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Introduction to ITIntroduction to IT
Rupali Dhir
Faculty
Computer Department , PCTE
Rupali Dhir
Faculty
Computer Department , PCTE
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IntroductionIntroduction
• A computer is a programmable electronic machine.
• Computer is derived from word “COMPUTE” which means to calculate, and that can perform arithmetic operations at a very high speed.
• Computer operates upon data and gives out useful information.
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ComputerComputer
• A computer is an electronic machine that can accept data (input), process it into useful information (output), and store it in a storage device for future use.
Input Process Output
PROCESSOUTPUT
INPUT
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ComputerComputer
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IntroductionIntroduction
• Hardware refers to the physical equipment used for the input, processing, output and storage activities of a computer system.
• Central processing unit (CPU) manipulates the data and controls the tasks performed by the other components.
• Primary storage internal to the CPU; temporarily stores data and program instructions during processing.
• Software refers to the part that we can not touch. Programs that run such as Word, Messenger etc.
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• Secondary storage external to the CPU; stores data and programs for future use.
• Input technologies accept data and instructions and convert them to a form that the computer can understand.
• Output technologies present data and information in a form people can understand.
IntroductionIntroduction
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IntroductionIntroduction
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• Computer Stores or process information in 1 and 0. Which are called bits.
Combination of 8 bits are called Byte and so on as follows …
• 8 bits = 1 Byte
• 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilo Byte (KB)
• 1024 Kilo Bytes = 1 Mega Byte (MB)
• 1024 Mega Bytes = 1 Giga Byte (GB)
• 1024 Giga Bytes = 1 Tera Byte (TB)
IntroductionIntroduction
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Block DiagramBlock Diagram
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Components of computerComponents of computer
• Input devices
• Output devices
• CPU
– ALU– Control Unit
• Secondary Storage / Memory
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Characteristics Of ComputerCharacteristics Of Computer
• Automatic : Machines that work by itself without any human intervention. Eg. Robots
• Speed : It is measured in terms of microseconds, nanoseconds (10-9) and picoseconds.
• Accuracy : Computers produce accurate results.
• No I.Q.: A computer does only what it is programmed to do. It cannot take its own decision in this regard
• No Feelings: Computers are devoid of emotions. Their judgment is based on the instructions given to them in the form of programs that are written by us (human beings)
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Characteristics Of ComputerCharacteristics Of Computer
• Diligence : Computer is free from tiredness & lack of concentration.
• Versatility : Computer is capable of performing variety of tasks depending upon instructions given.
• Power of Remembering.
• No Intellectual Power : It does not have its own intelligence.
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Classifications of computer on the basis of FunctionClassifications of computer on the basis of Function
1. Analog
– E.g. Mechanical Watch2. Digital
– Digital Watch3. Hybrid
– ECG machines in hospital
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Classifications of computer on the basis of sizeClassifications of computer on the basis of size
Supercomputers
Mainframe Computers
Mini Computers
Desktop Pc’s
Notebooks
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Super ComputerSuper Computer
• Super Computer :
• The biggest in size.
• It can process trillions of instructions in seconds.
• This computer is not used as a PC in a home neither by a student in a college.
• Used by Govt for different calculations and heavy jobs.
• Used for animation purposes in most Hollywood Movie’s
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Super ComputerSuper Computer
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MainframesMainframes
• It can also process millions of instruction per second.
• It can handle processing of many users at a time.
• It is commonly used in Hospitals, Air Reservation Companies as it can retrieve data on huge basis.
• This is normally to expensive and out of reach from a salary-based person.
• It can cost up to thousands of Dollars.
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MainframesMainframes
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Mini ComputersMini Computers
• These computers are preferred mostly by small type of business personals, colleges etc.
• These computers are cheaper than above two.
• Its an intermediary between microcomputer and mainframe.
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Micro / Personal ComputersMicro / Personal Computers
• It is mostly preferred by Home Users.
• Cost is less compared to above.
• Small in size.
• A microcomputer contains a microprocessor (a central processing unit on a microchip ), memory in the form of read-only memory and random access memory , I/O ports and a bus housed in a unit that is usually called a motherboard .
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Micro / Personal Computers
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Personal ComputersPersonal Computers
• Notebook computers typically weigh less than 6 pounds and are small enough to fit easily in a briefcase.
• Principal difference between a notebook computer and a personal computer is the display screen.
• Many notebook display screens are limited to small resolution.
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PDA or Handheld ComputersPDA or Handheld Computers
• Handheld computer is a pocket-sized computing device, typically having a display screen with touch input or a miniature keyboard.
• Some manufacturers are trying to solve the small keyboard problem by replacing the keyboard with an electronic pen.
• A pocket computer is a small calculator-sized handheld programmable computer.
• It has only RAM maximum upto 1GB and Hard disk capacity is 80GB.
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Abacus
Difference Engine
Analytical Engine1944 MARK I
Howard Aiken at Harvard University
1951 - UNIVAC1 first commercial computer
1954 - Hewlett and PackardMet and setup shop in Garage at Silicon valley
Mechanical Calculator
History
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AbacusAbacus
History
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Difference Engine Analytical Engine
26
History
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UNIVAC 1UNIVAC 1
History
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1975 – Microsoft FoundedBill Gates with Paul Allen
1976Apple
1981-IBM PCPC was
introduced.
1989 – WWWInvented by
Tim Berners-Lee
1969 – Internet was founded
History
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1994 – Netscape Founded by
Jim Clark and Marc Andreesen
Many more….
History
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1. 1st Generation
2. 2nd Generation
3. 3rd Generation
4. 4th Generation
5. 5th Generation
Generations Of Computer
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1ST GENERATION (1944 - 1958) : VACUUM TUBES
•Used thousand of vacuum tubes
•They were fastest calculating devices.
•Too large in size
•Large amount of heat due to thousands of vacuum tubes, so air conditioning was required
•High power consumption
•Frequent hardware failure due to burn out of tubes
•Costly to manufacture and maintain these computers
•The first computer using vacuum tubes was ENIAC
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1ST GENERATION (1944 - 1958) :VACUUM TUBES
IBM Punched Card (input)
Magnetic Tapes (output)Vacuum Tubes (memory)
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UNIVAC ENIAC
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2ND GENERATION (1959 - 1964) : TRANSISTOR
• Use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes
• These transistors were made of solid material, some of which is silicon, therefore they were very cheap to produce
• Easier to use and handle
• No burning out, but hardware failures were still there
• Almost ten times faster than tubes
• Much smaller than vacuum tubes and generate less heat.
• Less expensive to produce but still costlier
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2ND GENERATION (1959 - 1964) : TRANSISTOR
• Produce less heat as compared to tubes but air conditioning was required
• High level programming languages such as FORTRAN, COBOL were used
• Easier to program these computers
• Batch operating system was used
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2ND GENERATION (1959 - 1964) : TRANSISTOR
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3RD GENERATION (1964 - 1970) :
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
•In 1958, Jack St. Clair Cilby & Robert Noyce invented integrated circuits
•IC’s consist of several electric components like transistors, resistors and capacitors embedded on a single chip of silicon
•More powerful & faster than second generation computers.
•Smaller in size and require small space for installation
•Require less power and produce less heat but still need proper air conditioning
•Faster and large memory
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3RD GENERATION (1964 - 1970) :
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
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4TH GENERATION (1971- PRESENT) :INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
•Use of IC’s with VLSI technology Very Large-scale integrated (VLSI).
•Microprocessors and semiconductor memory
•Larger memory because of larger hard disks and floppy disks and magnetic tapes as portable storage media
•Very less heat hence no air conditioning was required instead fans were used
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4TH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT):INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
•Graphical User Interface operating systems were used
•Very easy to manufacture & maintain them and cost very less
•Very fast as compared to computers in early generations
•Microprocessors led to the invention of personal computers.
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4TH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT) : MICROPROCESSOR
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5th GENERATION -PRESENT & BEYOND
•IC’s based on ULSI technology
•Portable PC’s (notebook computers) were much smaller and handy
•Much faster and powerful than computers in earlier generations
•Consume very less power
•Less costlier and easy to maintain
•Newer and more powerful applications make computers more easy to use in every field
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5th GENERATION -PRESENT & BEYOND
•Consume very less power
•Less costlier and easy to manufacture and maintain
•Newer and more powerful applications make computers more easy to use in every field
•Artificial Intelligence (AI) concerns with making computers behave and think like humans.
•AI studies include robotics, expert systems, games, etc..
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5th Generation (Present & Beyond) : Artificial Intelligence
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Input DevicesInput Devices
• Key Board
• Mouse
• Light Pen
• Tablet or Digitizer
• Joystick
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Input / Output DevicesInput / Output Devices
• Provide means of communication between a computer
• and outer world
• Also known as peripheral devices because they
• surround the CPU and memory of a computer system
• Input devices are used to enter data from the outside
• world into primary storage
• Output devices supply results of processing from
• primary storage to users
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KeyboardKeyboard
• A keyboard's primary function is to act as an input device.
• The standard keyboard has101 keys
• Most Common is the QWERTY keyboard
– Typing keys – A numeric keypad – Function keys – Control keys
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WORKING OF KEYBOARDWORKING OF KEYBOARD
KEYBOARD IS A INPUT DEVICE USED FOR ENTERING DATA INTO COMPUTER BY PRESSING ONE KEY AT
ONE TIME.
KEYBOARD CONTROLLE
R
KEYBOARD BUFFER
SYSTEM SOFTWAR
ECPU
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A MOUSE IS A HANDMOVABLE INPUT DEVICE THAT CONTROL THE POSITION OF CURSOR ON THE SCREEN
MOUSEMOUSE
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WORKING OF MOUSEWORKING OF MOUSE
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Optical mouseOptical mouse
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TRACK BALL IS A POINTING DEVICE THAT USE A
BALL TO POISTION THE CURSOR AND WORK LIKE A UPSIDE DOWN MOUSE
TRACK BALLTRACK BALL
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Light PenLight Pen
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JOYSTICKJOYSTICK
CLICK BUTTON
STICK
BALL
SOCKETLIGHT
INDICATOR
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DigitizerDigitizer
• A DIGITIZER IS A INPUT DEVICE USED FOR CONVERTING PICTURES,MAPS AND DRAWING INTO DIGITAL FORM FOR STORAGE IN COMPUTER.