Introduction to IT Rupali Dhir Faculty Computer Department, PCTE Rupali Dhir Faculty Computer...

Introduction to ITIntroduction to IT

Rupali Dhir

Faculty

Computer Department , PCTE

Rupali Dhir

Faculty

Computer Department , PCTE

PCTE Group of InstitutesPCTE Group of Institutes

IntroductionIntroduction

• A computer is a programmable electronic machine.

• Computer is derived from word “COMPUTE” which means to calculate, and that can perform arithmetic operations at a very high speed.

• Computer operates upon data and gives out useful information.

ComputerComputer

• A computer is an electronic machine that can accept data (input), process it into useful information (output), and store it in a storage device for future use.

Input Process Output

PROCESSOUTPUT

ComputerComputer

• Hardware refers to the physical equipment used for the input, processing, output and storage activities of a computer system.

• Central processing unit (CPU) manipulates the data and controls the tasks performed by the other components.

• Primary storage internal to the CPU; temporarily stores data and program instructions during processing.

• Software refers to the part that we can not touch. Programs that run such as Word, Messenger etc.

• Secondary storage external to the CPU; stores data and programs for future use.

• Input technologies accept data and instructions and convert them to a form that the computer can understand.

• Output technologies present data and information in a form people can understand.

• Computer Stores or process information in 1 and 0. Which are called bits.

Combination of 8 bits are called Byte and so on as follows …

• 8 bits = 1 Byte

• 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilo Byte (KB)

• 1024 Kilo Bytes = 1 Mega Byte (MB)

• 1024 Mega Bytes = 1 Giga Byte (GB)

• 1024 Giga Bytes = 1 Tera Byte (TB)

Block DiagramBlock Diagram

Components of computerComponents of computer

• Input devices

• Output devices

• CPU

– ALU– Control Unit

• Secondary Storage / Memory

Characteristics Of ComputerCharacteristics Of Computer

• Automatic : Machines that work by itself without any human intervention. Eg. Robots

• Speed : It is measured in terms of microseconds, nanoseconds (10-9) and picoseconds.

• Accuracy : Computers produce accurate results.

• No I.Q.: A computer does only what it is programmed to do. It cannot take its own decision in this regard

• No Feelings: Computers are devoid of emotions. Their judgment is based on the instructions given to them in the form of programs that are written by us (human beings)

Characteristics Of ComputerCharacteristics Of Computer

• Diligence : Computer is free from tiredness & lack of concentration.

• Versatility : Computer is capable of performing variety of tasks depending upon instructions given.

• Power of Remembering.

• No Intellectual Power : It does not have its own intelligence.

Classifications of computer on the basis of FunctionClassifications of computer on the basis of Function

1. Analog

– E.g. Mechanical Watch2. Digital

– Digital Watch3. Hybrid

– ECG machines in hospital

Classifications of computer on the basis of sizeClassifications of computer on the basis of size

Supercomputers

Mainframe Computers

Mini Computers

Desktop Pc’s

Notebooks

Super ComputerSuper Computer

• Super Computer :

• The biggest in size.

• It can process trillions of instructions in seconds.

• This computer is not used as a PC in a home neither by a student in a college.

• Used by Govt for different calculations and heavy jobs.

• Used for animation purposes in most Hollywood Movie’s

Super ComputerSuper Computer

MainframesMainframes

• It can also process millions of instruction per second.

• It can handle processing of many users at a time.

• It is commonly used in Hospitals, Air Reservation Companies as it can retrieve data on huge basis.

• This is normally to expensive and out of reach from a salary-based person.

• It can cost up to thousands of Dollars.

MainframesMainframes

Mini ComputersMini Computers

• These computers are preferred mostly by small type of business personals, colleges etc.

• These computers are cheaper than above two.

• Its an intermediary between microcomputer and mainframe.

Micro / Personal ComputersMicro / Personal Computers

• It is mostly preferred by Home Users.

• Cost is less compared to above.

• Small in size.

• A microcomputer contains a microprocessor (a central processing unit on a microchip ), memory in the form of read-only memory and random access memory , I/O ports and a bus housed in a unit that is usually called a motherboard .

Micro / Personal Computers

Personal ComputersPersonal Computers

• Notebook computers typically weigh less than 6 pounds and are small enough to fit easily in a briefcase.

• Principal difference between a notebook computer and a personal computer is the display screen.

• Many notebook display screens are limited to small resolution.

PDA or Handheld ComputersPDA or Handheld Computers

• Handheld computer is a pocket-sized computing device, typically having a display screen with touch input or a miniature keyboard.

• Some manufacturers are trying to solve the small keyboard problem by replacing the keyboard with an electronic pen.

• A pocket computer is a small calculator-sized handheld programmable computer.

• It has only RAM maximum upto 1GB and Hard disk capacity is 80GB.

Abacus

Difference Engine

Analytical Engine1944 MARK I

Howard Aiken at Harvard University

1951 - UNIVAC1 first commercial computer

1954 - Hewlett and PackardMet and setup shop in Garage at Silicon valley

Mechanical Calculator

History

AbacusAbacus

History

Difference Engine Analytical Engine

History

UNIVAC 1UNIVAC 1

History

PCTE Group of InstitutesPCTE Group of Institutes28

1975 – Microsoft FoundedBill Gates with Paul Allen

1976Apple

1981-IBM PCPC was

introduced.

1989 – WWWInvented by

Tim Berners-Lee

1969 – Internet was founded

History

1994 – Netscape Founded by

Jim Clark and Marc Andreesen

Many more….

History

1. 1st Generation

2. 2nd Generation

3. 3rd Generation

4. 4th Generation

5. 5th Generation

Generations Of Computer

1ST GENERATION (1944 - 1958) : VACUUM TUBES

•Used thousand of vacuum tubes

•They were fastest calculating devices.

•Too large in size

•Large amount of heat due to thousands of vacuum tubes, so air conditioning was required

•High power consumption

•Frequent hardware failure due to burn out of tubes

•Costly to manufacture and maintain these computers

•The first computer using vacuum tubes was ENIAC

1ST GENERATION (1944 - 1958) :VACUUM TUBES

IBM Punched Card (input)

Magnetic Tapes (output)Vacuum Tubes (memory)

UNIVAC ENIAC

2ND GENERATION (1959 - 1964) : TRANSISTOR

• Use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes

• These transistors were made of solid material, some of which is silicon, therefore they were very cheap to produce

• Easier to use and handle

• No burning out, but hardware failures were still there

• Almost ten times faster than tubes

• Much smaller than vacuum tubes and generate less heat.

• Less expensive to produce but still costlier

• Produce less heat as compared to tubes but air conditioning was required

• High level programming languages such as FORTRAN, COBOL were used

• Easier to program these computers

• Batch operating system was used

3RD GENERATION (1964 - 1970) :

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

•In 1958, Jack St. Clair Cilby & Robert Noyce invented integrated circuits

•IC’s consist of several electric components like transistors, resistors and capacitors embedded on a single chip of silicon

•More powerful & faster than second generation computers.

•Smaller in size and require small space for installation

•Require less power and produce less heat but still need proper air conditioning

•Faster and large memory

3RD GENERATION (1964 - 1970) :

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

4TH GENERATION (1971- PRESENT) :INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

•Use of IC’s with VLSI technology Very Large-scale integrated (VLSI).

•Microprocessors and semiconductor memory

•Larger memory because of larger hard disks and floppy disks and magnetic tapes as portable storage media

•Very less heat hence no air conditioning was required instead fans were used

4TH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT):INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

•Graphical User Interface operating systems were used

•Very easy to manufacture & maintain them and cost very less

•Very fast as compared to computers in early generations

•Microprocessors led to the invention of personal computers.

4TH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT) : MICROPROCESSOR

5th GENERATION -PRESENT & BEYOND

•IC’s based on ULSI technology

•Portable PC’s (notebook computers) were much smaller and handy

•Much faster and powerful than computers in earlier generations

•Consume very less power

•Less costlier and easy to maintain

•Newer and more powerful applications make computers more easy to use in every field

5th GENERATION -PRESENT & BEYOND

•Consume very less power

•Less costlier and easy to manufacture and maintain

•Newer and more powerful applications make computers more easy to use in every field

•Artificial Intelligence (AI) concerns with making computers behave and think like humans.

•AI studies include robotics, expert systems, games, etc..

5th Generation (Present & Beyond) : Artificial Intelligence

Input DevicesInput Devices

• Key Board

• Mouse

• Light Pen

• Tablet or Digitizer

• Joystick

Input / Output DevicesInput / Output Devices

• Provide means of communication between a computer

• and outer world

• Also known as peripheral devices because they

• surround the CPU and memory of a computer system

• Input devices are used to enter data from the outside

• world into primary storage

• Output devices supply results of processing from

• primary storage to users

KeyboardKeyboard

• A keyboard's primary function is to act as an input device.

• The standard keyboard has101 keys

• Most Common is the QWERTY keyboard

– Typing keys – A numeric keypad – Function keys – Control keys

WORKING OF KEYBOARDWORKING OF KEYBOARD

KEYBOARD IS A INPUT DEVICE USED FOR ENTERING DATA INTO COMPUTER BY PRESSING ONE KEY AT

ONE TIME.

KEYBOARD CONTROLLE

KEYBOARD BUFFER

SYSTEM SOFTWAR

A MOUSE IS A HANDMOVABLE INPUT DEVICE THAT CONTROL THE POSITION OF CURSOR ON THE SCREEN

MOUSEMOUSE

WORKING OF MOUSEWORKING OF MOUSE

Optical mouseOptical mouse

TRACK BALL IS A POINTING DEVICE THAT USE A

BALL TO POISTION THE CURSOR AND WORK LIKE A UPSIDE DOWN MOUSE

TRACK BALLTRACK BALL

Light PenLight Pen

JOYSTICKJOYSTICK

CLICK BUTTON

SOCKETLIGHT

INDICATOR

DigitizerDigitizer

• A DIGITIZER IS A INPUT DEVICE USED FOR CONVERTING PICTURES,MAPS AND DRAWING INTO DIGITAL FORM FOR STORAGE IN COMPUTER.

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