the Acceleraon of Reforms 14
4.2.1 Fm R Ad 14
4.2.2 Bv Ad 16
4.3 2005-2007: Slow down of the Reform Process 19
4.3.1 Fm R Ad 19
4.3.2 Bv Ad 20
4.4 2008-2010: Revival of the Reform Process 23
4.4.1 Fm R Ad 23
4.4.2 Bv Ad 26
4.5 So What is Le? 29
5. I t Cmc P wt Mt Rt T? 30
Ltt 32
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Is There a Puzzle? | 5
1. Id1
T H Smmt 1999 t t t f EUT . T d tt
fm cddt ct f t EU vd t cv t tdc dmcc fm
f t mt wd f mmb. Sc 2001, t ct cd mb f fm
mt t. M ctv , c d f t xtc f t Kd, t c f
t t td t -Mm m t ct, v md .2 Ev t t
fm mt t m t tmd t f t E c f T, t
cmc td mt t t v mt.
W t c wt t tt bt t cc f fm t 2002 d
t cqt w dw b 2005 mt c , c dvdd t tw cm,
bv t t c wdw f t fm c t vv f t fm c 2008.
T t cm (St 2010; 2008, 2009; Scmmf 2009) t tt t fm
c T ttd c 2005 wtt ct dvmt. I ctt, t vv cm
(O 2009; Ym 2009) t t vv f t fm c b 2008 f t mt v
d t t- c f fm: mt t. It, t c m t
tc f t mmt c b 2008, wc t mt bmc f
c , bt c mt t.
T f cmt t cmc wt c c 2005 bmc d
t mb f fct. Ft, c w t c f c T c 2005 v t
bd dtd f cmc cm f bt fm d d bv d
mmt. T tt t t, f t cmc wt mt t T c
2008 cm t wdw fm d, wv, wtt cmt t, d mt
mtt, t tc f bv d. Tf, cc cmt
t t fm c f T d t dt btw bt fm d d
bv d (d dd v dcv d). Scd, f m cd f
t cmc c T, c d t cf t fc t t jd t c
t w dw vv, wc dd wt t t t dmd f t EU
t dmd d t cc c . Td, t tt d wt T
d t jf t cc d t t cmc c b t wc c t
wdw v vv, d w t cc t c cd b dc ccd wt cmc t c f cmc wt t cc dmd f t EU
t ct.
This paper aims to contribute to the debate in the literature by providing a broad and nuanced analysis of
t cmc td f T mt t. I m t bt fm d bv d
mt t wt t d b wt t c f cddt ct tt t t EU
1 T b md b b t cmmt f Pf. Tj A. B d m vw, t
K-Fc (KFG) T Tfmv Pw f E d t m dvtd b t tvw,
m t m m c. Sc t t .2 F tc, t 1990 bdc t t T d t d f f T c
t t T md cctb T. Bt t ct b t bdct Kd b 2004.
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1999 2010. I w dvd t d t f dt ccd t t c cmc
td wt mt t: 1999-2001 t t ; 2002-2004 ; 2005-2007 t
wdw; d 2008-2010 t vv.3 Such a trend is puzzling because the compliance process with
mt t T dmtt v tc f dtd cmc.
I t , I cd t bmc dcd bv d m t mt t bm
t w. Ft, I bt fm d d bv d cc mt t
f dt m d. T f bt ct d t dv w v t t t
t cmt c. Scd, I fc fm d d bv d w t
t cct t dmd f t EU, td t, t, cc ,
d Cc dc t m fc t. Jd t tcm , wdw, vv
w b bjct t t d f T f fm t t EU dmd. F, mt
c dd t v t c-cc, wc vd t tt
(L 2009: 1). T d f mt d t mmt t t- f fm t mt c, t f T, bt f cddt ct.4 Mv, mt
c td t mb f c dt d c, ct, d
tf, t vt dct f cmc. A t, mvmt t cd b
vtd t dct f t E c.
I tt t cmc c wt mt t T d t t dtd
tcm d t vv f ct bv cmc. I m t d t t mc fct t
t- f fm t mt c. T dtd f mt-td
fm c T tc f cmc, t ctbt t t tt
dvdd t tcm f E t ct ct.
T t t f t fc t cct f mt t t EU d t
d t dmd f t EU twd T d t mt t. I t cd t, I cf
t t f mt t T t t c f fm. I t td t, I t
cmc td f T mt t b dvd t c t f d. T ft t
vd v f t c.
3 T d dvd fm mc f t mt-td fm c T.
4 T d t ct-cc fct c t ct v t td b tc cct wt
t Kd md mvmt PKK.
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2. T EU d M R
2.1 Any Standards of the EU on Minority Rights?
It tdd f mt t w mt d t 1990. Hwv, t
c t d f m, t t Utd N (UN), t Cc f E
(CE), t O f Sct d C E (OSCE) t cv f
t tc f m, cd t wt t dcmt. Yt, t d f Fcc Ct
(1979) b wd cctd b t t cmmt, cd t EU. Ct d
m t b f f cctc (bjcv cctc t t t, d bjcv
cctc t t): b f c w dt fm t mjt t b f
c, ; b v m ; b -dmt; dtmd t tct t
dt, wc d fm t mjt.
A cf t d f m cctd t t , t EU tdd f t
tc f m d t b md. T tc f m t b t d
t jdc f t EU f mmb tt. Tf, t EU v t f mt t t t
mmb tt. Hwv, t c f ct f m d t tc f m v
bcm t f t EU mt c c t 1993 C Smmt b t xct fc
t mt tc t C Ct. A t, db tdd mt t v
b dbtd d t t EU d ttmt f t cc mmb d
cddt tt (Scw 2001: 3).
T tc f m b dd cd f cc t t EU b t C
Ct, t Mtct Tt, t E Amt, d t Amtdm Tt. T d f
t cd f mt w t f t c tc d t
E t d f t Cd W (Kb 2008: 272). T ct cc f t EU, d t
t t c f t t-cmmt ct (.. t vt dt f t fm
Yv t cct Ct d Et E (CEE)) d vt f t c
f mt t t t C Ct (S 2008: 847). Mv, tt c, t CE
d OSCE d f t dcmt vd v t t m. B
mmb f t tw fmd , t EU xdd t bd f mt
c t cd mt t (Kb 2008: 272).
I t f t cd f t EU t mt t, t U t tbd t w
mt tdd (Tb 2000; Scw t . 2009). Dt t c f -dcm,
which is a part ofacquis communautaire f t d b cddt ct, b dvd
tdd, mt t m v wt t U (Scw 2005: 51). T mt
standard for the internal acquis wt t EU mmb tt; t cm t EU t f t dt
E mt t tdd c t CE OSCE (Scw 2005: 56).
Sc t EU cd tc f m t f t C Ct, t mct f
t EU mt t m t dm f mt c. Ft f , t U xct
cddt ct t j t CE d cm wt t tdd f m d mt t f t
CE (Rm 2003: 34). Scd, t EU xct cddt ct t tw m dcmt f mt
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tc: t Cc Dcv 2000/43, cm f t c f -dcm, d t
Cc f E Fmw Cv f t Ptc f N M. T dcmt,
wc td t fc 1998, w t t bd mt mt t tt q
t m f qt d cd f t v f mt ct d d (Rm
2003: 35). Td, t U mt t tc f m cddt ct b cf
m, cd f c ct, t dv d dt dv mt t (Tt 2006: 2).
T mm, mt tc t dvd EU d t m cttd
d t t t, m wt t vt f t mmb ct. Mv, EU cdt
mt t v c cddt ct dd t d f t mt bm.
Tf, t dct t t dmd f t EU d t mt t. T xt c
w fc t dmd f t EU fm T mt t.
2.2 The Demands of the EU from Turkey in Regard to Minority Rights
At mt c d cc dt c EU mmb tt, t EU c t
m d c f mt tc t mt c (Tt 2006: 13). T EU
qmt f mt tc bjctd t t m c cdt tt t cc
t t EU bjct t. T dmd f t EU cd ct-cc m f d b
cddt ct t t, t, d Cc dc, wc t t
f t Acc Pt.
T EU mt tc, ctt dmdd fm T btw 1999 d 2010,
cd t c f t CE Fmw Cv f t Ptc f N M;
mv t b bdc d dc t t T d t
mmt; t m f t mtd tt f t 1923 L Tt; v t
bm t Stt f t ct, bt ct d c-cmc (cd t bm
f It Dcd P (IDP)) d t Kd ; v t bm f -Mm d
t fd, c t t mv t b t c d t
H m f t t;5 d m t bm f -S m (Av) (E
Cmm 1999, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009). W t cmc c f T, t
mt t d t b cf cdd. St b t EU, t ctt t b f
mt-td fm T. I d t jd T cmc, I xm wt t dmd
mt t mt d b t EU dt wt t b T t cc c.
I w t cc dmd f t EU c d t f m d b dvd tm
t dmd fm d d bv d. Ft, fm 1999 t 2001, t EU cd
ct m t Kd q d t mt t. T U md t
ct t d cv t t bm d t vd dmcc t t t Kd, c
5 T H Sm t t c f t, wc w cd b dc f t T Mt fN Edc t d tt t Sm dd t v tdt t c t t.
Sc t, t t b -d.
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Is There a Puzzle? | 9
bdc Kd (E Cmm 1999: 14, 2000: 18). Mv, t ddvd
c d cmc t f t Stt t f t ct td b t Kd w
fc t t dvmt f mt t T (E Cmm 1999: 14, 2000: 18). T
d w t EU tdc f q t Kd T wt mt t, d t
vd cv t t 30 Kd-T cct.
D t cd d, btw 2002 d 2004, t EU cd t fc t bm f
Stt T b t t d t t mc t t f t ct, t
t t bm f IDP, d t v d tm. Mv, t EU wdd t dmd t cd
t mmt f t dtd t d, c t bdc d f t
dt d dct td d b T c t d v, t m
d t t fdm f dtd t f t t, d t ctc f c f
w (E Cmm 2002, 2003, 2004).
T bm f -Mm cmm t ct cdd t t d
t t f t fd, t t f c, mt c d t t mmt,
t tc t xc f ct t, d t tc bdc t
(f tv, f w, w t xcd 45 mt d; f d, v
w, w t xcd 60 mt d) w d t c f t EU f ft
mvmt (E Cmm 2002, 2003, 2004).
T EU cd t tt c 2002 fm cc v t Kd bm d
q t wt mt tc m, t wd- f mvmt f m. Sc
c cd b t f f fm T c t mv t mt v mt t. Tf, t EU dtd bd c f mt tc, cd
t bm f Kd, d t d t t t ct d vd m c f
c t t T vmt t cttd Kd .
Td, t d btw 2005 d 2007, t EU dmdd tt T d ft mv
tc m, c t f t b c , b t t dt f
t T vmt t t xc f t t vdd b t ct fm f m
(E Cmm 2005, 2007). Add, m cc m dmdd b t EU cdd t
bmt f t qmt t dct ID cd, t v f t dc xcd
b -Mm m ccd t dmtv d mt , t v t bm f
IDP, d t d t mt dcmt cb (E Cmm 2005,
2007; E Cmm t Rcm d Itc 2005).
A t d f v mt-td b t ct, t EU fcd m t bm
bd bv d b T, m tc mb f mt t
d vdd v. I t d, t EU ttd t cv c f t
E d t mv T mt tc. F tc, c 2005, t
EU md t ct f bd d btw T d t OSCE H Cmm
N M (HCNM) c t c f m bc f (ECmm 2005, 2007).
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Ft, t mt ct d btw 2008 d 2010, t EU vdd m dtd dm f
T t mv t mt t d mmt t vdd t mt. T fc w, ,
t mmt bm t f t mvd tc f m t ct. A
mb f d b t EU t d w t bm f Rm d t ct f bd
tt b t T vmt t v t bm, t d t ct wt t OSCE d
t d t md t Lw t Mvmt d Rdc f A, wc dcmtd t Rm
(E Cmm 2008, 2009). It, t d wtd t c f
t EU t Kd bm d t ctt dmd f t U v t bm c
Cmm t d dcmt c 2008 (E Cmm 2008, 2009).
Sc 1999, t EU td t mvmt f m cc mt-td c
d cd t dmd fm T t m. T t fm t f t
EU dmd fm T d t mt t. Ft, t EU ctt t T
t v m bc bm, c m t tcv d f m t ct bdct d dc t d t d f f T c. T
T vmt dd t m f t EU dmd, w t w d. Scd, t
EU vdd T wt v dtd dm cm f cmmd t mv
mt tc tt m. Sc 2008, t EU dtd t mt-td t
b cdd b T d w t t c t . Lt, t EU dctd t
m t t bm bv d f mt t b T c 2005. W dmd
f ft fm d m , t EU b t T t mt
mmt f t dtd. T xt c vd f t T f fm
d d bv d f mt t t EU dmd.
3. M R T P Rf
Ev t wt t t t cct f mt dd b Ct (1979) w
cctd, T t cct m m -Mm c. T cct f mt t
ct dvd fm t 1923 L Pc Tt, wc fc td d ctd b m
t c c d t mt t. T Tt d m T -Mm
mtd t Am, G, d Jw. T t f t m d t tc f t
t (.. t L f N t t m t tt w d). Tf, T jctd t t d f t mt cct t b f c, c,
dc (O 2004: 64). A t, T, fm t v mc f t Rbc, dd
t xtc f Mm m c Kd d Av d t t t v t dc
(Gd 2008: 31).
T d f Mm m T tc t bc t Om Em. T Millet
System f t Om, wc dvdd t bjct f t St Mm d -Mm,
xt w f t d f Mm m T. T tm cdd t bjct
t b f dvd Mm, d f tc , Mm N t
Dmt N d -Mm Dmtd N (O 2006: 50). A O (2006: 50) t,
t tm w bt mct d dcmt. A t f t tc f
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m t Om Em t 17t ct, c w dvd t ct tt
ttd m tt d t t f t t w t tf t
t m f t m (Gd 2008: 34). T tw cctc v b vd
td T Rbc.
A O (2009) t, t Millet System b tfd t t Rbc wt m c. T
Tt f L cdd t tm b v t -Mm t Dmtd N d
cd t Dmt N t Mm T (O 2009). Tf, t dcmt cct
of the Millet System b vd T wt d f t xtc f Mm m d
tctd d f -Mm m t Am, G d Jw.
U t 2000, T dd t v dcmt xct t L Tt d wt
mt t. Mv, t 1982 Ct c d wt mt t w t. A
ttd t Mt Rt G It Rt T (2007: 10), t T ctcm v t q f m wtt v dd t. T fc t
Ct t t wd mt, t v t L m.
I dd, t L Tt, t c dcmt f mt tc, t b f
mmtd. I ctt, m c f t 1982 Ct w d t tct mt t. A
O (2009) m, t w t t f tdd v f -Mm mt t
dvd fm t L Tt: Rtc dc (v f t. 40 d 42/3); L
tc (30 d 60; v f t. 40); Rtc md mt fd
(v f t.42/3). F xm, Ac 42 f t T Ct tt tt N t
t T c b tt mt d t Lw Pc P tt tt N
t t T c b d b c c, m [] ( v f L
39/4) (O 2009; Mt Rt G It Rt T 2007: 15). A mb f jdc
c v b cd t dvd d c (c t c f Kd c
) b c dt c f t Ct (Mt Rt G It Rt
T 2007: 15).
T t f Mm m, c t Kd d t Av, w md v w bc f t
c d f cc t. Mv, c f Tc f dt tc m w
mmtd t t f t Rbc ( 2006: 83; Y 2006: 107). T mtc md t d t ct, , d tc dc f Mm m, t dct
t dc f t m t cv , d v t b t xc f ,
ct td, d mt ( 2006: 85). Ev tt c td tt, t
1980 coup dtat, Kd, dt tc , dd t xt, bt tt t b tmv
Kd w ct T d t mt f At m (B 2009). Sc
c d w d t m m t t f t 21t ct (Gd 2008:
31).
T c tc f T, wc b t c t, c td t t d f
c t b f tct d wc w t fm t v mc f t
T Rbc t 1920. Ac 66/1 f t Ct f T tt tt Abd w bd
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t t T Rbc b t c T (O 2004: 89). T d bd c
t tc-dd cct f T, m b bt tc T d S Mm.
Mv, O (2004: 93) m tt t v t b -Mm bct
tt dtmt xct t t d v. Sc d, wc t c f t
c tc f T, td -Mm m w Mm m, m Kd
d Av (O 2009).
T mm, m T dd b t 1923 L Tt m mt
t -Mm, cc Am, G, d Jw. Mm m, t t d, w
xcdd b t Tt, wc w t dcmt vd cc t t m. Tf,
Mm m cd t t w c md; jt t cd t f
xc t t f (Mt Rt G It Rt 2007:3). T Mt
Rt G It Rt T (2007: 3) v c t f t tc f
mt t t ct: bdc mt w fbdd f ; mt c f d bc vc fbdd; m t m , m Kd
d A, w dcd fm t m t Stt; vc b t f d f
f m T (.. f mt , md f mt t t); d
ct td f 10 ct vtd mt c t t t mt.
Mt t T, t t c f t fm t , w tctd c d,
bt tc d cc. T d f -Mm m, t t t t v
md mt , wt v Mm m, w t f t c c.
Mv, t L Tt, wc td ct t t t c m, w t v f
mmtd. Bt t c d ct tc v m w d b t c f
m tt t t tt f t tt, t f f tfc t t t c
f t tt d cd c c. Rfm f t v c cc mt t b
t t t t t f t 21t ct.
4. C M R T: F R Ad d BvAd
I t t f t , I t cmc td f T wt mt t b dvd t
c t f d: (1999-2001), wt cc f fm
(2002-2004), wdw (2005-2007), d vv (2008-2010). I dvd t d t c
xm f mc dt td t mt-td cmc T. Ev t t tt
E b tcm f cmc dt fm t t c, t
tc (B/R 2000; Rd 2003). I ctt, t c T ct dmc. D
t t tc t f tcm dct, wc t tb t t T c, I d t bv-
md b f t ccd d.
I fm d d bv d dct f cmc. A Scmmf/
Sdm (2005) t, d c t t dt fm: fm, bv, d dcv
d. T ccd wt fm d d bv d. Fm
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d cv t t f EU t w [] t tbmt f fm
t d cd wt EU (Scmmf/Sdm 2005: 8). Bv d
td t t d f t d wc bv -cfm t (Scmmf/
Sdm 2005: 8).
I d t m fm d, I w dcmt t xtt t wc t t mt
t md wt E m, wc w b dctd b t mv f b t t
m d wc w w tm t t dc; w vd m
wt w t w b ctd. Bv d w b dctd b xct mmt f
t dtd.
Table 1: Measuring two Forms of Rule Adopon
Policy F f Ad Indicator
Minority-related policies Fm: Extt f
m
Exct d
Bv: Immt Exct mmt f t
adopted
I t xt c, mt-td cmc T, dctd b fm d dbv d, w b d dtd m w cd t dc f t
fm, wc mt dtmd b t EU dmd. O d t md tt mt t,
t t- f fm d b cctd t mb f dt c dt
, c m, ct, t vt dct f t cmc
td T (L 2009: 1).
4.1 1999-2001: Preparaon Phase
A t 1999 H dc cddt ct tt t T, ttd d
t f t C Ct v c . I c t m d t d
t dctd b t c f c. T c t qd f t c f fm w
bt w t EU dcd T cddt ct. Mv, t N Pm cd
v b d d cd 2001. Tf, fm 1999 t 2001, t vmt mtd t
mv t t tct t T f t c f v fm. A t, t
m d c b bd f t fm.
I dd t t , 1999, t t f Abd c, t d f t Kdt W
Pt (PKK), d t c btw t PKK d t T vmt, w vt dvmt
d t mt t. T dvmt c b vtd t t tt bd t
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14 | KFGWorking Paper No. 23| January 2011
vmt t c fm t fw wtt v m c t mt-
td fm bc mt tc m w t t ttd b t bc
v cc t t PKK ( 2003: 14).
Cd t m dtd t d, 2000 t Acc Pt wt t EU wd d t N Pm f t EU fm w cd t fw (E
Cmm 2001: 8). I 2000, t mt tbd t Sctt G f EU A w,
2001 t mt mdd t 1982 T Ct (E Cmm 2001: 11-14).
T mdmt t t Ct td v t t t m b mv md
m c t Ct tt w fm d t ct m. T c c b
cdd t t f ft fm.
T c t d, bt bt b t 2001 Ct fm, td t mt
t v t mv f t tc N btd b w c b d t x d d
tt fm t Ct (E Cmm 2001: 25). T mv td t v
t f t t T d f f T c (O 2004: 119).
Exct f t mv f t fmd b btd b w fm t
Ct, t t b fm d td t mt t. T
, wd b xctd, dd t wt bv d d t t t f fm
d v b t vmt. A t, tw f EU cddc d wtt t d
f ct mt m. T d t t cmc c f T
wt mt t. P f ft fm d b d t . T t
qd f vd x t fm c w tbd wt t c t f t fm, c t f t N Pm, b cd.
4.2 2002-2004: Progress as the Acceleraon of Reforms
4.2.1 Formal Rule Adopon
B Fb 2002, t c vmt ttd t c fm f t m
f T w wt EU w. Et fm c d t mt btw 2002 d 2004. A
t 2002 c, t Jc d Dvmt Pt (Adt v Km P - AKP) vmt
cd tc fm d mb f c , cd mt t. T
fm c cdd bt mdmt f m tc mt t d t d f
w m t mv mt tc.
I d t m fm d, I cm t c dtd v m wt t c.
T d fm 2002 t 2004 t bt fm t v mt c f t ct.
T c w cctd b t d f m d dt tc
t ct, tct mt c t dt t t t mjt, t d f
t t m td f t L Tt, d t tc f t t f m wc
w cd b L (O 2009).
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T fm t d, tf, t b fm t v c d c b
vd mmtm f v c mt tc. Fm d w dctd
ccd t EU dmd mt t. T mt c d t mtt f t EU, t
b bdc d dc t t T d d f f T c
w mtd d t d (Oc G 2002).
I mt t mv t c-cmc d ct t f Stt T, wc td
m b Kd, t-b-t c w dtd b t vmt. Ft, t b Kd
cd dc w mvd b t fm c (Mt Rt G It 2007:
17). Scd, t mc t Stt w d t 2002. B t
Ow Cv 2004, t vmt cd t m f mv dm t
(Hmmb 2009: 14).
Fm d t d w ccd wt t f -Mm m
bm. T bm t t f -Mm fd w d v mdmt
t Ac 1 f t Lw Fd, cd t xt f t c d f cmmt
fd t t tt d t t mt (Oc G 2003). At
mdmt t Ac 2 f t Lw Ctc w d t w f t bd f w c
f v d ft (Oc G 2003b).
O f t mt mtt f t EU t bm f -Mm m T, c
cc t t d t c f t f -Mm fd. T mdmt
t t w cc fd t d t t t cc, t t md
mtd. T vmt cd t md t w cc fd 2008, wc vddft t t t fd.
T vmt td m m tc b f t mt:
t 1965 UN Cv t Em f A Fm f Rc Dcm 2002, d bt t
It Cvt Cv d Pc Rt d t It Cvt Ecmc, Sc
d Ct Rt 2003 (Sctt G f EU A2007: 19). Mv, mt-td
mdmt w dtd d t 2004 Ct Rfm Pc Ac 90 cc t
c f t mt t t Ct (Sctt G f EU A 2007: 19).
T mdmt t t Ct cmd tt, t c tt cct btw dmc d
d t cv m t ccd, t wd t cdc (Gd
2008: 36). T wd tct m t c f cct btw dmc d t
cv b b t dcmt dmc w mt-td (Gd 2008:
36).
T mm, fm d t d td bt - t w fm
t tc c f mt t T. A mb f w dtd d mdd b t
vmt c 2002. Tf, fm d mt t t d w d t
d w bd . T R Rt f t E Cmm (2003: 43) cwdd
t cc f fm t ct:
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Over the past year the Turkish government has shown great determinaon in accelerang the pace
of reforms, which have brought far-reaching changes to the polical and legal system. It has also
taken important steps to ensure their eecve implementaon, in order to allow Turkish cizens to
enjoy fundamental freedoms and human rights in line with European standards [...]. Some of the
reforms carry great polical signicance as they impinge upon sensive issues in the Turkish context,
such as freedom of expression, freedom of demonstraon, cultural rights and civilian control of the
military.
Table 2: The Demands of the EU and the Supply of Formal Rule Adopon by Turkey: 2002-2004
EU Demand T S
Rc f t UN It Cvt Cv
d Pc Rt wt t Q Ptc d f
t UN It Cvt Ecmc, Sc d
Cultural Rights (1)*
Sd 2003 wt v
T c f t 1965 UN Cv t
Em f A Fm f Rc Dcm (2)
Signed in 2002
Recognize the use of languages other than Turkish for
bdc d mt tc (2)
2002, 2003 d 2004 cd
Recognize the use of languages other than Turkish for
dc d mt tc (3)
2002, 2003 d 2004 cd
Imv t t Stt tm f c-
economic development and cultural rights
(1)
Imvmt ttd 2003
L t mc tt Stt (4) Ld 2002
Pvd t t t fd (d
mmt) (2)
Imvmt ttd 2003 wt mdmt
fd w
Clear the area of landmines (2) Ow Cv d 2004
Emt t b d tc m t
xc t t (1)
A series of amendments in a number of law for
vd v t (mv b)
*1 td mt EU dcmt d cd2 td f t EU dcmt d cd3 td f t EU dcmt d cd4 td t f t EU dcmt d cd6
4.2.2 Behavioral Adopon
Bv d, m -ctt bv, mt t dctd b t xct
mmt f t dtd t v d b t ccd bcc
t, c t Rd d Tv Sm Cc (RTK) t mc tv.
Jd t mmt f t v dtd b fc t Cmm t d
t c, c t t f Fdm H, t Cc f E, T w,
mtd bv d bvd d t d.
6 P Rt d R Rt f t EU Cmm d Cc Dc btw 1999 d 2009.
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D t 1990, d 380,000 Kd v w fcf dcd b t T ct fc
d t t cct wt t PKK t Stt t f t ct (Hm Rt Wtc 2004; UN
Hm Rt Cc 2010: 15). I d t fctt t t f t v t t v, t
T vmt cd t Rt t V d Rbt Pjct (RVRP) (UN Hm Rt
Cc 2010: 15).
Ev t t dct t mt t ct mmt f c m c ttmt fm
T td tt t RVRP w ft mmtd 2002. Accd t t T t,
37,000 td t t v b 2002, c Db, B, V d t f
t Stt t f T (E Cmm 2002: 43). Hwv, t mb vdd b
t T vmt d c bc t c tt t vmt
fd t mb: f tc, t t b Hm Rt Wtc (2004) tt tt t RVRP w t
mmtd t d (Hm Rt Wtc 2004).
Immt f t RVRP cd t cd 2003 ccd t fm vdd b t
T vmt. T Cmm R Rt (2003: 40) tt tt 82,000 w
td t t t t v btw J 2000 d J 2003. Mv, T b
d wt t t dd t w f t RVRP td b t UN
Sct G Sc Rtv f Dcd P 2002 (E Cmm 2002: 43;
Hm Rt Wtc 2004: 26). Nvt, t xtc f v d w ccd t dtd
d t , m c, vt fct v t ccf mmt f t RVRP
(Hm Rt Wtc 2004).
I d t t t, 2,234 c f t t f t wt t J2003 R w ccdd, bt 287 f tm w cctd (E Cmm 2004:
43). O t 160 mt fd td t R cd (E Cmm 2004:
43). Bc m -Mm cmm t td t tb fd, t
dvd f t t t t, cq d d f t.
At v dvmt 2003 w t f t d t dc f C
dm dc txtb (E Cmm 2003: 35). A mb f
m ccd t txtb f b bjcv d cct (E Cmm 2003: 35).
Cc t t f -S Mm cmm, t b m c d t
t Av. T bd U f Av d Bt Ac w td tt A 2003,
w t U t t cv (E Cmm 2003: 36). Hwv, t bm f
Av t cm ct d tc c t c cd d t d
(Hmmb 2009: 9).
T Kd Wt Ac w tbd Db 2004 dt t tc t
ct Lw Ac b t tbmt f c t b f c, tct,
, ct, t cctc f mt (E Cmm 2004: 42).
W t c d m wt tv f t E Cmm wtt
m, c w bt t t c t d f d tt m(E Cmm 2004: 42). T mmt f t fdm f c d t
m w, tf, mxd d ct t d.
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I 2004, bt bdc d tc t t T b. Ev t t
w m tc t , t tc w cvd twd t f t
t T. Sx vt c ttd tc Kd (Kmc dct) v c (E
Cmm 2004: 49; Hmmb 2009: 4).7 I Octb 2004, Itb m w d
t 2003 bmb wt c cm dd b t Pm Mt Ed (E
Cmm 2005: 430). I Dcmb 2004, cmx cm f mq, cc, d -
t d f - w d B (E Cmm 2005: 30).
I t f c t fm, fm d mt t w cmmtd
b bv d, c bdc (Fdm H 2005). Hwv, t mmt
c t ccd w tctd. M bv f t c cb t tctd
mmt t t tc f bcc t, c t RTK (O 2004: 127). T
bv d tt wt d--d wt fm d t vt dvmt
mt t, wc f t mt v T, v f t md mtd. T d,wv, w f v mtd bv d.
Table 3: The Demands of the EU and the Supply of Behavioral Adopon by Turkey: 2002-2004
EU Demand T S
Sv t bm f It-Dcd P (1)* Rt t V d Rbt Pjct ft
implemented
Pvd t t -S Mm (Av) (3) Some improvements on the legal status of non-Sunni
c 2003
Pvd d mmt t t t/f
fd (2)
Ac f t t f fd ttd t
b cvd 2003
Emt tc bdc t
than Turkish and implement them (2)
Lmtd mmt tt tv
Emt tc dc t
than Turkish and implement them (2)
Private schools have started to teach languages other
t T - bt mtd mmt
Revise the curricula in schools and remove
dcmt fm txtb (3)
F f t d t dc f C
dm dc txtb
Pvd d fdm f c (1) Kd Wt Ac, w tbd
Emt t bm ctc mt f
c f w (4)
- Itb m w d
- A cmx cm f mq, cc d
synagogue was opened
- t d f w d B
*1 td mt EU dcmt d cd2 td f t EU dcmt d cd3 td f t EU dcmt d cd4 td t f t EU dcmt d cd
T m f T mt-t w t EU tdd btw 2002 d 2004, bcd
wt mtd mmt, w ct. A mmd bv, t v b m
mdmt t t w, mv f c c m mt t, d c
f v t mt vd ft tc f m. A t 2004 Cmm
Rt (E Cmm 2004: 55) m:
7 I V, Btm, d f A 2004; Db d Ad At 2004; d Itb Octb
2004.
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Turkey has achieved signicant legislave progress in many areas, through further reform packages,
constuonal changes and the adopon of a new Penal Code, and in parcular in those idened
as priories in last years report and in the Accession Partnership. Important progress was made in
the implementaon of polical reforms, but these need to be further consolidated and broadened.
This applies to the strengthening and full implementaon of provisions related to the respect of
fundamental freedoms and protecon of human rights, including womens rights, trade union rights,
minority rights and problems faced by non-Muslim religious communies.
4.3 2005-2007: Slow down of the Reform Process
4.3.1 Formal Rule Adopon
Btw 2005 d 2007, fm d wd dw ct mt t. Ev t
t w m c, c t w Lw Fd, t d f t t
m c, fm d w ccv t d w cmd t t d
btw 2002 d 2004. Cd d d dvmt td t mt t t
d, J 2005 t Mt f t It d cc f fct t vt t f
IDP, bc w f t c d ft cb wt -vmt
(NGO) (E Cmm 2005: 39). T cc md t cf t Gv
duty to take the necessary measures to facilitate voluntary return to the places in which security was
ccf cvd d t m t c m tt d ct (Sctt G
f EU A 2007: 22). Mv, t Cc f Mt d tt dcmt, t It
Dcd P Pbm d M V Rt d Rbt Pjct, At 17,2005. T dcmt cd t m d c f t cv IDP (Sctt G f EU
A 2007: 22).
O A 12, 2006, t t m cd w cd. T c cdd t
f t Lw Pvt Edc It wc td t fc Fb 14, 2007. T w w
cd t v w b mv t ct f T :
if a Turkish cizen and teacher of Turkish language or Turkish culture knowing the educaon language
of the school is not member of the teaching sta, any teacher of Turkish naonality can be the Deputy
Director (E Cmm 2007: 21; Sctt G f EU A 2007: 24).
Tf, t w w d t mt c tbd b f cd mt
c w t f dc t T.
O Nvmb 9, 2006, t Lw Fd mv t tt f mt fd d w
minority groups to reclaim their previously seized property was adopted by the Parliament and sent to
t Pdt f v. Hwv, t w w td b t Pdt t t Pmt f t
cc d dc f m c (E Cmm 2007: 21; Sctt G f EU
A 2007: 23). Add, Stmb 26, 2006, w Lw Smt m dcmt
v t Rm w dtd (Sctt G f EU A 2007: 23).
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Table 4: The Demands of the EU and the Supply of Formal Rule Adopon by Turkey: 2005-2007
EU Demand T S
Sv t bm f It Dcd P (1)* - A cc f fct t vt t f
internally displaced persons- A tt dcmt, t It Dcd
Persons Problem and Measures on Village Return and
Rbt Pjct, At 17, 2005
Imv t t f Rm (3) T w Lw Smt, wc mt
discriminatory provisions against Roma was approved
b t Pmt.
Sv t bm f mt c (3) T w Lw Pvt Edc It d
t mt c w t f
dc t T d c tbd b
f, cd mt c.
*1 td mt EU dcmt d cd2 td f t EU dcmt d cd3 td f t EU dcmt d cd4 td t f t EU dcmt d cd
4.3.2 Behavioral Adopon
I t d f t fm c, t wdw, c fm d, w cdb;
wv, fm d dd t t tt. I ctt, t bv d cd t
. A t t fm Fdm H (2007: 2) tt:
Nevertheless, progress has not stopped altogether. For example, in 200506 a new penal codewent into eect, an ombudsman oce was established, and implementaon of earlier reforms was
systemacally improved.
Bdc t t T, cd Kd, mvd ft 2007, dt m
tc (Fdm H 2009: 3; UN Cmm f t Em f Rc Dcm 2007:
27). I Mc 2007, w d c Db, FM, cvd t t bdct
Kmc d Z Kd (E Cmm 2007: 22). At f c d d TV t
bdc Kd w tbd, t w tc (E Cmm 2007:
22; Fdm H 2009: 3). F tc, bdct, xct , v t b t ttd
btd t T, m bdct, c v bdct, cmbm (E Cmm
2007: 22). Mv, dc m tc Kd w t wd TV, d
bdct (E Cmm 2007: 22).
T tc f Kd fcd bc At 2005, d t t c f x Kd
c b t w (E Cmm 2005: 37; Fdm H 2007). Ftm, tw
c Ad d Btm d cd dw t m d t c dc
(E Cmm 2005: 37). T dc Kd bc c w bd b t
T t (Kd Hm Rt Pjct 2004: 26).
T f t jdc t t t t Kd w mxd. Ev t t Ct f
C vd dc b t f Kd mc d c cm M 2005,
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Cm Ct Db dd t cc f mb f mc bm t b f Ac
312 f t fm P Cd, wt t ttmt tt t Kd- c cttd d
t f (E Cmm 2005: 38).
Mv, t f t t T b bc c t vc w bmc t d. I 2007, t M f S (Db) mct w dmd b t Cc f Stt
t b f m (T, Kd, Am, Sc, Abc d E) mc
vc (Hmmb 2009: 5).
T t f m t t T ttd t b mmtd t d b t cv
t c (E Cmm 2005: 38). Hwv, t mmt vd tt
t ct d fcd m bm cc t t f ct Kd m (E
Cmm 2005: 38). Mv, cc b fc b t m cd t
Q, W d X wc xt Kd bt t T (E Cmm t Rcm
d Itc 2005: 22).
Ev t Pm Mt Ed, w v Db At 2005, mt wt Kd tct
d td t ct t v t Kd bm t dmcc m, mmb f t
-Kd Dmcc Sct Pt (DTP) v b td ctd f c-td cm
(E Cmm 2005: 38; Hm Rt Wtc 2007: 13).
Ft t b t vmt v v t t d fc f c f w
t t mq (E Cmm 2005: 30). F tc, J 2005, Pttt cc
Db w td c f w; Mc 2005, Pttt cc w tbd c; d, M 2005, t qt f t B cmmt t vt t d w vd
(E Cmm 2005: 30).
I d t t t, 2,285 c f t t f t, wt t 2003
R, w md b t cmm 2005, wt 341 f tm b vd (E
Cmm 2005: 30). Hwv, m -Mm cmm t cd b t
T t d t tb fd, cd t Ctc d Pttt cmm.
A t, t cmm t td t t t t d xc t t (E
Cmm 2005: 30; Mt Rt G It 2007: 27).
N-Mm fd dd t cq tt d t d. Mv, t Ecmc
Ptc w t wd t t ccc t f t Ecmc (Fdm H 2008: 15). Ev
t t H Sm, t t c f t T, w t d t d, t
w tc t mmt f f c t ct (UN Cmm t Em
f Rc Dcm 2007: 21). I 2006, t w 122 f c td wt w mt
t v w c (UN Cmm t Em f Rc Dcm 2007: 21).
I t d, t cm d ct f tc t -Mm m cd tmd
(Fdm H 2008: 15). F xm, 2006, Ctc t Tb w mdd (Fdm
H 2008: 15); 2007, t Pttt Mt w mdd (Fdm H 2008: 15);
2007, t dt f t b T-Am w A d m-t dfd
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22 | KFGWorking Paper No. 23| January 2011
Ht D w mdd (Hm Rt Wtc 2007: 12). D w ctd t m f c-
td , wc cd b xm f t dd cqc f c c d t
bc (Hm Rt Wtc 2007: 12). Hwv, t jdc c f t vt md w
md tt wt t c t t cm ccd f t vtw t
vmt, E (CNN T 2010; Svt 2008; Td Zm 2008b).
I 2007, t w m v dvmt d t t t f c.
T Ac f S Jv Wt, wc d xct bjcv, w td
t t f c t t dc f t Ct f C, wc cmd t cq
c t t c (E Cmm 2007: 15).
T Lw Cm f L R fm Tt Act, dtd 2004, b t b
mmtd wt m d d ctt (E Cmm 2005: 38). B At 2005, t
T t td tt 173,208 c d b md wt t t dcd t
vd cm f t f 2,200 c (E Cmm 2005: 38) B Mc
2005, 212,000 Y T L (YTL) d b d t 22 w c w cdd
b b t v cmm (E Cmm 2005: 38). B M 2007, 269,759
d ft d t t Dm Amt Cmm f cm d t Cm
Lw d 37,309 c btd v (E Cmm 2007: 23; Mt
Rt G It 2007: 27). Mv, t mb f Dm Amt Cmm w
cd t 106 (E Cmm 2007: 23f.).
I t f t dvmt ttd b t T vmt, t ct t ctd mb
f bm. T Rt b Hm Rt Wtc (2004: 29-35) md tt t mmt db bmc d t c f ddc mt cmm, tmc xc fm
cm, t mt cctb fm f vdc, cm f
d dt, c f t f ct, mtd cct t c cm, c f ct d
mt, d dqt mcm. Ev t t w t b mmtd
, t m d c, t t f Kd Hm Rt Pjct tt (2004:
20).
T d btw 2005 d 2007 ctd m fm d d mb f mtd
mmt mt f t dtd b t ccd T t. Hwv, bt
fm d d -ctt bv t d w tcv d mtd. Tf,
t d c b f wdw d t T cmc wt mt t, w
cmd t t v .
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Table 5: The Demands of the EU and the Supply of Behavioral Adopon by Turkey: 2005-2007
EU Demand T S
Emt tc bdc t
than Turkish (2)*
- Bdc t t T/mtd
- A d t bdc m Ct
- Ft mmt f bdc
t t T. A w d c Db,
FM, cvd t t bdct
Kmc d Z Kd
Emt tc dc t
than Turkish (2)
Tc t t T/mtd
Emt tc t f t t
Turkish in public life (1)
Rt f m t t T /
limited and varied
Emt t bm f fd (1) - Etbmt f q ttmt f Mq d
C cc d f cc t wt
- A Pttt cc w tbd c
in Ankara- T Pttt cc Db w b t
t c f w 2005
- Ft mmt t t f
c 2006
- T B cmmt qt t vt t d
was approved
- Oc t f t Ac f S
Jv Wt
Pvd d mmt t t t/f
fd (2)
2,285 c f t f t
Emt t bm f It Dcd P (1) - T Lw Cm f L R fm
Tt Act wt 173,208 c- Wt ct t It Dcd P,
cd t c f cm
*1 td mt EU dcmt d cd2 td f t EU dcmt d cd3 td f t EU dcmt d cd4 td t f t EU dcmt d cd
4.4 2008-2010: Revival of the Reform Process
4.4.1 Formal Rule Adopon
T 2008 t t vv f fm d mt t T. A v
wdw c 2005, w Fd Lw w dtd 2008 (Hmmb 2009: 11). T w
vdd -Mm fd t b td t Fd Cc d vdd f ft
t t t t fd (Hmmb 2009: 11).
I d t t bm Stt T, t vmt cd d f m
t ft dv t (E Cmm 2008: 27; Fdm H 2009). T vmt
d t c f fd - qvt t 14 b - d t cmt t Stt
At Pjct (GAP) btw 2008 d 2012, wt t b b t f : cmcdvmt, c dvmt, ftct dvmt d t tt (E
Cmm 2008: 27).
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2008 w mb d t t dvmt xcd t t m. T Ergenekon
c w cd t m , wc dct ctd t dvmt f mt t t
ct (L 2009; J 2008; Fdm H 2009). T c cd tt , cd
Ergenekon, wc cctd t (t/Sb 2008). T mmb f t
cdd mt c, jt, tv f NGO d cv ct, w cdmc. T
cc t t mmb f t ccd t t t vmt t
mt tv (C/W 2010: 89). Mv, t v b ccd f mb
f vcv c (, bmb, tc.) d t t cd f c
mt tv (t/Sb 2008). Add, t tdd t dv m
f t c d ct t d f t wd t d mt tv
d m t cc t tm (Dm/K 2009).
Sm bvd tt t t t v xt f Gd, cd m d t
cd NATO t-bd It Wd W II, tdd t ct b
cmmt v f Wt E (Td Zm 2008). Pm Mt Ed ttd tt
t mw mb t C Hd It t Gd t b
f t 1990 (Zm 2008). I t tt t jdc c tt f f T
dmcc d t t t d tfm f T t m dmcc tt, w
t ct t m ft mt t w. Hwv, t jdc c ,
dbtd bc d v ctv.
I 2009, t vmt ttd bt mt d bc dc d t v t Kd
bm, wc vt t f mt t ct (Fdm H 2010; Ht 2010).
Mv, t dc td bc d c w f m c wt t PKK v t
dmc f T d t f ft t t Kd , w cm
t m (Fdm H 2010; Ht 2010). T w t cd mt b T c
t Pdt Tt 1990, md t b d t t w t Et d Stt f
T t ft dmc (Sb 2009). At t b f t 1990, cd t
xtc f Kd b dc tt dmt w Kd, d dcd m t v t Kd
(Sb 2009). Hwv, t Pdt dd bf v t Kd bm d Kd
v w dd t 2009 v f Pm Mt Ed.
I 2009, Ed cd t xtc f t Kd d t xtc f Kd bm
(Ht 2009). A t c b Ed, dbt md bt m c wt t PKK d
v t Kd bm. A t f t dbt 34 PKK mmb, c cv w
w t td t vt ct, td t T fm PKK b Kd, Nt Iq, d w
t cd wt cm (K 2009). Hwv, d t t dt d ccv ttmt b
T t mt, 14 f tm td t t PKK Cm Nt Iq (Bd 2010).
T Kd v t vt dvmt t Kd bm b d fm t v
c c f T d t t Kd . T Kd v, wt vw t xtd
ct d c t t t Kd mt, wc w cvd mj bm t EU
cc t, w mtt t f ft t tc f m (Fdm H
2010: 4). Hwv, t ft f t v md dbt d t t b f t DTP (Dmcc
Cmmt Pt) t Kd d t tt fw t (Fdm H 2010:4).
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I J 2009, t Pmt dtd Lw D-m t T-S bd, w vt
cm t d-m t bd (E Cmm 2009: 30). Wt t w, t cm w
cv t t fm t d f t 44 t d-m ccdd (E Cmm
2009: 30).
I 2010, mt cc w bd b Pm Mt Ed, dc t t f -Mm
m t xc t ct t, wc t f t d (Oc G 2010). T
cc tt t bm fcd b -Mm m bc t d t ct f
mv bm cd b t tv f t bc t (Oc G 2010). T
Cc t t c mmt f mt t vdd b fm d
v (Oc G 2010).
I M 2010, t d f ct mdmt w cctd b t Pmt. T
mdmt cmd mb f tt dd t dct d wt mt t. Hwv,
f t mdmt dct mv mt tc b btc t t c f
c d, t, mt , c t -Kd DTP, wc w cd 2009.
A t mdmt, t f t c f c c b d b t Pmt
tt w v d b t Ct Ct (CNN T 2010).8
Table 6: The Demands of the EU and the Supply of Formal Rule Adopon by Turkey: 2008-2010
EU Demand T S
Pvd d mmt t t t/f
fd (2)*
Nw fd Lw w dtd
N dct/cct EU dmd The Ergenekon case was launched (related indirectly to
minority rights)
Imv t t t Stt tm f
socio-economic development and cultural rights (1)
A plan for development of the Southeast was adopted
Clear the area of landmines (2) A law to remove landmines was adopted
Remove the village guard system (2) P t mv v d tm
Sv t Kd Q (2) A dbt w cd b t m mt d 34
PKK mmb c cv , w w
t td t vt ct, w wcmd fm bfrom a PKK base (Kandil Mountain) and not punished
(2009)
E t mmt f mt t (-
Mm m) (1)
Minority Circular published in 2010
C f (2) T c f cd b d b t
Pmt b 2010 Ct mdmt
*1 td mt EU dcmt d cd2 td f t EU dcmt d cd3 td f t EU dcmt d cd4 td t f t EU dcmt d cd
8 T ccf fdm f t v f t Ct c w d Stmb 2010.
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4.4.2 Behavioral Adopon
I t f bdc t t T, fw t J 2008 mdmt t
t vt Lw, J 2009 TRT - t bc vc bdct - ttd c TRT-6,
bdc Kd 24- d (Hmmb 2009: 5; Fdm H 2009). Mv, t t
cm f TRT-6, t Pm Mt fw wd Kd. I 2009, t bc
d tw f t ct b t bdct Am. Mv, m t t vt
cm d f d c bdc c Kmc, Z d Abc J
2010 (UN Hm Rt Cc 2010: 8).
I 2010, t mv M Dt - T Cd f Db w d mv tt T (G/
bd 2010). F t t m, mv, wc cmt Kd , w wd t b
d v mv tt t ct. Ot (2010) m tt t mv t t
tc f f Kd cm wc w dd b t bc d v wdd T.
I t f t v dvmt t f bdc, t tc t Lw t RTK
c t b d f vt c d TV d d m (E Cmm
2009: 30). F tc, dc m Kd t wd; v ct c d
v v b cd t GN TV t vt TV c ct bdc
Kd (E Cmm 2009: 30).
I t f dc t t T, mb f v dvmt w
mtd. I Stmb, t H Edc Bd (YK) vd t c fm At
Uvt Md t tb Itt cd Lv L Itt vd t-dtdc Kd d t t ct (E Cmm 2009: 29). A
jdmt b t E Ct f Hm Rt (ECHR) 2009, t dt f t YK dcdd t
cd Kd t c wc d vt ccm. T vbt f
c c t wt mt f 2009 t B Uvt, Itb w dcd (Hmmb
2009: 5).
Ev t t f t t T c f fbdd b t Lw Ec
d Pc P, t 2009 c c cm Kd w d b c d c
t c cv wtt v cqc (E Cmm 2009:
28). Mv, mt f t ct c t Kd c f t Kd td
wt t (E Cmm 2009: 28). A mb f v t Stt v
b t vd bc vc Kd (E Cmm 2009: 28).
I t f t v dvmt, t f t t T c f
bmc d t v b mxd cc. F tc, J 2009 t Ct f C
cd t DTP mmb f Kd c f (E Cmm 2009: 28). T c
td wt t c f t DTP 2009 d t b f 37 mmb f t DTP fm c f (BBC
Tc 2009; Sb 2009).
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T mmt f t Lw Fd, dtd 2008, cdd mt (E
Cmm 2009: 21; UN Hm Rt Cc 2010: 17). Sm b cvd b t
T t vd w mt f f c w wt t w T (E
Cmm 2009: 21; UN Hm Rt Cc 2010: 11). I 2008, t c f t Ecmc
Ptct f w mt w wd v, cd - v f f c w
w t t Ptct (E Cmm 2009: 21; UN Hm Rt Cc 2010: 11). Hwv,
t H Sm, t t c f t, md cd c t w t cd 1971
b dc f t T Mt f N Edc t d tt t Sm dd t v
tdt t c t t (Hmmb 2009: 10).
A d t Av, t w m v dvmt t d. T T t
ctd mb f Av t, c t f t t Av Itt 2008 d
t Av ft-b cm 2009 (E Cmm 2009: 22). Mv, t vmt
d w t dc t bm d xct f t Av (E Cmm
2009: 22). T bc vc bdct b t bdct m m t Av Mm
cb (E Cmm 2009: 22).
Ev t Av c f w (Cm ) t cd c f w d d t
cv c d fm t tt, Cm H w cd b t mc cc c
f w d td t m c dvt mq (E Cmm 2009: 22;
Hmmb 2009: 9). Sm ct v c d tt Av tdt d t v t d t
mdt d tc c (E Cmm 2009: 22).
The Newroz (t Kd Nw Y) cb 2009 w cf d wtt c vc t Stt (E Cmm 2009: 30). T m t cbt t Newroz was given by
v Gvt 2009 (E Cmm 2009: 30).
T RVRP b ft mmtd t d. B t d f 2009, 151,469 c td
t t fm c f dc (UN Hm Rt Cc 2010: 16). Mv, t vmt
mmtd t St f t Dvmt f IDP Pm T Pjct c wt
t Utd N Dvmt Pm (UNDP) (UN Hm Rt Cc 2010: 16). I t f t
dvmt, t v d v t b mvd fm t .
T vmt w t cm f d t tm (E
Cmm 2009: 32; Fdm H 2009). Hf f t cvd c cd d cmtd
d tw-td f tm cctd (E Cmm 2009: 32). Accd t t UN Hm Rt
Cc Rt (2010: 16), 2008, 360,933 c w bmd t t cm cmm,
207,765 w vwd b t cmm, d 127,268 f tm w wdd cm. Hwv,
mt f cm m w (E Cmm 2009: 32).
T bm f mv dm m mtt ct cc t ct t
v b c m cv d ct fc cd b x f - dm
(E Cmm 2009: 32). A f t Ow Cv 2004 t d mv
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dm, t vmt b t dt t - m md d d t
ccd t d-m c b 2014 (E Cmm 2009: 32).
2008 wtd f mmt mv t ct. Sv dtd t v
d v b t b mmtd c bdc t t Fd Lw.A cdb tt vmt b cd t d, t d t t dbt cd
by the government on several issues which were not touched in the past such as the Armenian issue and
Kd . T d f tf -cfm bv.
Table 7: The Demands of the EU and the Supply of Behavioral Adopon by Turkey: 2008-2010
EU Demand T S
Emt tc bdc t
than Turkish (2)*
- Bdct , d , t t T
tt tv, TRT
- I J 2009 TRT ttd c TRT-6,
bdc Kd 24- d
- F c TV d d c ttd bdc
d dct td d b T c
- Bdct Am b TRT (TV) f f twc
a day
- Ac f t dct Kd d Abc d
t w vd
- The public radio network started to broadcast in Armenian in
March 2009
Emt tc dc t t
Turkish (2)
-T H Edc Bd (YK) dd t c fm
T Uvt (At Uvt Md) t tb
Lv L Itt wc wd vd t-dt
dc Kd d t t ct
- Kd c d B Uvt, Itb
Emt t b t c (cm t )
(1)
T Ecmc Ptct c f w mt w
wd v
Remove landmines (2) Ud t Ow Cv, T c t dt
- m md b Mc 2014.
Pvd t t -S Mm (Av) (3) -T f t t Av Itt
-A municipal council recognized a Cem House as a place of worship
d d mq t t t wt c
-Three municipal councils recognized Cem Houses as places of
w d td tm t m c dvt
mosques
-Admtv ct At, A, Im d Itb d
tt Av tdt d b xmtd fm d t
mandatory religion and ethics course
E t xc f ct t f m (1) Ct t v , t Newroz cb Mc
2009 d b cf v. Gvt t
v m f cb
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Pvd d mmt t t t/f
fd (2)
Immt f t Lw Fd dtd Fb
2008 proceeded smoothly
Emt tc t t T
in public life (1)
Gv v c t Stt v ttd
bc vc KdSolve the problem of Internally-displaced Persons (1) T c f cm f d t tm cd
to make progress
Solve the Kurdish Problem (2) A wd- bc dbt w td b Pm Mt
Ed t v t Kd
*1 td mt EU dcmt d cd2 td f t EU dcmt d cd3 td f t EU dcmt d cd4 td t f t EU dcmt d cd
4.5 So What is Le?
Sc 2002, A dtd d mdd mb f d t mt tc.
Fm d t ct w t btw 2002 d 2004, w t wd dw b 2005.
Ev t t ct d d f c, c wt t cc f t
fm mt t b 2002, mb f d v t ccd. F tc,
T t d t CE Fmw Cv f t Ptc f N M
mtd t tcv tt f t L Tt, wc w ctt dmdd b
t EU (E Cmm 2009: 28).
I ctt t fm d, bv d mt t cd c 2002. B
2008, t -ctt bv wt mt t v td. Hwv, t d t
m tt bv d f mt tc T b wtt bm.
T ct d tcv mmt f mt mb f c
t tc t b t t T c f (E Cmm
2009: 28f.). T d , w m f ft fm d d bv d
mt t b t T vmt b, vdd t tb bw.
T ccd, cm t ct mt c f t ct wt t v dcd, t
mvmt t ct b dd. At mb f bm m vd t
, t c b . Tf, m w w f ft mvmt Td mt t td.
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Table 8: Unresolved Minority Issues: EU Demand- Turkey Supply
EU Demand T S
Adt tt t v t bm f Rm (3) Imvmt wt t Lw Smt 2006 bt
not with a strategyS t CE Fmw Cv f t
Ptc f N M (1)
Not signed
L t v d mt t t UN
Cvt Ecmc, Sc d Ct Rt/Cv
d Pc Rt (2)
Not d
Rc f m (Mm d -Mm),
tctd tt f L Tt (2)
Not recognized
Remove compulsory religious classes in public schools
(2)
Not removed
Emt t b t t
T c f (3)
Not mtd bt ttd cc
Emt t b t c (H m
problem (1)
Not eliminated
Provide children whose mother tongue is not Turkish
with the ability to learn in their mother tongue in
bc c (3)
Not provided
Sv t bm f m w v dc
c dmtv d mt (4)
Not solved
Pvd t Ecmc Ptc bc f t
ccc t f Ecmc (3)
Not provided
Stt d wt OSCE H Cmm
N M (3)
Not started
Pvd tt t fd (1) Not provided
Emt t 10% td t c tm (4) Not eliminated
Amend the Law on the Movement and Residence of
A dcm Rm (4)
Not amended
Remove the village guard system (2) Not removed
*1 td mt EU dcmt d cd2 td f t EU dcmt d cd3 td f t EU dcmt d cd4 td t f t EU dcmt d cd
5. I C P M R T?
Sc 2002, T dtd d mdd mb f d t mt tc
wt t mmt ct . T vmt c t d wt mt t
d bc -dcm c t t cc mt t. T E Cmm
t (2007: 21) c t T mt c dt: [...]t T t cd T
c dvd v q t bf t w t t dvd b t t
mjt t mt.
T c mt c, wv, ct cf bt d m d tm tc. Mt f t vmt tv, tvw d b t t, ttd tt
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t L Tt t dcmt d m d t fm cd c 2002 v
b mt t c tdd f qt bf t w f c f t ct t t
fm d f vd tc t m. Tf, t cct f wt ctt mt
t b dd c d fm d t mt t v b vd
fmw t vt d f dcm. T d t md f t vmt t
c E tdd m t v ft dmc f c f T d
f t b t mjt mt .
Sc c fmw d t m tt T t d t f mt tc.
I ctt, t v c ct bt t d f f t c f T, d
d bv d. T ct d d f c mt tc btw
2002 d 2004, wc b d c 2008. Ev t t ct fm cd b
t vmt fw, t mmt f t dtd v td c
2008.
Sc c, cctd b dtd cmc, d t mb f . Ft,
mt t ctt t t- f fm, bc t v d tc
v m v , c dt. Scd, t ct dvmt dmtt
tc f -ctt bv T. T mwt bc mmt
w t mt bmc t cc c d t mmt f mt
tc w v m bmc m v cddt ct. Lt, cd t
tc xct, t cmc c wt mt t T t d c t
x. F tc, wd xct t t f t fm c w t dc
t cdbt f EU cdt c 2005. Hwv, t t t c t ct. Ex
c c d b t bjct f ft c.
T mm, T t t d t mv t mt tc c. T
q t c, bt mt mmt f t dtd.
Wt t c f mt-td c T c t t dc f EU
dm q f m. T c b ct vvd d t, t ctt m t
cv f t t t cm f c t.
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L
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Liaras, Evangelos 2009: T Pt Stm d t Pct f Mt Pc Rfm, : EUI WP 2009/56, Fc.
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Yilmaz, Gzde 2009: Twd Itcv Ac f Ext E: Mt-td PcC T, P td t Emt KFG Cfc T Tfmv Pwf E, F Uvtt B, 10 Dcmb 2009.
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T K-F - E Ad Ex d
Iv R
The Kolleg-Forschergruppe (KFG) is a new funding programme laun-
cd b t Gm Rc Fd 2008. It ct-c f t KFG t vd cc m vmt
wc vv c tc c b dt wt b dc ddbt wt m f d j c.
T K-Fc T Tfmv Pw f Eb tt c E t B-Bd-b d t t c wt t v- d c t. It xm t f t EU -mt d ct f d, t mcm d ctf t d xt d c t c :
Idt d t Pbc S
Cmc, Cdt d Bd
Cmv Rm d E Ext R