Is There a Puzzle? Compliance with Minority Rights in Turkey (1999-2010)

8/22/2019 Is There a Puzzle? Compliance with Minority Rights in Turkey (1999-2010)

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Is There a Puzzle?

Compliance with Minority Rights in Turkey (1999-2010)

Gzde Yilmaz

No. 23 | January 2011

Working Paper


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2 | KFGWorking Paper No. 23| January 2011

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Edited by the Kolleg-Forschergruppe T Tfv P f E

The KFG Working Paper Series serves to disseminate the research results of the Kolleg-Forschergruppe by making them availa-

b t bd bc. It m t c cdmc xc w t tt d bd x bc c

t d xt d c E d t E U.

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[email protected].

Copyright for this issue: Gzde Yilmaz

Edt tc d dc: F A, C Btt, J St

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T bc b fdd b t Gm Rc Fd (DFG).

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Is There a Puzzle? | 3

Is There a Puzzle?

Compliance with Minority Rights in Turkey (1999-2010)

Gzde Yilmaz

F Uv B

Abstract

T H Smmt 1999 t t t f EUT . T d tt

fm cddt ct f t EU vd t cv t c dmcc fm f t

mt wd f mmb. Sc 2001, t ct cd mb f fm mtt. M ctv , c d f t xtc f t Kd, t c f t t

td t -Mm m t ct, v md . Ev t t fm mt

t m t tmd t f t E c f T, t cmc td

mt t t v mt. W t c wt t tt bt

t cc f fm t 2002 d t w dw b 2005 mt c , c

dvdd t tw cm d t c w dw f t fm c t vv f

t fm c 2008. I , t t , tt t cmc c wt mt t

T d t t dtd tcm d t ct vv f bv cmc.

I m t d t t mc fct t t- f fm t mt c.

Through a detailed analysis of minority-related reform process of Turkey being an instance of ongoing

cmc, t ctbt t t tt dvdd t d t f E t

ct ct.

T Ar

Gzde Yilmaz PD tdt t t B Gdt Sc f

T Std. S d Mt It Std d

E It fm t Uvt f Bmm d Bc

It R fm Hc Uvt A, T. H

m d f tt EU mt, E Nbd Pc,

EU-T R, EU-U R w T Pc.


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Contents

1. Itdc 5

2. T EU d Mt Rt 7

2.1 Any Standards of the EU on Minority Rights? 7

2.2 The Demands of the EU from Turkey in Regard to Minority Rights 8

3. Minority Rights in Turkey Prior to the Reforms 10

4. Cmc wt Mt Rt T: Fm R Ad

d Bv Ad 12

4.1 1999-2001: Preparaon Phase 13

4.2 2002-2004: Progress as the Acceleraon of Reforms 14

4.2.1 Fm R Ad 14

4.2.2 Bv Ad 16

4.3 2005-2007: Slow down of the Reform Process 19

4.3.1 Fm R Ad 19

4.3.2 Bv Ad 20

4.4 2008-2010: Revival of the Reform Process 23

4.4.1 Fm R Ad 23

4.4.2 Bv Ad 26

4.5 So What is Le? 29

5. I t Cmc P wt Mt Rt T? 30

Ltt 32


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1. Id1

T H Smmt 1999 t t t f EUT . T d tt

fm cddt ct f t EU vd t cv t tdc dmcc fm

f t mt wd f mmb. Sc 2001, t ct cd mb f fm

mt t. M ctv , c d f t xtc f t Kd, t c f

t t td t -Mm m t ct, v md .2 Ev t t

fm mt t m t tmd t f t E c f T, t

cmc td mt t t v mt.

W t c wt t tt bt t cc f fm t 2002 d

t cqt w dw b 2005 mt c , c dvdd t tw cm,

bv t t c wdw f t fm c t vv f t fm c 2008.

T t cm (St 2010; 2008, 2009; Scmmf 2009) t tt t fm

c T ttd c 2005 wtt ct dvmt. I ctt, t vv cm

(O 2009; Ym 2009) t t vv f t fm c b 2008 f t mt v

d t t- c f fm: mt t. It, t c m t

tc f t mmt c b 2008, wc t mt bmc f

c , bt c mt t.

T f cmt t cmc wt c c 2005 bmc d

t mb f fct. Ft, c w t c f c T c 2005 v t

bd dtd f cmc cm f bt fm d d bv d

mmt. T tt t t, f t cmc wt mt t T c

2008 cm t wdw fm d, wv, wtt cmt t, d mt

mtt, t tc f bv d. Tf, cc cmt

t t fm c f T d t dt btw bt fm d d

bv d (d dd v dcv d). Scd, f m cd f

t cmc c T, c d t cf t fc t t jd t c

t w dw vv, wc dd wt t t t dmd f t EU

t dmd d t cc c . Td, t tt d wt T

d t jf t cc d t t cmc c b t wc c t

wdw v vv, d w t cc t c cd b dc ccd wt cmc t c f cmc wt t cc dmd f t EU

t ct.

This paper aims to contribute to the debate in the literature by providing a broad and nuanced analysis of

t cmc td f T mt t. I m t bt fm d bv d

mt t wt t d b wt t c f cddt ct tt t t EU

1 T b md b b t cmmt f Pf. Tj A. B d m vw, t

K-Fc (KFG) T Tfmv Pw f E d t m dvtd b t tvw,

m t m m c. Sc t t .2 F tc, t 1990 bdc t t T d t d f f T c

t t T md cctb T. Bt t ct b t bdct Kd b 2004.


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1999 2010. I w dvd t d t f dt ccd t t c cmc

td wt mt t: 1999-2001 t t ; 2002-2004 ; 2005-2007 t

wdw; d 2008-2010 t vv.3 Such a trend is puzzling because the compliance process with

mt t T dmtt v tc f dtd cmc.

I t , I cd t bmc dcd bv d m t mt t bm

t w. Ft, I bt fm d d bv d cc mt t

f dt m d. T f bt ct d t dv w v t t t

t cmt c. Scd, I fc fm d d bv d w t

t cct t dmd f t EU, td t, t, cc ,

d Cc dc t m fc t. Jd t tcm , wdw, vv

w b bjct t t d f T f fm t t EU dmd. F, mt

c dd t v t c-cc, wc vd t tt

(L 2009: 1). T d f mt d t mmt t t- f fm t mt c, t f T, bt f cddt ct.4 Mv, mt

c td t mb f c dt d c, ct, d

tf, t vt dct f cmc. A t, mvmt t cd b

vtd t dct f t E c.

I tt t cmc c wt mt t T d t t dtd

tcm d t vv f ct bv cmc. I m t d t t mc fct t

t- f fm t mt c. T dtd f mt-td

fm c T tc f cmc, t ctbt t t tt

dvdd t tcm f E t ct ct.

T t t f t fc t cct f mt t t EU d t

d t dmd f t EU twd T d t mt t. I t cd t, I cf

t t f mt t T t t c f fm. I t td t, I t

cmc td f T mt t b dvd t c t f d. T ft t

vd v f t c.

3 T d dvd fm mc f t mt-td fm c T.

4 T d t ct-cc fct c t ct v t td b tc cct wt

t Kd md mvmt PKK.


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2. T EU d M R

2.1 Any Standards of the EU on Minority Rights?

It tdd f mt t w mt d t 1990. Hwv, t

c t d f m, t t Utd N (UN), t Cc f E

(CE), t O f Sct d C E (OSCE) t cv f

t tc f m, cd t wt t dcmt. Yt, t d f Fcc Ct

(1979) b wd cctd b t t cmmt, cd t EU. Ct d

m t b f f cctc (bjcv cctc t t t, d bjcv

cctc t t): b f c w dt fm t mjt t b f

c, ; b v m ; b -dmt; dtmd t tct t

dt, wc d fm t mjt.

A cf t d f m cctd t t , t EU tdd f t

tc f m d t b md. T tc f m t b t d

t jdc f t EU f mmb tt. Tf, t EU v t f mt t t t

mmb tt. Hwv, t c f ct f m d t tc f m v

bcm t f t EU mt c c t 1993 C Smmt b t xct fc

t mt tc t C Ct. A t, db tdd mt t v

b dbtd d t t EU d ttmt f t cc mmb d

cddt tt (Scw 2001: 3).

T tc f m b dd cd f cc t t EU b t C

Ct, t Mtct Tt, t E Amt, d t Amtdm Tt. T d f

t cd f mt w t f t c tc d t

E t d f t Cd W (Kb 2008: 272). T ct cc f t EU, d t

t t c f t t-cmmt ct (.. t vt dt f t fm

Yv t cct Ct d Et E (CEE)) d vt f t c

f mt t t t C Ct (S 2008: 847). Mv, tt c, t CE

d OSCE d f t dcmt vd v t t m. B

mmb f t tw fmd , t EU xdd t bd f mt

c t cd mt t (Kb 2008: 272).

I t f t cd f t EU t mt t, t U t tbd t w

mt tdd (Tb 2000; Scw t . 2009). Dt t c f -dcm,

which is a part ofacquis communautaire f t d b cddt ct, b dvd

tdd, mt t m v wt t U (Scw 2005: 51). T mt

standard for the internal acquis wt t EU mmb tt; t cm t EU t f t dt

E mt t tdd c t CE OSCE (Scw 2005: 56).

Sc t EU cd tc f m t f t C Ct, t mct f

t EU mt t m t dm f mt c. Ft f , t U xct

cddt ct t j t CE d cm wt t tdd f m d mt t f t

CE (Rm 2003: 34). Scd, t EU xct cddt ct t tw m dcmt f mt


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tc: t Cc Dcv 2000/43, cm f t c f -dcm, d t

Cc f E Fmw Cv f t Ptc f N M. T dcmt,

wc td t fc 1998, w t t bd mt mt t tt q

t m f qt d cd f t v f mt ct d d (Rm

2003: 35). Td, t U mt t tc f m cddt ct b cf

m, cd f c ct, t dv d dt dv mt t (Tt 2006: 2).

T mm, mt tc t dvd EU d t m cttd

d t t t, m wt t vt f t mmb ct. Mv, EU cdt

mt t v c cddt ct dd t d f t mt bm.

Tf, t dct t t dmd f t EU d t mt t. T xt c

w fc t dmd f t EU fm T mt t.

2.2 The Demands of the EU from Turkey in Regard to Minority Rights

At mt c d cc dt c EU mmb tt, t EU c t

m d c f mt tc t mt c (Tt 2006: 13). T EU

qmt f mt tc bjctd t t m c cdt tt t cc

t t EU bjct t. T dmd f t EU cd ct-cc m f d b

cddt ct t t, t, d Cc dc, wc t t

f t Acc Pt.

T EU mt tc, ctt dmdd fm T btw 1999 d 2010,

cd t c f t CE Fmw Cv f t Ptc f N M;

mv t b bdc d dc t t T d t

mmt; t m f t mtd tt f t 1923 L Tt; v t

bm t Stt f t ct, bt ct d c-cmc (cd t bm

f It Dcd P (IDP)) d t Kd ; v t bm f -Mm d

t fd, c t t mv t b t c d t

H m f t t;5 d m t bm f -S m (Av) (E

Cmm 1999, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009). W t cmc c f T, t

mt t d t b cf cdd. St b t EU, t ctt t b f

mt-td fm T. I d t jd T cmc, I xm wt t dmd

mt t mt d b t EU dt wt t b T t cc c.

I w t cc dmd f t EU c d t f m d b dvd tm

t dmd fm d d bv d. Ft, fm 1999 t 2001, t EU cd

ct m t Kd q d t mt t. T U md t

ct t d cv t t bm d t vd dmcc t t t Kd, c

5 T H Sm t t c f t, wc w cd b dc f t T Mt fN Edc t d tt t Sm dd t v tdt t c t t.

Sc t, t t b -d.


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bdc Kd (E Cmm 1999: 14, 2000: 18). Mv, t ddvd

c d cmc t f t Stt t f t ct td b t Kd w

fc t t dvmt f mt t T (E Cmm 1999: 14, 2000: 18). T

d w t EU tdc f q t Kd T wt mt t, d t

vd cv t t 30 Kd-T cct.

D t cd d, btw 2002 d 2004, t EU cd t fc t bm f

Stt T b t t d t t mc t t f t ct, t

t t bm f IDP, d t v d tm. Mv, t EU wdd t dmd t cd

t mmt f t dtd t d, c t bdc d f t

dt d dct td d b T c t d v, t m

d t t fdm f dtd t f t t, d t ctc f c f

w (E Cmm 2002, 2003, 2004).

T bm f -Mm cmm t ct cdd t t d

t t f t fd, t t f c, mt c d t t mmt,

t tc t xc f ct t, d t tc bdc t

(f tv, f w, w t xcd 45 mt d; f d, v

w, w t xcd 60 mt d) w d t c f t EU f ft

mvmt (E Cmm 2002, 2003, 2004).

T EU cd t tt c 2002 fm cc v t Kd bm d

q t wt mt tc m, t wd- f mvmt f m. Sc

c cd b t f f fm T c t mv t mt v mt t. Tf, t EU dtd bd c f mt tc, cd

t bm f Kd, d t d t t t ct d vd m c f

c t t T vmt t cttd Kd .

Td, t d btw 2005 d 2007, t EU dmdd tt T d ft mv

tc m, c t f t b c , b t t dt f

t T vmt t t xc f t t vdd b t ct fm f m

(E Cmm 2005, 2007). Add, m cc m dmdd b t EU cdd t

bmt f t qmt t dct ID cd, t v f t dc xcd

b -Mm m ccd t dmtv d mt , t v t bm f

IDP, d t d t mt dcmt cb (E Cmm 2005,

2007; E Cmm t Rcm d Itc 2005).

A t d f v mt-td b t ct, t EU fcd m t bm

bd bv d b T, m tc mb f mt t

d vdd v. I t d, t EU ttd t cv c f t

E d t mv T mt tc. F tc, c 2005, t

EU md t ct f bd d btw T d t OSCE H Cmm

N M (HCNM) c t c f m bc f (ECmm 2005, 2007).


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Ft, t mt ct d btw 2008 d 2010, t EU vdd m dtd dm f

T t mv t mt t d mmt t vdd t mt. T fc w, ,

t mmt bm t f t mvd tc f m t ct. A

mb f d b t EU t d w t bm f Rm d t ct f bd

tt b t T vmt t v t bm, t d t ct wt t OSCE d

t d t md t Lw t Mvmt d Rdc f A, wc dcmtd t Rm

(E Cmm 2008, 2009). It, t d wtd t c f

t EU t Kd bm d t ctt dmd f t U v t bm c

Cmm t d dcmt c 2008 (E Cmm 2008, 2009).

Sc 1999, t EU td t mvmt f m cc mt-td c

d cd t dmd fm T t m. T t fm t f t

EU dmd fm T d t mt t. Ft, t EU ctt t T

t v m bc bm, c m t tcv d f m t ct bdct d dc t d t d f f T c. T

T vmt dd t m f t EU dmd, w t w d. Scd, t

EU vdd T wt v dtd dm cm f cmmd t mv

mt tc tt m. Sc 2008, t EU dtd t mt-td t

b cdd b T d w t t c t . Lt, t EU dctd t

m t t bm bv d f mt t b T c 2005. W dmd

f ft fm d m , t EU b t T t mt

mmt f t dtd. T xt c vd f t T f fm

d d bv d f mt t t EU dmd.

3. M R T P Rf

Ev t wt t t t cct f mt dd b Ct (1979) w

cctd, T t cct m m -Mm c. T cct f mt t

ct dvd fm t 1923 L Pc Tt, wc fc td d ctd b m

t c c d t mt t. T Tt d m T -Mm

mtd t Am, G, d Jw. T t f t m d t tc f t

t (.. t L f N t t m t tt w d). Tf, T jctd t t d f t mt cct t b f c, c,

dc (O 2004: 64). A t, T, fm t v mc f t Rbc, dd

t xtc f Mm m c Kd d Av d t t t v t dc

(Gd 2008: 31).

T d f Mm m T tc t bc t Om Em. T Millet

System f t Om, wc dvdd t bjct f t St Mm d -Mm,

xt w f t d f Mm m T. T tm cdd t bjct

t b f dvd Mm, d f tc , Mm N t

Dmt N d -Mm Dmtd N (O 2006: 50). A O (2006: 50) t,

t tm w bt mct d dcmt. A t f t tc f


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m t Om Em t 17t ct, c w dvd t ct tt

ttd m tt d t t f t t w t tf t

t m f t m (Gd 2008: 34). T tw cctc v b vd

td T Rbc.

A O (2009) t, t Millet System b tfd t t Rbc wt m c. T

Tt f L cdd t tm b v t -Mm t Dmtd N d

cd t Dmt N t Mm T (O 2009). Tf, t dcmt cct

of the Millet System b vd T wt d f t xtc f Mm m d

tctd d f -Mm m t Am, G d Jw.

U t 2000, T dd t v dcmt xct t L Tt d wt

mt t. Mv, t 1982 Ct c d wt mt t w t. A

ttd t Mt Rt G It Rt T (2007: 10), t T ctcm v t q f m wtt v dd t. T fc t

Ct t t wd mt, t v t L m.

I dd, t L Tt, t c dcmt f mt tc, t b f

mmtd. I ctt, m c f t 1982 Ct w d t tct mt t. A

O (2009) m, t w t t f tdd v f -Mm mt t

dvd fm t L Tt: Rtc dc (v f t. 40 d 42/3); L

tc (30 d 60; v f t. 40); Rtc md mt fd

(v f t.42/3). F xm, Ac 42 f t T Ct tt tt N t

t T c b tt mt d t Lw Pc P tt tt N

t t T c b d b c c, m [] ( v f L

39/4) (O 2009; Mt Rt G It Rt T 2007: 15). A mb f jdc

c v b cd t dvd d c (c t c f Kd c

) b c dt c f t Ct (Mt Rt G It Rt

T 2007: 15).

T t f Mm m, c t Kd d t Av, w md v w bc f t

c d f cc t. Mv, c f Tc f dt tc m w

mmtd t t f t Rbc ( 2006: 83; Y 2006: 107). T mtc md t d t ct, , d tc dc f Mm m, t dct

t dc f t m t cv , d v t b t xc f ,

ct td, d mt ( 2006: 85). Ev tt c td tt, t

1980 coup dtat, Kd, dt tc , dd t xt, bt tt t b tmv

Kd w ct T d t mt f At m (B 2009). Sc

c d w d t m m t t f t 21t ct (Gd 2008:

31).

T c tc f T, wc b t c t, c td t t d f

c t b f tct d wc w t fm t v mc f t

T Rbc t 1920. Ac 66/1 f t Ct f T tt tt Abd w bd


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t t T Rbc b t c T (O 2004: 89). T d bd c

t tc-dd cct f T, m b bt tc T d S Mm.

Mv, O (2004: 93) m tt t v t b -Mm bct

tt dtmt xct t t d v. Sc d, wc t c f t

c tc f T, td -Mm m w Mm m, m Kd

d Av (O 2009).

T mm, m T dd b t 1923 L Tt m mt

t -Mm, cc Am, G, d Jw. Mm m, t t d, w

xcdd b t Tt, wc w t dcmt vd cc t t m. Tf,

Mm m cd t t w c md; jt t cd t f

xc t t f (Mt Rt G It Rt 2007:3). T Mt

Rt G It Rt T (2007: 3) v c t f t tc f

mt t t ct: bdc mt w fbdd f ; mt c f d bc vc fbdd; m t m , m Kd

d A, w dcd fm t m t Stt; vc b t f d f

f m T (.. f mt , md f mt t t); d

ct td f 10 ct vtd mt c t t t mt.

Mt t T, t t c f t fm t , w tctd c d,

bt tc d cc. T d f -Mm m, t t t t v

md mt , wt v Mm m, w t f t c c.

Mv, t L Tt, wc td ct t t t c m, w t v f

mmtd. Bt t c d ct tc v m w d b t c f

m tt t t tt f t tt, t f f tfc t t t c

f t tt d cd c c. Rfm f t v c cc mt t b

t t t t t f t 21t ct.

4. C M R T: F R Ad d BvAd

I t t f t , I t cmc td f T wt mt t b dvd t

c t f d: (1999-2001), wt cc f fm

(2002-2004), wdw (2005-2007), d vv (2008-2010). I dvd t d t c

xm f mc dt td t mt-td cmc T. Ev t t tt

E b tcm f cmc dt fm t t c, t

tc (B/R 2000; Rd 2003). I ctt, t c T ct dmc. D

t t tc t f tcm dct, wc t tb t t T c, I d t bv-

md b f t ccd d.

I fm d d bv d dct f cmc. A Scmmf/

Sdm (2005) t, d c t t dt fm: fm, bv, d dcv

d. T ccd wt fm d d bv d. Fm


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d cv t t f EU t w [] t tbmt f fm

t d cd wt EU (Scmmf/Sdm 2005: 8). Bv d

td t t d f t d wc bv -cfm t (Scmmf/

Sdm 2005: 8).

I d t m fm d, I w dcmt t xtt t wc t t mt

t md wt E m, wc w b dctd b t mv f b t t

m d wc w w tm t t dc; w vd m

wt w t w b ctd. Bv d w b dctd b xct mmt f

t dtd.

Table 1: Measuring two Forms of Rule Adopon

Policy F f Ad Indicator

Minority-related policies Fm: Extt f

m

Exct d

Bv: Immt Exct mmt f t

adopted

I t xt c, mt-td cmc T, dctd b fm d dbv d, w b d dtd m w cd t dc f t

fm, wc mt dtmd b t EU dmd. O d t md tt mt t,

t t- f fm d b cctd t mb f dt c dt

, c m, ct, t vt dct f t cmc

td T (L 2009: 1).

4.1 1999-2001: Preparaon Phase

A t 1999 H dc cddt ct tt t T, ttd d

t f t C Ct v c . I c t m d t d

t dctd b t c f c. T c t qd f t c f fm w

bt w t EU dcd T cddt ct. Mv, t N Pm cd

v b d d cd 2001. Tf, fm 1999 t 2001, t vmt mtd t

mv t t tct t T f t c f v fm. A t, t

m d c b bd f t fm.

I dd t t , 1999, t t f Abd c, t d f t Kdt W

Pt (PKK), d t c btw t PKK d t T vmt, w vt dvmt

d t mt t. T dvmt c b vtd t t tt bd t


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vmt t c fm t fw wtt v m c t mt-

td fm bc mt tc m w t t ttd b t bc

v cc t t PKK ( 2003: 14).

Cd t m dtd t d, 2000 t Acc Pt wt t EU wd d t N Pm f t EU fm w cd t fw (E

Cmm 2001: 8). I 2000, t mt tbd t Sctt G f EU A w,

2001 t mt mdd t 1982 T Ct (E Cmm 2001: 11-14).

T mdmt t t Ct td v t t t m b mv md

m c t Ct tt w fm d t ct m. T c c b

cdd t t f ft fm.

T c t d, bt bt b t 2001 Ct fm, td t mt

t v t mv f t tc N btd b w c b d t x d d

tt fm t Ct (E Cmm 2001: 25). T mv td t v

t f t t T d f f T c (O 2004: 119).

Exct f t mv f t fmd b btd b w fm t

Ct, t t b fm d td t mt t. T

, wd b xctd, dd t wt bv d d t t t f fm

d v b t vmt. A t, tw f EU cddc d wtt t d

f ct mt m. T d t t cmc c f T

wt mt t. P f ft fm d b d t . T t

qd f vd x t fm c w tbd wt t c t f t fm, c t f t N Pm, b cd.

4.2 2002-2004: Progress as the Acceleraon of Reforms

4.2.1 Formal Rule Adopon

B Fb 2002, t c vmt ttd t c fm f t m

f T w wt EU w. Et fm c d t mt btw 2002 d 2004. A

t 2002 c, t Jc d Dvmt Pt (Adt v Km P - AKP) vmt

cd tc fm d mb f c , cd mt t. T

fm c cdd bt mdmt f m tc mt t d t d f

w m t mv mt tc.

I d t m fm d, I cm t c dtd v m wt t c.

T d fm 2002 t 2004 t bt fm t v mt c f t ct.

T c w cctd b t d f m d dt tc

t ct, tct mt c t dt t t t mjt, t d f

t t m td f t L Tt, d t tc f t t f m wc

w cd b L (O 2009).


15/36


T fm t d, tf, t b fm t v c d c b

vd mmtm f v c mt tc. Fm d w dctd

ccd t EU dmd mt t. T mt c d t mtt f t EU, t

b bdc d dc t t T d d f f T c

w mtd d t d (Oc G 2002).

I mt t mv t c-cmc d ct t f Stt T, wc td

m b Kd, t-b-t c w dtd b t vmt. Ft, t b Kd

cd dc w mvd b t fm c (Mt Rt G It 2007:

17). Scd, t mc t Stt w d t 2002. B t

Ow Cv 2004, t vmt cd t m f mv dm t

(Hmmb 2009: 14).

Fm d t d w ccd wt t f -Mm m

bm. T bm t t f -Mm fd w d v mdmt

t Ac 1 f t Lw Fd, cd t xt f t c d f cmmt

fd t t tt d t t mt (Oc G 2003). At

mdmt t Ac 2 f t Lw Ctc w d t w f t bd f w c

f v d ft (Oc G 2003b).

O f t mt mtt f t EU t bm f -Mm m T, c

cc t t d t c f t f -Mm fd. T mdmt

t t w cc fd t d t t t cc, t t md

mtd. T vmt cd t md t w cc fd 2008, wc vddft t t t fd.

T vmt td m m tc b f t mt:

t 1965 UN Cv t Em f A Fm f Rc Dcm 2002, d bt t

It Cvt Cv d Pc Rt d t It Cvt Ecmc, Sc

d Ct Rt 2003 (Sctt G f EU A2007: 19). Mv, mt-td

mdmt w dtd d t 2004 Ct Rfm Pc Ac 90 cc t

c f t mt t t Ct (Sctt G f EU A 2007: 19).

T mdmt t t Ct cmd tt, t c tt cct btw dmc d

d t cv m t ccd, t wd t cdc (Gd

2008: 36). T wd tct m t c f cct btw dmc d t

cv b b t dcmt dmc w mt-td (Gd 2008:

36).

T mm, fm d t d td bt - t w fm

t tc c f mt t T. A mb f w dtd d mdd b t

vmt c 2002. Tf, fm d mt t t d w d t

d w bd . T R Rt f t E Cmm (2003: 43) cwdd

t cc f fm t ct:


16/36


Over the past year the Turkish government has shown great determinaon in accelerang the pace

of reforms, which have brought far-reaching changes to the polical and legal system. It has also

taken important steps to ensure their eecve implementaon, in order to allow Turkish cizens to

enjoy fundamental freedoms and human rights in line with European standards [...]. Some of the

reforms carry great polical signicance as they impinge upon sensive issues in the Turkish context,

such as freedom of expression, freedom of demonstraon, cultural rights and civilian control of the

military.

Table 2: The Demands of the EU and the Supply of Formal Rule Adopon by Turkey: 2002-2004

EU Demand T S

Rc f t UN It Cvt Cv

d Pc Rt wt t Q Ptc d f

t UN It Cvt Ecmc, Sc d

Cultural Rights (1)*

Sd 2003 wt v

T c f t 1965 UN Cv t

Em f A Fm f Rc Dcm (2)

Signed in 2002

Recognize the use of languages other than Turkish for

bdc d mt tc (2)

2002, 2003 d 2004 cd

Recognize the use of languages other than Turkish for

dc d mt tc (3)

2002, 2003 d 2004 cd

Imv t t Stt tm f c-

economic development and cultural rights

(1)

Imvmt ttd 2003

L t mc tt Stt (4) Ld 2002

Pvd t t t fd (d

mmt) (2)

Imvmt ttd 2003 wt mdmt

fd w

Clear the area of landmines (2) Ow Cv d 2004

Emt t b d tc m t

xc t t (1)

A series of amendments in a number of law for

vd v t (mv b)

*1 td mt EU dcmt d cd2 td f t EU dcmt d cd3 td f t EU dcmt d cd4 td t f t EU dcmt d cd6

4.2.2 Behavioral Adopon

Bv d, m -ctt bv, mt t dctd b t xct

mmt f t dtd t v d b t ccd bcc

t, c t Rd d Tv Sm Cc (RTK) t mc tv.

Jd t mmt f t v dtd b fc t Cmm t d

t c, c t t f Fdm H, t Cc f E, T w,

mtd bv d bvd d t d.

6 P Rt d R Rt f t EU Cmm d Cc Dc btw 1999 d 2009.


17/36


D t 1990, d 380,000 Kd v w fcf dcd b t T ct fc

d t t cct wt t PKK t Stt t f t ct (Hm Rt Wtc 2004; UN

Hm Rt Cc 2010: 15). I d t fctt t t f t v t t v, t

T vmt cd t Rt t V d Rbt Pjct (RVRP) (UN Hm Rt

Cc 2010: 15).

Ev t t dct t mt t ct mmt f c m c ttmt fm

T td tt t RVRP w ft mmtd 2002. Accd t t T t,

37,000 td t t v b 2002, c Db, B, V d t f

t Stt t f T (E Cmm 2002: 43). Hwv, t mb vdd b

t T vmt d c bc t c tt t vmt

fd t mb: f tc, t t b Hm Rt Wtc (2004) tt tt t RVRP w t

mmtd t d (Hm Rt Wtc 2004).

Immt f t RVRP cd t cd 2003 ccd t fm vdd b t

T vmt. T Cmm R Rt (2003: 40) tt tt 82,000 w

td t t t t v btw J 2000 d J 2003. Mv, T b

d wt t t dd t w f t RVRP td b t UN

Sct G Sc Rtv f Dcd P 2002 (E Cmm 2002: 43;

Hm Rt Wtc 2004: 26). Nvt, t xtc f v d w ccd t dtd

d t , m c, vt fct v t ccf mmt f t RVRP

(Hm Rt Wtc 2004).

I d t t t, 2,234 c f t t f t wt t J2003 R w ccdd, bt 287 f tm w cctd (E Cmm 2004:

43). O t 160 mt fd td t R cd (E Cmm 2004:

43). Bc m -Mm cmm t td t tb fd, t

dvd f t t t t, cq d d f t.

At v dvmt 2003 w t f t d t dc f C

dm dc txtb (E Cmm 2003: 35). A mb f

m ccd t txtb f b bjcv d cct (E Cmm 2003: 35).

Cc t t f -S Mm cmm, t b m c d t

t Av. T bd U f Av d Bt Ac w td tt A 2003,

w t U t t cv (E Cmm 2003: 36). Hwv, t bm f

Av t cm ct d tc c t c cd d t d

(Hmmb 2009: 9).

T Kd Wt Ac w tbd Db 2004 dt t tc t

ct Lw Ac b t tbmt f c t b f c, tct,

, ct, t cctc f mt (E Cmm 2004: 42).

W t c d m wt tv f t E Cmm wtt

m, c w bt t t c t d f d tt m(E Cmm 2004: 42). T mmt f t fdm f c d t

m w, tf, mxd d ct t d.


18/36


I 2004, bt bdc d tc t t T b. Ev t t

w m tc t , t tc w cvd twd t f t

t T. Sx vt c ttd tc Kd (Kmc dct) v c (E

Cmm 2004: 49; Hmmb 2009: 4).7 I Octb 2004, Itb m w d

t 2003 bmb wt c cm dd b t Pm Mt Ed (E

Cmm 2005: 430). I Dcmb 2004, cmx cm f mq, cc, d -

t d f - w d B (E Cmm 2005: 30).

I t f c t fm, fm d mt t w cmmtd

b bv d, c bdc (Fdm H 2005). Hwv, t mmt

c t ccd w tctd. M bv f t c cb t tctd

mmt t t tc f bcc t, c t RTK (O 2004: 127). T

bv d tt wt d--d wt fm d t vt dvmt

mt t, wc f t mt v T, v f t md mtd. T d,wv, w f v mtd bv d.

Table 3: The Demands of the EU and the Supply of Behavioral Adopon by Turkey: 2002-2004

EU Demand T S

Sv t bm f It-Dcd P (1)* Rt t V d Rbt Pjct ft

implemented

Pvd t t -S Mm (Av) (3) Some improvements on the legal status of non-Sunni

c 2003

Pvd d mmt t t t/f

fd (2)

Ac f t t f fd ttd t

b cvd 2003

Emt tc bdc t

than Turkish and implement them (2)

Lmtd mmt tt tv

Emt tc dc t

than Turkish and implement them (2)

Private schools have started to teach languages other

t T - bt mtd mmt

Revise the curricula in schools and remove

dcmt fm txtb (3)

F f t d t dc f C

dm dc txtb

Pvd d fdm f c (1) Kd Wt Ac, w tbd

Emt t bm ctc mt f

c f w (4)

- Itb m w d

- A cmx cm f mq, cc d

synagogue was opened

- t d f w d B

*1 td mt EU dcmt d cd2 td f t EU dcmt d cd3 td f t EU dcmt d cd4 td t f t EU dcmt d cd

T m f T mt-t w t EU tdd btw 2002 d 2004, bcd

wt mtd mmt, w ct. A mmd bv, t v b m

mdmt t t w, mv f c c m mt t, d c

f v t mt vd ft tc f m. A t 2004 Cmm

Rt (E Cmm 2004: 55) m:

7 I V, Btm, d f A 2004; Db d Ad At 2004; d Itb Octb

2004.


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Turkey has achieved signicant legislave progress in many areas, through further reform packages,

constuonal changes and the adopon of a new Penal Code, and in parcular in those idened

as priories in last years report and in the Accession Partnership. Important progress was made in

the implementaon of polical reforms, but these need to be further consolidated and broadened.

This applies to the strengthening and full implementaon of provisions related to the respect of

fundamental freedoms and protecon of human rights, including womens rights, trade union rights,

minority rights and problems faced by non-Muslim religious communies.

4.3 2005-2007: Slow down of the Reform Process


Btw 2005 d 2007, fm d wd dw ct mt t. Ev t

t w m c, c t w Lw Fd, t d f t t

m c, fm d w ccv t d w cmd t t d

btw 2002 d 2004. Cd d d dvmt td t mt t t

d, J 2005 t Mt f t It d cc f fct t vt t f

IDP, bc w f t c d ft cb wt -vmt

(NGO) (E Cmm 2005: 39). T cc md t cf t Gv

duty to take the necessary measures to facilitate voluntary return to the places in which security was

ccf cvd d t m t c m tt d ct (Sctt G

f EU A 2007: 22). Mv, t Cc f Mt d tt dcmt, t It

Dcd P Pbm d M V Rt d Rbt Pjct, At 17,2005. T dcmt cd t m d c f t cv IDP (Sctt G f EU

A 2007: 22).

O A 12, 2006, t t m cd w cd. T c cdd t

f t Lw Pvt Edc It wc td t fc Fb 14, 2007. T w w

cd t v w b mv t ct f T :

if a Turkish cizen and teacher of Turkish language or Turkish culture knowing the educaon language

of the school is not member of the teaching sta, any teacher of Turkish naonality can be the Deputy

Director (E Cmm 2007: 21; Sctt G f EU A 2007: 24).

Tf, t w w d t mt c tbd b f cd mt

c w t f dc t T.

O Nvmb 9, 2006, t Lw Fd mv t tt f mt fd d w

minority groups to reclaim their previously seized property was adopted by the Parliament and sent to

t Pdt f v. Hwv, t w w td b t Pdt t t Pmt f t

cc d dc f m c (E Cmm 2007: 21; Sctt G f EU

A 2007: 23). Add, Stmb 26, 2006, w Lw Smt m dcmt

v t Rm w dtd (Sctt G f EU A 2007: 23).


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EU Demand T S

Sv t bm f It Dcd P (1)* - A cc f fct t vt t f

internally displaced persons- A tt dcmt, t It Dcd

Persons Problem and Measures on Village Return and

Rbt Pjct, At 17, 2005

Imv t t f Rm (3) T w Lw Smt, wc mt

discriminatory provisions against Roma was approved

b t Pmt.

Sv t bm f mt c (3) T w Lw Pvt Edc It d

t mt c w t f

dc t T d c tbd b

f, cd mt c.



I t d f t fm c, t wdw, c fm d, w cdb;

wv, fm d dd t t tt. I ctt, t bv d cd t

. A t t fm Fdm H (2007: 2) tt:

Nevertheless, progress has not stopped altogether. For example, in 200506 a new penal codewent into eect, an ombudsman oce was established, and implementaon of earlier reforms was

systemacally improved.

Bdc t t T, cd Kd, mvd ft 2007, dt m

tc (Fdm H 2009: 3; UN Cmm f t Em f Rc Dcm 2007:

27). I Mc 2007, w d c Db, FM, cvd t t bdct

Kmc d Z Kd (E Cmm 2007: 22). At f c d d TV t

bdc Kd w tbd, t w tc (E Cmm 2007:

22; Fdm H 2009: 3). F tc, bdct, xct , v t b t ttd

btd t T, m bdct, c v bdct, cmbm (E Cmm

2007: 22). Mv, dc m tc Kd w t wd TV, d

bdct (E Cmm 2007: 22).

T tc f Kd fcd bc At 2005, d t t c f x Kd

c b t w (E Cmm 2005: 37; Fdm H 2007). Ftm, tw

c Ad d Btm d cd dw t m d t c dc

(E Cmm 2005: 37). T dc Kd bc c w bd b t

T t (Kd Hm Rt Pjct 2004: 26).

T f t jdc t t t t Kd w mxd. Ev t t Ct f

C vd dc b t f Kd mc d c cm M 2005,


21/36


Cm Ct Db dd t cc f mb f mc bm t b f Ac

312 f t fm P Cd, wt t ttmt tt t Kd- c cttd d

t f (E Cmm 2005: 38).

Mv, t f t t T b bc c t vc w bmc t d. I 2007, t M f S (Db) mct w dmd b t Cc f Stt

t b f m (T, Kd, Am, Sc, Abc d E) mc

vc (Hmmb 2009: 5).

T t f m t t T ttd t b mmtd t d b t cv

t c (E Cmm 2005: 38). Hwv, t mmt vd tt

t ct d fcd m bm cc t t f ct Kd m (E

Cmm 2005: 38). Mv, cc b fc b t m cd t

Q, W d X wc xt Kd bt t T (E Cmm t Rcm

d Itc 2005: 22).

Ev t Pm Mt Ed, w v Db At 2005, mt wt Kd tct

d td t ct t v t Kd bm t dmcc m, mmb f t

-Kd Dmcc Sct Pt (DTP) v b td ctd f c-td cm

(E Cmm 2005: 38; Hm Rt Wtc 2007: 13).

Ft t b t vmt v v t t d fc f c f w

t t mq (E Cmm 2005: 30). F tc, J 2005, Pttt cc

Db w td c f w; Mc 2005, Pttt cc w tbd c; d, M 2005, t qt f t B cmmt t vt t d w vd

(E Cmm 2005: 30).

I d t t t, 2,285 c f t t f t, wt t 2003

R, w md b t cmm 2005, wt 341 f tm b vd (E

Cmm 2005: 30). Hwv, m -Mm cmm t cd b t

T t d t tb fd, cd t Ctc d Pttt cmm.

A t, t cmm t td t t t t d xc t t (E

Cmm 2005: 30; Mt Rt G It 2007: 27).

N-Mm fd dd t cq tt d t d. Mv, t Ecmc

Ptc w t wd t t ccc t f t Ecmc (Fdm H 2008: 15). Ev

t t H Sm, t t c f t T, w t d t d, t

w tc t mmt f f c t ct (UN Cmm t Em

f Rc Dcm 2007: 21). I 2006, t w 122 f c td wt w mt

t v w c (UN Cmm t Em f Rc Dcm 2007: 21).

I t d, t cm d ct f tc t -Mm m cd tmd

(Fdm H 2008: 15). F xm, 2006, Ctc t Tb w mdd (Fdm

H 2008: 15); 2007, t Pttt Mt w mdd (Fdm H 2008: 15);

2007, t dt f t b T-Am w A d m-t dfd


22/36


Ht D w mdd (Hm Rt Wtc 2007: 12). D w ctd t m f c-

td , wc cd b xm f t dd cqc f c c d t

bc (Hm Rt Wtc 2007: 12). Hwv, t jdc c f t vt md w

md tt wt t c t t cm ccd f t vtw t

vmt, E (CNN T 2010; Svt 2008; Td Zm 2008b).

I 2007, t w m v dvmt d t t t f c.

T Ac f S Jv Wt, wc d xct bjcv, w td

t t f c t t dc f t Ct f C, wc cmd t cq

c t t c (E Cmm 2007: 15).

T Lw Cm f L R fm Tt Act, dtd 2004, b t b

mmtd wt m d d ctt (E Cmm 2005: 38). B At 2005, t

T t td tt 173,208 c d b md wt t t dcd t

vd cm f t f 2,200 c (E Cmm 2005: 38) B Mc

2005, 212,000 Y T L (YTL) d b d t 22 w c w cdd

b b t v cmm (E Cmm 2005: 38). B M 2007, 269,759

d ft d t t Dm Amt Cmm f cm d t Cm

Lw d 37,309 c btd v (E Cmm 2007: 23; Mt

Rt G It 2007: 27). Mv, t mb f Dm Amt Cmm w

cd t 106 (E Cmm 2007: 23f.).

I t f t dvmt ttd b t T vmt, t ct t ctd mb

f bm. T Rt b Hm Rt Wtc (2004: 29-35) md tt t mmt db bmc d t c f ddc mt cmm, tmc xc fm

cm, t mt cctb fm f vdc, cm f

d dt, c f t f ct, mtd cct t c cm, c f ct d

mt, d dqt mcm. Ev t t w t b mmtd

, t m d c, t t f Kd Hm Rt Pjct tt (2004:

20).

T d btw 2005 d 2007 ctd m fm d d mb f mtd

mmt mt f t dtd b t ccd T t. Hwv, bt

fm d d -ctt bv t d w tcv d mtd. Tf,

t d c b f wdw d t T cmc wt mt t, w

cmd t t v .


23/36



EU Demand T S

Emt tc bdc t

than Turkish (2)*

- Bdc t t T/mtd

- A d t bdc m Ct

- Ft mmt f bdc

t t T. A w d c Db,

FM, cvd t t bdct

Kmc d Z Kd

Emt tc dc t

than Turkish (2)

Tc t t T/mtd

Emt tc t f t t

Turkish in public life (1)

Rt f m t t T /

limited and varied

Emt t bm f fd (1) - Etbmt f q ttmt f Mq d

C cc d f cc t wt

- A Pttt cc w tbd c

in Ankara- T Pttt cc Db w b t

t c f w 2005

- Ft mmt t t f

c 2006

- T B cmmt qt t vt t d

was approved

- Oc t f t Ac f S

Jv Wt

Pvd d mmt t t t/f

fd (2)

2,285 c f t f t

Emt t bm f It Dcd P (1) - T Lw Cm f L R fm

Tt Act wt 173,208 c- Wt ct t It Dcd P,

cd t c f cm


4.4 2008-2010: Revival of the Reform Process


T 2008 t t vv f fm d mt t T. A v

wdw c 2005, w Fd Lw w dtd 2008 (Hmmb 2009: 11). T w

vdd -Mm fd t b td t Fd Cc d vdd f ft

t t t t fd (Hmmb 2009: 11).

I d t t bm Stt T, t vmt cd d f m

t ft dv t (E Cmm 2008: 27; Fdm H 2009). T vmt

d t c f fd - qvt t 14 b - d t cmt t Stt

At Pjct (GAP) btw 2008 d 2012, wt t b b t f : cmcdvmt, c dvmt, ftct dvmt d t tt (E

Cmm 2008: 27).


24/36


2008 w mb d t t dvmt xcd t t m. T Ergenekon

c w cd t m , wc dct ctd t dvmt f mt t t

ct (L 2009; J 2008; Fdm H 2009). T c cd tt , cd

Ergenekon, wc cctd t (t/Sb 2008). T mmb f t

cdd mt c, jt, tv f NGO d cv ct, w cdmc. T

cc t t mmb f t ccd t t t vmt t

mt tv (C/W 2010: 89). Mv, t v b ccd f mb

f vcv c (, bmb, tc.) d t t cd f c

mt tv (t/Sb 2008). Add, t tdd t dv m

f t c d ct t d f t wd t d mt tv

d m t cc t tm (Dm/K 2009).

Sm bvd tt t t t v xt f Gd, cd m d t

cd NATO t-bd It Wd W II, tdd t ct b

cmmt v f Wt E (Td Zm 2008). Pm Mt Ed ttd tt

t mw mb t C Hd It t Gd t b

f t 1990 (Zm 2008). I t tt t jdc c tt f f T

dmcc d t t t d tfm f T t m dmcc tt, w

t ct t m ft mt t w. Hwv, t jdc c ,

dbtd bc d v ctv.

I 2009, t vmt ttd bt mt d bc dc d t v t Kd

bm, wc vt t f mt t ct (Fdm H 2010; Ht 2010).

Mv, t dc td bc d c w f m c wt t PKK v t

dmc f T d t f ft t t Kd , w cm

t m (Fdm H 2010; Ht 2010). T w t cd mt b T c

t Pdt Tt 1990, md t b d t t w t Et d Stt f

T t ft dmc (Sb 2009). At t b f t 1990, cd t

xtc f Kd b dc tt dmt w Kd, d dcd m t v t Kd

(Sb 2009). Hwv, t Pdt dd bf v t Kd bm d Kd

v w dd t 2009 v f Pm Mt Ed.

I 2009, Ed cd t xtc f t Kd d t xtc f Kd bm

(Ht 2009). A t c b Ed, dbt md bt m c wt t PKK d

v t Kd bm. A t f t dbt 34 PKK mmb, c cv w

w t td t vt ct, td t T fm PKK b Kd, Nt Iq, d w

t cd wt cm (K 2009). Hwv, d t t dt d ccv ttmt b

T t mt, 14 f tm td t t PKK Cm Nt Iq (Bd 2010).

T Kd v t vt dvmt t Kd bm b d fm t v

c c f T d t t Kd . T Kd v, wt vw t xtd

ct d c t t t Kd mt, wc w cvd mj bm t EU

cc t, w mtt t f ft t tc f m (Fdm H

2010: 4). Hwv, t ft f t v md dbt d t t b f t DTP (Dmcc

Cmmt Pt) t Kd d t tt fw t (Fdm H 2010:4).


25/36


I J 2009, t Pmt dtd Lw D-m t T-S bd, w vt

cm t d-m t bd (E Cmm 2009: 30). Wt t w, t cm w

cv t t fm t d f t 44 t d-m ccdd (E Cmm

2009: 30).

I 2010, mt cc w bd b Pm Mt Ed, dc t t f -Mm

m t xc t ct t, wc t f t d (Oc G 2010). T

cc tt t bm fcd b -Mm m bc t d t ct f

mv bm cd b t tv f t bc t (Oc G 2010). T

Cc t t c mmt f mt t vdd b fm d

v (Oc G 2010).

I M 2010, t d f ct mdmt w cctd b t Pmt. T

mdmt cmd mb f tt dd t dct d wt mt t. Hwv,

f t mdmt dct mv mt tc b btc t t c f

c d, t, mt , c t -Kd DTP, wc w cd 2009.

A t mdmt, t f t c f c c b d b t Pmt

tt w v d b t Ct Ct (CNN T 2010).8


EU Demand T S

Pvd d mmt t t t/f

fd (2)*

Nw fd Lw w dtd

N dct/cct EU dmd The Ergenekon case was launched (related indirectly to

minority rights)

Imv t t t Stt tm f

socio-economic development and cultural rights (1)

A plan for development of the Southeast was adopted

Clear the area of landmines (2) A law to remove landmines was adopted

Remove the village guard system (2) P t mv v d tm

Sv t Kd Q (2) A dbt w cd b t m mt d 34

PKK mmb c cv , w w

t td t vt ct, w wcmd fm bfrom a PKK base (Kandil Mountain) and not punished

(2009)

E t mmt f mt t (-

Mm m) (1)

Minority Circular published in 2010

C f (2) T c f cd b d b t

Pmt b 2010 Ct mdmt


8 T ccf fdm f t v f t Ct c w d Stmb 2010.


26/36



I t f bdc t t T, fw t J 2008 mdmt t

t vt Lw, J 2009 TRT - t bc vc bdct - ttd c TRT-6,

bdc Kd 24- d (Hmmb 2009: 5; Fdm H 2009). Mv, t t

cm f TRT-6, t Pm Mt fw wd Kd. I 2009, t bc

d tw f t ct b t bdct Am. Mv, m t t vt

cm d f d c bdc c Kmc, Z d Abc J

2010 (UN Hm Rt Cc 2010: 8).

I 2010, t mv M Dt - T Cd f Db w d mv tt T (G/

bd 2010). F t t m, mv, wc cmt Kd , w wd t b

d v mv tt t ct. Ot (2010) m tt t mv t t

tc f f Kd cm wc w dd b t bc d v wdd T.

I t f t v dvmt t f bdc, t tc t Lw t RTK

c t b d f vt c d TV d d m (E Cmm

2009: 30). F tc, dc m Kd t wd; v ct c d

v v b cd t GN TV t vt TV c ct bdc

Kd (E Cmm 2009: 30).

I t f dc t t T, mb f v dvmt w

mtd. I Stmb, t H Edc Bd (YK) vd t c fm At

Uvt Md t tb Itt cd Lv L Itt vd t-dtdc Kd d t t ct (E Cmm 2009: 29). A

jdmt b t E Ct f Hm Rt (ECHR) 2009, t dt f t YK dcdd t

cd Kd t c wc d vt ccm. T vbt f

c c t wt mt f 2009 t B Uvt, Itb w dcd (Hmmb

2009: 5).

Ev t t f t t T c f fbdd b t Lw Ec

d Pc P, t 2009 c c cm Kd w d b c d c

t c cv wtt v cqc (E Cmm 2009:

28). Mv, mt f t ct c t Kd c f t Kd td

wt t (E Cmm 2009: 28). A mb f v t Stt v

b t vd bc vc Kd (E Cmm 2009: 28).

I t f t v dvmt, t f t t T c f

bmc d t v b mxd cc. F tc, J 2009 t Ct f C

cd t DTP mmb f Kd c f (E Cmm 2009: 28). T c

td wt t c f t DTP 2009 d t b f 37 mmb f t DTP fm c f (BBC

Tc 2009; Sb 2009).


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T mmt f t Lw Fd, dtd 2008, cdd mt (E

Cmm 2009: 21; UN Hm Rt Cc 2010: 17). Sm b cvd b t

T t vd w mt f f c w wt t w T (E

Cmm 2009: 21; UN Hm Rt Cc 2010: 11). I 2008, t c f t Ecmc

Ptct f w mt w wd v, cd - v f f c w

w t t Ptct (E Cmm 2009: 21; UN Hm Rt Cc 2010: 11). Hwv,

t H Sm, t t c f t, md cd c t w t cd 1971

b dc f t T Mt f N Edc t d tt t Sm dd t v

tdt t c t t (Hmmb 2009: 10).

A d t Av, t w m v dvmt t d. T T t

ctd mb f Av t, c t f t t Av Itt 2008 d

t Av ft-b cm 2009 (E Cmm 2009: 22). Mv, t vmt

d w t dc t bm d xct f t Av (E Cmm

2009: 22). T bc vc bdct b t bdct m m t Av Mm

cb (E Cmm 2009: 22).

Ev t Av c f w (Cm ) t cd c f w d d t

cv c d fm t tt, Cm H w cd b t mc cc c

f w d td t m c dvt mq (E Cmm 2009: 22;

Hmmb 2009: 9). Sm ct v c d tt Av tdt d t v t d t

mdt d tc c (E Cmm 2009: 22).

The Newroz (t Kd Nw Y) cb 2009 w cf d wtt c vc t Stt (E Cmm 2009: 30). T m t cbt t Newroz was given by

v Gvt 2009 (E Cmm 2009: 30).

T RVRP b ft mmtd t d. B t d f 2009, 151,469 c td

t t fm c f dc (UN Hm Rt Cc 2010: 16). Mv, t vmt

mmtd t St f t Dvmt f IDP Pm T Pjct c wt

t Utd N Dvmt Pm (UNDP) (UN Hm Rt Cc 2010: 16). I t f t

dvmt, t v d v t b mvd fm t .

T vmt w t cm f d t tm (E

Cmm 2009: 32; Fdm H 2009). Hf f t cvd c cd d cmtd

d tw-td f tm cctd (E Cmm 2009: 32). Accd t t UN Hm Rt

Cc Rt (2010: 16), 2008, 360,933 c w bmd t t cm cmm,

207,765 w vwd b t cmm, d 127,268 f tm w wdd cm. Hwv,

mt f cm m w (E Cmm 2009: 32).

T bm f mv dm m mtt ct cc t ct t

v b c m cv d ct fc cd b x f - dm

(E Cmm 2009: 32). A f t Ow Cv 2004 t d mv


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dm, t vmt b t dt t - m md d d t

ccd t d-m c b 2014 (E Cmm 2009: 32).

2008 wtd f mmt mv t ct. Sv dtd t v

d v b t b mmtd c bdc t t Fd Lw.A cdb tt vmt b cd t d, t d t t dbt cd

by the government on several issues which were not touched in the past such as the Armenian issue and

Kd . T d f tf -cfm bv.


EU Demand T S

Emt tc bdc t

than Turkish (2)*

- Bdct , d , t t T

tt tv, TRT

- I J 2009 TRT ttd c TRT-6,

bdc Kd 24- d

- F c TV d d c ttd bdc

d dct td d b T c

- Bdct Am b TRT (TV) f f twc

a day

- Ac f t dct Kd d Abc d

t w vd

- The public radio network started to broadcast in Armenian in

March 2009

Emt tc dc t t

Turkish (2)

-T H Edc Bd (YK) dd t c fm

T Uvt (At Uvt Md) t tb

Lv L Itt wc wd vd t-dt

dc Kd d t t ct

- Kd c d B Uvt, Itb

Emt t b t c (cm t )

(1)

T Ecmc Ptct c f w mt w

wd v

Remove landmines (2) Ud t Ow Cv, T c t dt

- m md b Mc 2014.

Pvd t t -S Mm (Av) (3) -T f t t Av Itt

-A municipal council recognized a Cem House as a place of worship

d d mq t t t wt c

-Three municipal councils recognized Cem Houses as places of

w d td tm t m c dvt

mosques

-Admtv ct At, A, Im d Itb d

tt Av tdt d b xmtd fm d t

mandatory religion and ethics course

E t xc f ct t f m (1) Ct t v , t Newroz cb Mc

2009 d b cf v. Gvt t

v m f cb


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Pvd d mmt t t t/f

fd (2)

Immt f t Lw Fd dtd Fb

2008 proceeded smoothly

Emt tc t t T

in public life (1)

Gv v c t Stt v ttd

bc vc KdSolve the problem of Internally-displaced Persons (1) T c f cm f d t tm cd

to make progress

Solve the Kurdish Problem (2) A wd- bc dbt w td b Pm Mt

Ed t v t Kd


4.5 So What is Le?

Sc 2002, A dtd d mdd mb f d t mt tc.

Fm d t ct w t btw 2002 d 2004, w t wd dw b 2005.

Ev t t ct d d f c, c wt t cc f t

fm mt t b 2002, mb f d v t ccd. F tc,

T t d t CE Fmw Cv f t Ptc f N M

mtd t tcv tt f t L Tt, wc w ctt dmdd b

t EU (E Cmm 2009: 28).

I ctt t fm d, bv d mt t cd c 2002. B

2008, t -ctt bv wt mt t v td. Hwv, t d t

m tt bv d f mt tc T b wtt bm.

T ct d tcv mmt f mt mb f c

t tc t b t t T c f (E Cmm

2009: 28f.). T d , w m f ft fm d d bv d

mt t b t T vmt b, vdd t tb bw.

T ccd, cm t ct mt c f t ct wt t v dcd, t

mvmt t ct b dd. At mb f bm m vd t

, t c b . Tf, m w w f ft mvmt Td mt t td.


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Table 8: Unresolved Minority Issues: EU Demand- Turkey Supply

EU Demand T S

Adt tt t v t bm f Rm (3) Imvmt wt t Lw Smt 2006 bt

not with a strategyS t CE Fmw Cv f t

Ptc f N M (1)

Not signed

L t v d mt t t UN

Cvt Ecmc, Sc d Ct Rt/Cv

d Pc Rt (2)

Not d

Rc f m (Mm d -Mm),

tctd tt f L Tt (2)

Not recognized

Remove compulsory religious classes in public schools

(2)

Not removed

Emt t b t t

T c f (3)

Not mtd bt ttd cc

Emt t b t c (H m

problem (1)

Not eliminated

Provide children whose mother tongue is not Turkish

with the ability to learn in their mother tongue in

bc c (3)

Not provided

Sv t bm f m w v dc

c dmtv d mt (4)

Not solved

Pvd t Ecmc Ptc bc f t

ccc t f Ecmc (3)

Not provided

Stt d wt OSCE H Cmm

N M (3)

Not started

Pvd tt t fd (1) Not provided

Emt t 10% td t c tm (4) Not eliminated

Amend the Law on the Movement and Residence of

A dcm Rm (4)

Not amended

Remove the village guard system (2) Not removed


5. I C P M R T?

Sc 2002, T dtd d mdd mb f d t mt tc

wt t mmt ct . T vmt c t d wt mt t

d bc -dcm c t t cc mt t. T E Cmm

t (2007: 21) c t T mt c dt: [...]t T t cd T

c dvd v q t bf t w t t dvd b t t

mjt t mt.

T c mt c, wv, ct cf bt d m d tm tc. Mt f t vmt tv, tvw d b t t, ttd tt


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t L Tt t dcmt d m d t fm cd c 2002 v

b mt t c tdd f qt bf t w f c f t ct t t

fm d f vd tc t m. Tf, t cct f wt ctt mt

t b dd c d fm d t mt t v b vd

fmw t vt d f dcm. T d t md f t vmt t

c E tdd m t v ft dmc f c f T d

f t b t mjt mt .

Sc c fmw d t m tt T t d t f mt tc.

I ctt, t v c ct bt t d f f t c f T, d

d bv d. T ct d d f c mt tc btw

2002 d 2004, wc b d c 2008. Ev t t ct fm cd b

t vmt fw, t mmt f t dtd v td c

2008.

Sc c, cctd b dtd cmc, d t mb f . Ft,

mt t ctt t t- f fm, bc t v d tc

v m v , c dt. Scd, t ct dvmt dmtt

tc f -ctt bv T. T mwt bc mmt

w t mt bmc t cc c d t mmt f mt

tc w v m bmc m v cddt ct. Lt, cd t

tc xct, t cmc c wt mt t T t d c t

x. F tc, wd xct t t f t fm c w t dc

t cdbt f EU cdt c 2005. Hwv, t t t c t ct. Ex

c c d b t bjct f ft c.

T mm, T t t d t mv t mt tc c. T

q t c, bt mt mmt f t dtd.

Wt t c f mt-td c T c t t dc f EU

dm q f m. T c b ct vvd d t, t ctt m t

cv f t t t cm f c t.


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L

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European Commission against Racism and Intolerance 2005: Td Rt T, Cc f E, 15Fb 2005, CRI(2005)5.

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Freedom House 2008: T Tt. Dmc T, : ://www.fdm./d/c_t/65.df; 20. Dcmb 2010.

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Gke Mehmet/zbudak Elif N. 2010: M Dt Dct M B Wt t Rt Vc wt Fm, Td Zm, 11.04.2010, : ://www.tdm.cm/t-wb/w-207048-m-dt-dct-m-b-wt-t-t-vc-wt--m.tm; 13 J 2010.

Grigoriadis, Ioannis N. 2008: O t E f Mt Rt Ptc: Cm t Cf Gc d T, : Mdt Pc, 13/1, 23-41.

Hammarberg, Thomas 2009: Rvw Rt Hm Rt f M, Cc f E, :CmmDH (2009)30.

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Hrriyet2009: Kt Am B 23 J 2009, : ://www.t.cm.t/dm/12129354. >; 20 J 2010.

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Kurban, Dilek2008: Av B A Dd A H: Am, Ft v O.: K, A/T, Tt (d.): Td v A P: AB ScdY Tm. Itb, 269-286.

Kurdish Human Rights Project 2004: T Immt f P-EU Rfm Fct-Fd MRt, Nvmb 2004, : ://www../-w/m-t-dcmt/ct_vw/33-2004-bc.tm; 18 J 2010.

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T K-F - E Ad Ex d

Iv R

The Kolleg-Forschergruppe (KFG) is a new funding programme laun-

cd b t Gm Rc Fd 2008. It ct-c f t KFG t vd cc m vmt

wc vv c tc c b dt wt b dc ddbt wt m f d j c.

T K-Fc T Tfmv Pw f Eb tt c E t B-Bd-b d t t c wt t v- d c t. It xm t f t EU -mt d ct f d, t mcm d ctf t d xt d c t c :

Idt d t Pbc S

Cmc, Cdt d Bd

Cmv Rm d E Ext R

Is There a Puzzle? Compliance with Minority Rights in Turkey (1999-2010)

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