INTRODUCTION TO OIL & GAS

Part 1 : Energy

UTP Course For Beginners

Dr Deva Ghosh

Professor in Geophysics

Head Center of seismic Imaging ( C.S. I )

6/10/2011

UTP Course For Beginners

Compiled by Muhammad Najmi

World Energy Sources

Future Prospects of Oil & Gas

Oil

Gas

Coal

Nuclear

Renewable

Power Balance : Fossil Fuel Reserves

LEGEND BARS

OIL

GAS

COAL

ENERGY USAGE

Electricity Usage at Night

Power Map : The colour-coded image of the Earth at

night shows the use of electricity for Lighting is

concentrated in industrialized regions(yellow)

The red parts correspond to oil flares.

Historical Development Wells Drilled in Malaysia

Countries With Natural Oil Reserves Greater Than 3 BSTB

Countries With Natural Gas Reserves Greater Than 20 TSCF

World –Wide Distribution of Natural Gas Reserves

G.O.M. Offshore Platforms in Deepwater

PETRONAS a Fortune 500 Company **PETRONAS a Fortune 500 Company **Has interest in 30 countriesHas interest in 30 countries

TOP TEN **

@ Profit

@ Return in

Asset &

Revenue

Including Malaysia

44% of Malaysia’s Govt.

revenue contributed by

PETRONAS

Malaysia Oil and Gas Fields

Production Breakdown

Sabah

8%

M’SIA/THAI JOINT

DEVELOPMENTJOINT DEVELOPMENT

M’SIA/VIETNAM

PM 42%

8%

Sarawak 50%

Reserves

Production

(million barrels)

(billion barrels)

Reserve ( B.O.E )

(billion barrels)

MalaysiaMalaysia Oil

and Gas

PM 42%

Sabah

8%

Sarawak 50%

Production Breakdown

Oil & Condensate

Natural Gas

(World Ranking)23rd

14th

Oil and gas fields/discoveries in Malay Basin

Geological History of The Earth

GeologicalGeological

Period

PAST

PRESENT

Shifting Continent

Alfred Waegner Theory of

Continental drift

Based on matching Coast line.

However he said

Geological studies has toGeological studies has to

give the evidences

S.E. ASIA BASIN EVOLUTION EARLY EOCENE (~55 MA) TO Curreny

1) Collision of India plate moving eastward with Asia

plate

60 maPaleocene

50 ma

Early Eocene

40 maLate Eocene

30 maOligocene

20 ma

Early Miocene

10 ma

Late Miocene

0 ma

Present day

60 maPaleocene

50 ma

Early Eocene

40 maLate Eocene

30 maOligocene

20 ma

Early Miocene

10 ma

Late Miocene

0 ma

Present day

Modified. from Scotese and PALEOMAP (2005) Courtesy Harry Doust

2) Further Collision with Australia plate moving

Northward

Mekong Delta, Thailand

Delta Satellite Images

Niger Delta, NigeriaMahakam Delta, East

Kalimantan, Indonesia

Ganges Delta, IndiaBay of Bengal,

India

DELTA IMAGES

Turkmenistan

Delta

Ural Delta,

Kazakhstan

DELTA IMAGES

S.E. Asia Basin GeometryS.E. Asia Basin Geometry

Satellite View

Pacific

Deepwater

Mature

SEG Research Workshop, KL 2008

VARIOUS

BASINS

MALAYMALAY

SARAWAKSARAWAK SABAHSABAH

CONSONCONSON

200 KMSUMATRASUMATRA

Malay Basin Geology

Malay basin is a prolific

Petroleum Tertiary basin that

has seen four decades of

extensive E & P activity.

It is an extensional deep It is an extensional deep

(12Km) mature, NW trending

basin. With dimension 500 X

200 sq km

Exploration is focused in

Miocene stratigraphic. Units

called Group E to K .

Youngest to oldest.

Courtesy PETRONAS

S.E. Asia Basin Geometry

Petroleum System Processes

Seal RockSeal Rock

ReservoirRockReservoirRock

OilOil

WaterWater

Gas CapGas Cap

EntrapmentEntrapment

24803

120° F120° F

350° F350° FGenerationGeneration

MigrationMigration

RockRock

Source: AAPGSource: AAPG

Example of Gas Field in an Oil Field

H.C. OCCURRENCE PROBABILITY MAPH.C. OCCURRENCE PROBABILITY MAP

MALAY BASINMALAY BASIN

LACUSTRINE.

OIL & GAS FIELDSOIL & GAS FIELDSSOURCE ROCKSOURCE ROCK

COALY

THICK

THIN

THIN

I GRPI GRPK GRPK GRP

Oil and gas distribution is a Combination of

the source rock distribution & their

maturity .

Gas is generated at high maturity

MATURITY MAPMATURITY MAP

Oil and gas distribution function of source rock and their maturity

PlanningBlock

Acquisition

Frontier

Exploration

Prospect

EvaluationDrilling

Discovery Volumes AppraisalReserve &

Economic

LIFE OF FIELD

ExplorationExploration

AppraisalAppraisal

Reservoir

Static ModelSimulation

Production

Forecast

PVT

RFT

DST

Development

Plan

Infill

Drilling

Field DevelopmentField Development

EOREORFLOODING FLOODING

INJECTIONINJECTION SECONDARY SECONDARY

RECOVERYRECOVERY

PRODUCER & PRODUCER &

INJECTORINJECTOR

Secondary RecoverySecondary Recovery

THE G & G LINK

SEISMIC

DATA

ACQUISITION

GEOLOGYGEOLOGY

*

27

ACQUISITION

VIBROSEIS

SOURCE

Subsurface is explored by exciting the earth by a SOURCE like , Dynamite or VIBROSEIS.

This creates a seismic wave that enters the subsurface and is returned to the surface by

the Reflection process in the form of a Seismic Response, that is recorded on the surface

by a sensor ( geophone/hydrophone)

SEISMIC DATA

GEOLOGY GEOPHYSICS OTHERS

Outcrops

Basin Study

Sequence Strat

Geochemistry

Gravity magnetic

Positioning

Remote Sensing

Core & Sidewall

Sample

Seismic Acquisition

Seismic Processing

Seismic Interpretation

Seismic Evaluation

LIFE OF FIELD

EXPLORATIO� / APPRAISAL / DEVELOPME�T / PRODUCTIO�.

28

Geochemistry

Structural GeologySample

Seismic Evaluation

Rock Physics

Integrated G&G Studies

DRILLING

Sedimentlogy

Biostratigraphy

Pressure

Wire line Log

ALLIED DISCIPLINES

INFLUENCING G & G

PETROPHYSICSPETROLEUM

RESERVOIR

ENGG.

G & G

DRILLINGCOMPUTER

TECHNOLOGY

PETROLEUM

ECONOMICS

PSTM Stack Line 1990

Carbonate G @ G Link

Seismic

30

Outcrop

DEEPWATER SUBMARINE FAN DEEPWATER SUBMARINE FAN

MODELSMODELS

31

- sandy channels confined by

muddy levees

DEEP WATER TURBIDITESEDIMENT TRANSPORT

32

BrazilWest Nile Delta

DEEPWATER IMAGES

33

Courtesy BG plc

L in e 3

5 0 0 m

West Africa

Courtesy BP

Courtesy Enterprise Oil/Shell

N

TS1TS

2

FS1

Deposition of sand during high stand

N

SB1

TS1TS2

SB2

FS1

SB3

SUMANDAK BURIED HILL PLAY

DEPOSITIONAL MODEL

34

Deposition of sand during high stand

Truncation during low stand event

N

SB1

TS1

SB2

TS2

SB3

IVA

IVC

FS1

SB4

Overlain by clay during subsequence transgressive event

SEAL?

SUMANDAK COMPLEXSUMANDAK COMPLEX

TIME

STRUCTURE

AMPLITUDE

35

AMPLITUDE

MAP

SEISMIC

FORWARD & INVERSE SEISMIC FORWARD & INVERSE SEISMIC PROBLEMPROBLEM

ACQUISITION

SYSTEMS

START

WAVELET

RECOVER

� Structure

� Velocity

� Rock, Fluid, Lithology

END

MODELLING t

36

EARTH PROPOGATION

EFFECT

CONVOLVE

EARTH MODEL

• Vp, Vs, ρ

• Porosity

• Structure

• Saturation

SEISMIC RESPONSE

DECONVOLVE

RECOVER

GEOLOGY

MODELLING

INVERSION

t

**

EOR Application in Malay Basin

EOR CHALLENGES

1) Production comes from offshore fields

where EOR is challenging and expensive.

2) Well spacing is coarse at 1000ft to 3000ft.

3) Many wells are deviated

4) Facilities are ageing 20 years or older.

37

5) 5) The reservoirs are complex, and compartmentalized.

6) Fields are mature and reservoirs depleted.

7) Oil is light with API around 45 degrees.

8)Reservoir temperatures are high

GAS HYDRATES

B.S.R.

SHALLOW GAS

FLUID EXPULSIO�

MUD VOLCA�OES

POCKMARKSSHALLOW WATER FLOW

SAND FLOW

FISSURES

CRATERS

GEOHAZARD CLASSIFICATION

FLOWCHART

GEO-HAZARD

CLASSIFICATIO�

B.S.R.CRATERS

SLUMPI�G

LA�DSLIDES

FAULTS GORGES

I�STABILITY

OVER-PRESSURES

BLOW-OUT

A B

GEOHAZARD IMAGES

GAS CHIMNEY

Ring faulting of seabed B

Gas wipeout A

Fissures/erocis C

C

Gas bubbling in water

GEOHAZARD IMAGES

MALAYSIAN OFFSHORE

Magic of Seismic in detecting Gas bubbling in water

MALAYSIAN OFFSHORE HAZARD

(GAS BUBBLING NEAR PLATFORM)

SINKING OF DRILLING RIG

DUE TO GAS HAZARD

1 2

Gas escape causes Seawater density to drop resulting in the Platform to sink

3 4

Improving Pore Pressure Prediction

Thermal Effects

-2800

-2600

-2400

-2200

-2000

-1800

-1600

-1400

-1200

-1000

-800

-600

-400

-200

00

Depth (m TVDSS)

Tangga-2

Bujang-2

Bujang-3A

Bujang-4

Sepat-1

Sepat-2

Noring-2

T.Barat

Melor-1

Inas-1

Guling-1

Melor-2

20 ppg

Onset of Overpressure

Lithostatic Stress

Pore Pressure Prediction

In the Malay basin

P -T G r a d i e n t = 0 .5 - 1 .0 M p a / ° C

P r e s s u r e ( p p g , M W E )

New Prospect

P-T Gradient = 0.5-1.0 Mpa/°C

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

7.0 12.0 17.0 22.0

Pressure (ppg, MWE )

Depth (m)

Seism ic Predic tion

Trend Estimation

Top of Overpressure

Hard Overpressure

Thermal Effects Included in Trend

Generation

Thermal Effects Includedin Trend Generation

Perfect Match with Observed pressure (green) in Well Trend

Courtesy PRSB-UTP

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

6000

6500

7000

7500

8000

8500

9000

9500

10000

0

Pressure (psi)

-4000

-3800

-3600

-3400

-3200

-3000

-2800

10 ppg

12 ppg

14 ppg

18 ppg

20 ppg

16 ppg

8.33 ppg

Expected High Pressure Zones 1 5 0 0

1 7 0 0

1 9 0 0

2 1 0 0

2 3 0 0

2 5 0 0

2 7 0 0

2 9 0 0

7 9 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 2 1

P r e s s u r e ( p p g , M W E )

Depth (m)

Perfect Match with Observed

pressure (green) in Well Trend