Post on 23-Apr-2017
Drilling and CompletionsDrilling and Completions
Spectrum ofSpectrum ofD&C activityD&C activity
DRILLING & COMPLETIONSBASICS
Main Components of a Drilling Rig
All drilling rigs have the following basic systems
•Hoisting•Rotating•Circulating & Solids Control•Power•Blowout Prevention
Hoisting System
Used for raising and lowering the drilling assembly, and for running casing, completion equipment and other tools in and out of the hole.
Rotating SystemA hexagonal or square pipe is
connected to the topmost joint of the drill string. The rotary table and kelly drive bushing impart
rotation to the drill string while allowing it to be moved up or
down.
As an alternative to the kelly and rotary table, most modern rigs employ a Top Drive system for rotating the drill string. A powerful electric or hydraulic motor is suspended from the traveling block.
Circulating SystemDuring drilling, fluid is continuously pumped down the drill string, through the bit, and up the annular space between the hole and the drill string. Its main purpose is to bring up the cuttings, cool the bit, maintain hole stability, and prevent formation fluids from entering the wellbore.
Circulating System & Solids Control
Types of Drilling Fluids
Non-dispersedDispersed
Calcium treatedSaltwater based
Low solidsPolymer
Water-based PneumaticOil-based
Diesel basedMineral Oil based
Synthetic:EstersEthersOlefins
Dry air/gasMistFoam
Aerated mud
Selection of the type of drilling fluid systems for a well is based on:PERFORMANCE, ECONOMICS, and ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONSMore than one system may be used in the same well.
Diesel Electric
Power SystemMost modern rigs are electric. Generally, large diesel engines are the primary source of power. Electric power generated by the engines is first converted from AC to DC in the SCR unit. DC motors supply power to the drawworks, rotary, and pumps. AC power is still used for auxiliary equipment.
Drill String & BitHole is made by turning a bit connected to the bottom of the drill string and applying weight at the same time.
The bit is turned either entirely by drill pipe rotation from surface or with the help of a downhole motor which rotates when drilling fluid is pumped through it.
Drill pipe
Drill collars
Measurementtools
Downholemotor
BottomHole
Assembly
Bit
Bit Types
Roller Cone
Fixed Cutter
Steel tooth
DiamondNatural & Synthetic
DiamondPDC
Tungsten Carbide Insert
Well ControlPrimary control of wellbore pressures is maintained by ensuring that the hydrostatic pressure of the drilling fluid in the well is always slightly higher than the highest formation pressure exposed to the open wellbore. Primary control is lost if a kick is taken due to imbalance of pressures.
RIG TYPES
Inland Barge
Semisubmersible
Land
Jackup
Drillship
Types ofDrilling Rigs
Land RigPlatform
Jack-upSemi-Submersible
Drill ShipT.L.P.
Offshore Drilling Rigs SUBMERSIBLE (35 – 50 world wide)
INLAND BARGES (POSTED) - Very Shallow Water (up to 20 –22ft) SUBMERSIBLE RIG / BARGE - Shallow Water (up to 70 – 100ft)
PLATFORM Intermediate Water (Petronius US GOM=
1800ft+)
JACK-UP Shallow to Intermediate Water(+/-400 worldwide) (20 – 400ft, very few 300ft)
SEMI-SUBMERSIBLE Intermediate – Deep Water(+/– 180 world wide) (300 – 7500+ft)
DRILL SHIP Intermediate – Deep Water(+/- 50 world wide) (200 – 10,000ft)
SHALLOW-WATER BARGE RIG
PLATFORM RIG
JACK-UP RIG
Derrick cantileveredover stern of hull.
Well conductor
SEMI-SUBMERSIBLE RIG
“Ocean America” (on tow)
Year Rated Water Deck Mud BOPBuilt Depth (ft) Load (tons) Capacity (bbls) (Mpsi)
5th 97+ 5000-10000 6000+ 6000+ 15
4th 86+ 2000-5000 4000-5000 4000+ 15
3rd 81-85 1200-2500 2500-3500 2000-3000 15
2nd 73-80 600-1500 1500-2500 1500-2500 10
1st pre-73 600 <1500 <2000 10
Semi-Submersible Generations
Transocean “Discoverer 534” and “Discoverer Enterprise”
Transocean’s “Deepwater Discovery”
(+800ft long)
DRILLSHIPS
1. COST
Approximate Rig Rates (September ‘02)
Jack-Up (GoM) $30 K /day
2nd / 3rd Generation Semi (<2,000 ft) $40 – 70 K / day
Enhanced 3rd Generation Semi (4,500ft WD) $100-130 K / day
DP Semi’s & Drill Ships $150-180 K / day
DP Dual Activity Drill Ships $200 K / day
WELL CONSTRUCTION & EVALUATION
Well Construction and Well Types
By Objective
• Exploration•P&A or keeper
• Delineation•Size of
reservoir• Appraisal
•Reservoir characteristics
• Development•Reservoir
drainage• Injection
•Pressure maintenance
0 ft Rig Datum - RKB
Mud Wt (ppg)
Dep
th (f
eet)
PP FG
Mud Wt (ppg)
Dep
th (f
eet)
PP FG
Primary Cementing Process
3 Displacing Cement 4 Job completed2 Pumping Cement
BottomPlug
TopPlug
CementHead
1 Hole conditioning
FloatShoe
FloatCollar
AnnulusOutlet
Full-bore plug cementing Full-bore plug cementing The Conventional jobThe Conventional job
Directional Drilling - Why?• On Land:
– Surface constraint due to land owner, natural event, etc.
– Relief well in blowout situation
– Horizontal
• Offshore:– Save Cost on Platform– Relief well in blowout situation– Horizontal– Extended Reach– Multi-Lateral
Angle Build with Motors
• Bent Sub w/ Straight Motor
• Single Bend Steerable
• Double Bend Steerable
MWD vs Near Bit Sensor
Evaluation MethodsMud
Logging and LWD/MWD
Electric logging
Coring
Drill Stem Testing (DST)
• Shale– High Gamma Ray– +/- 1 ohmm
Resistivity– Density Porosity <
Neutron Porosity• Sand
– Low Gamma Ray– High Resistivity– Density Porosity =
Neutron Porosity
Evaluation MethodsElectric logs showingoil-bearing sand
Basic CompletionEquipment Terminology
Tubing hanger
Tubing spool
Surface ControlledSubsurface SafetyValve (SCSSV)
Gas lift valves
Production casing
Production packer
No Go NippleRe-entry guide
Blast jointSeal bore extension
Seal assembly
Production tubing
Flow coupling
Landing Nipple
Circulating sleeve
Completion Types
1. Open-Hole Completions
2. Cased-Hole Completion Types
• single zone completion• single tubing w/ multiple
selectives• dual tubing strings• dual tubing strings w/
sand control
3. Monobore Completions
4. Sand Control• gravel packs• frac packs
4. Horizontal Wells• open hole, slotted liner, cased
5. Multi-Laterals• TAML Levels
6. Intelligent Well Systems
7. Artificial Lift Systems• beam (rod) pump• gas lift• electric submersible pumps
(ESP)• progressive cavity pumps
(PCP)• jet pump• plunger lift
Hydraulic Fracturing
Damaged Area
Damaged Area
Borehole
Gravel Pack
Horizontal Wells
A “horizontal well” or high angle well describes a well drilled at an angle greater than 70º relative to vertical.• Can connect natural fractures in carbonates.• Prevent water/gas coning by reducing pressure draw
down.• Improves sweep efficiency through infill drilling,
horizontal injection for waterflood or EOR.• Can enhance property value by increasing recovery in
tight gas reservoirs or thin sands or low permeability reservoirs.
• Location constraints limiting numerous wells.
Horizontal Open-Hole Gravel Pack
PackerSand
Control Screen
Sized gravel
Casing Shoe
Unconsolidated Sandstone Reservoir
Underlying Water
Horizontal Well Cased-Hole
Reservoir Characteristics that favor this completion• Vertical permeability
greater than 50% horizontal permeability
• No inter-bed barriers or sealing laminations
• Some sand production or plan to gravel pack
• Confined surface and reservoir access
• Fracture treatments
Drivers of Multilateral Technology
• Cost reduction• Slot conservation• Increased reserves• Accelerated reserves• Delineation of the reservoir
Intelligent Well Systems (IWS)
An Intelligent Well System is defined by ChevronTexacoto include at least one downhole flow control valve, onedownhole sensor, and two distinct intervals.
Provides real-time reservoir management:• Downhole data sensing, acquisition, and transmission
of temperature, pressure, density, flow, etc.
• Remote control of flow and well operations
Beam Pump (sucker-rod pump)
Mechanics• Utilizes a reciprocating rod to
move a downhole pump.• Downhole pump consists of
“traveling” and “standing” valves, which utilize check valves to trap and mechanically lift a column of fluid.
Characteristics• Comprised ± 80% of all artificial
lift.• Predominantly land use.• Handles gas and solids fairly well.• Best for low-volume producers (5
to 5,000 BFPD)
Gas LiftMechanics• Best mimics “natural” flow. Utilizes
pressurized gas injection downhole to lighten the hydrostatic “head” of a column of fluid, allowing reservoir pressure to lift the fluid column to surface.
• Uses downhole valves to regulate the amount and depth of gas injection
• Continuous or intermittent lift.
Characteristics• Used wherever a gas source is
available.• Second most common lift system (Most
common offshore lift system).• Good handling of solids.• Wide range of production rates
Electric Submersible Pump (ESP)
Mechanics• Utilizes a downhole electric motor to
drive a downhole centrifugal pump.• Uses surface electrical transformers
and variable frequency speed drives to deliver consistent power.
Characteristics• Requires electrical power supply.• Highest lift efficiency of all lift
systems. Becoming more common as an offshore lift system.
• Poor handling of solids and fair handling of gas.
• Wide range of production rates (200 to 30,000 BFPD)
• Lifespans anywhere from 1 to 7 years depending on environment and horsepower/power quality.
Potential Environmental Emissions
Ozone Depleting Halocarbons
Flaring
Waste to Shore
Muds & Cuttings Produced Water
Power Generation Emissions
Mark Webster
Environmental Team LeaderGoM Deepwater Production BU
Aspects and Impacts
Aspects Impacts
> Discharge of muds & cuttings
> Air emissions from diesel engines
> Disposal of wastes on shore
> Decline in quality of GoM waters
> Degradation of air quality
> Adding to landfills; potential groundwater contamination
A 24,000’ Well Generates A 24,000’ Well Generates 3430.27bbls of Waste3430.27bbls of Waste
Conductor Hole Conductor Casing26 “ in 2 days 20” @ 700’459.68 bbls
Surface Hole Surface Casing17.5 “ in 15 days 13 3/8 @ 2000’595.00 bbls
intermediate Hole Intermediate Casing12 1/4” in 25 days 9 5/8” @ 13000’1603.54 bblsProduction Hole Production Casing8 1/2” in 60 days 7 5/8” at 24000772.05 bblsAssuming gauge hole, does not take into accounta number of factors, such as porosity or washout.
Disposal and Treatment Options
• TREATMENT– S/S– Thermal– Presses/ Washes– Ultrasonic
Technology– Dryers– Separation
techniques
• DISPOSAL?????– Discharge– Injection– Evaporation– Burial– Landfarming– Landspreading
Drilling Waste Concerns• Offshore
– Oil– Toxicity
• Onshore– Salinity– Oil– Heavy Metals
WELL PLANNING:A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY
APPROACH
Geophysical Data
Gravity, seismic, and petrophysical log data are combined to make 3D Earth Models
Anticlinal Trap
rock
Seal
Oil
Water
Types of Petroleum ReservoirsSalt Trap
Salt Dome
Cap Rock?
POROSITYSedimentary rock has pores (small openings)
PERMEABILITYConnected pores allow fluid to flow
PORE PRESSURENormal, abnormal or subnormal pore fluid pressure
ROCK STRESSForce imposed to the rock
BALANCEMud weight must balance pore pressure and rock stress
WELL PLAN BASICS
HIVE – well planning
• HIVE’s in 12 locations• 16 HIVE’s across BP• HIVE’s regularly used for well
planning.• Valhall OOC - 1st BP onshore
operations centre
Decision Space: Temis 3D + EarthVisionAndrew Field with
EarthVision top reservoir surface and Temis 3D Pressure slices at Eocene Limestone horizons
A17 Well planning with targets identified from subsurface reservoir and EarthVision models
Top Reservoir
Rev H: A17
A09 : comparable trajectory to Rev H A17
Comparison of Andrew A09 to Planned Rev H (A17) Trajectory
VIEW NORTH
Wellpath Rev H
Top Reservoir
Andrew Platform
VIEW SOUTH
23”
16”
12 1/4”
Hole Sections Rev H (A17) Trajectory
Grouped drilling NPT
Grouped drilling NPT
23/32”
Grouped drilling NPT
VIEW NORTH
Base Miocene Sand
Lower Eocene
Grouped drilling NPT associated
with Base Miocene and
Lower Eocene Limestone
Rev H: A17
Andrew Field No Drilling Surprises (NDS) Project:Wells with Geological Surfaces and Drilling NPT
A09 : comparable trajectory to Rev H A17
VIEW NORTH
Base Miocene Sand
Lower Eocene
12 1/4”
A09
NDS Lower 12 ¼”section :
Hole Cleaning, Tight Hole, Stuck Pipe, Gas in Limestones, Mudstones washing out.
Andrew NDS : Lower 12 ¼” Section
Drilling Cost Estimation
• Deterministic - Single figure
• Probabilistic - Considers risk and uncertainty using probabilities (objective, empirical, subjective) - Decision Trees, Monte Carlo - Cost estimates are given with associated probabilities, usually P10, P50 and P90
Both methods require base case estimation by hole intervalsPlot of Cost vs. Days – for tracking actual vs. estimated costCost per Foot of offset wells for benchmarking and cost estimating
C o u n t r y : P r o j e c t :
D e l i v e r a b l e : C V P S t a g e :
C o s t E s t i m a t e :
B e s t i n C l a s s P e r f o r m a n c e :
#S a n c t i o n A m o u n t : S a n c t i o n % i l e :
P r o m i s e ( P 1 0 - P 9 0 ) :
B e s t i n C l a s s P e r f o r m a n c e :
R i g r a t e 0 . 6 1P r o j e c t S c o p e A s s u m p t i o n s : D r i l l i n g l e a r n i n g r a t e - 0 . 5 9
o S t u c k p i p e f r e q u e n c y 0 . 5 3o L o s t c i r c u l a t i o n f r e q . 0 . 4 9o W a i t i n g o n w e a t h e r 0 . 4 1
1 2 - 1 / 4 " h o l e R O P - 0 . 2 9K e y R i s k A s s u m p t i o n s : 8 - 1 / 2 " h o l e R O P - 0 . 2 1
o A v g . s t u c k p i p e d u r a t i o n 0 . 1 8o 1 7 - 1 / 2 " R O P - 0 . 1 5o C o m p l e t i o n l e a r n i n g r a t e - 0 . 1 3o
M M ( ± )
m i l l i o nM e a n C o s t : $ 3 8 1
P r o j e c t D e t a i l s
I n p u t D a t a
M u l t i - w e l l e s t i m a t e w i t h l e a r n i n g . I n i t i a l p e r f o r m a n c e b a s e d o n f o u r p r e v i o u s E & A w e l l s . P l a t e a u p e r f o r m a n c e b a s e d o n m u l t i p l e o f T e c h n i c a l L i m i t .
O r s i n o P h a s e 2 D e v e l o p m e n t
D e f i n e1 2 o i l p r o d u c e r s + 2 w a t e r i n j e c t o r s
A v e r a g e o f t o p 1 0 % o f a l l I l l y r i a p l a t f o r m w e l l s , 1 9 9 7 - 2 0 0 0 , 2 0 0 1 R u s h m o r e d a t a .
T i m e & C o s t S u m m a r y
2 5 %$ 4 7 6$ 2 9 0
P 5 0m i l l i o n$ 3 7 9
M M -
W e l l s t e a m i n p l a c e 3 m t h s b e f o r e s p u dM a j o r N P T r i s k s a r e p o s t - m i t i g a t i o nF i r s t w e l l s p u d d e d i n 2 n d Q t r
d a y s (1 2 6 5 P 2 7
K e y P e r f o r m a n c e I n d i c a t o r s P 5 0 P 9 0
)
4 65 44 8D a y s / 1 0 K
2 23 62 7D a y s / C o m p l e t i o n
R i g r a t e s p e r 2 0 0 1 a c t i v i t y l e v e l s
1 4 w e l l s ( 1 2 p r o d . + 2 i n j . )2 g e o l . S i d e t r a c k s , 1 r e s p u d" E x p l o r e r " c l a s s d r i l l i n g r i g
I l l y r i a
D r i l l i n g U n c e r t a i n t y S t a t e m e n t - S u m m a r y
A s s u m p t i o n s & R i s k s
B e s t i n C l a s sP 1 0
4 4
2 1
- 1 - 0 . 5 0 0 . 5 1
Frequency Chart
Cer t aint y is 79. 74% f r om 1, 200. 83 t o 1, 480. 69 days
. 000
. 006
. 013
. 019
. 026
0
64
128
192
256
1, 000. 00 1, 175. 00 1, 350. 00 1, 525. 00 1, 700. 00
10, 000 Tri al s 30 Outl i ers
Forecast: Total Days
Frequency Chart
Cer t aint y is 80. 09% f r om 290. 00 t o 476. 67 m illion dollar s
. 000
. 008
. 015
. 023
. 030
0
75. 5
151
226. 5
302
150. 00 275. 00 400. 00 525. 00 650. 00
10, 000 Tri al s 10 Outl i ers
Forecast: Total Cost
B i C
PUSHING THE ENVELOPE….
Build:Drilling PerformanceExtending the drilling envelope
0
5,0 00
1 0,0 00
1 5,0 00
2 0,0 00
2 5,0 00
3 0,0 000 5 ,00 0 10 ,0 0 0 15 ,00 0 20 ,0 0 0 25 ,00 0 30 ,0 0 0 35 ,0 0 0 4 0 ,0 0 0
E quiva lent De pa rtu re ( ft )
TV
D B
RT
(ft
)
0
1,0 00
2,0 00
3,0 00
4,0 00
5,0 00
6,0 00
7,0 00
8,0 00
9,0 00
0 1,0 00 2 ,00 0 3,0 00 4 ,0 0 0 5 ,00 0 6,0 00 7 ,00 0 8,0 00 9 ,00 0 10 ,00 0 1 1,0 00 12 ,00 0
E qu iv ale nt D ep arture (m )T
VD
BR
T (m
)
Am be rjac k Am e th ystAm he rs tia And re wAs pen B ruc eCh ir ag C olom biaFoina ve n Go odw ynHa rding Liuhu aM ag nus M a rnoc kM ille r M ilne P o in tNia ku k N orth E ve res tP ed ern ale s P om pa noRe d M a ngo S c hieha llio nS ha h De niz S ta rnm ee rThun der H or se Tyn eUla /Gyda V a lh allW ytc h Fa rm Y ac he ngTiubula r B ells M a d Do g De e p
bp d rillin g envelop e
T ubula r Be lls
M a d Do g De epT hun der H orse
Total Depth
PompanoPompano MarsMars UrsaUrsaEmpireEmpire
State Bldg.State Bldg.DianaDiana
HooverHoover Na KikaNa KikaHornHornMtnMtnHolsteinHolstein AtlantisAtlantis
MadMadDogDog
ThunderThunderHorseHorse
Note: Conceptual illustration only
10,000’
15,000’
20,000’
25,000’
30,000’
1,000’
2,000’
3,000’
4,000’
5,000’
6,000’
7,000’
8,000’
BP Steps Out in GoM Deepwater
ROV Launch
Control cabin, launch arm, tether system, and ROV on rig deck
ROV and tether system being launched
Typical ROV
Thrusters
Buoyancy
DRILL-SUPPORT
ROV SYSTEMS