1.0 Introduction to Drilling
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Drilling Engineering
Kanad Kulkarni
23/09/2014
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Teacher – Kanad Kulkarni
• MSc Geology &Petroleum
Engineering
• PhD in Petroleum Engineering
• Looking to developcompetencie in you that ! "eel
#ill help you throughout your
career
• $oure $o%ordinator i DrMohammed aan
• $ontact '
kanad(kulkarni)port(ac(uk
• *oom ' +,(-,./
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Unit Details
• 24 Lectures throughout the year
• Assessment is slit in t!o arts 30" marks#or la$ !ork/ online test and %0" marks #or
&nal e'am• 2 assignments
– (anuary ) moodle $ased online test*
– +arch ) La$ or#olio moodle $ased su$mission*
• Aril, +ay closed $ook !ritten e'am
• -econd attemt . losed $ook moodle $asede'am
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olicies
• o Late su$mission or missing o# moodle test) unless in#ormed !ith E oce*
• o +ake u e'am
• All la$s are comulsory• Attendance in class !ill $e monitored as er
the UKA 5 Uni6ersity re7uirements
• o entry to lecture a#ter 18 minutes o#starting time
• Any a$sence #rom class/ La$s should $ein#ormed to Eng oce
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012ective Drilling
• !denti"y the ma2or component o" a drilling rig
• E3plain the purpoe o" the drilling mud ytem
• !denti"y common drilling 1it and the "ormation in#hich they are ued
• !denti"y the ma2or component o" a 1lo#%out
prevention ytem
• Lit i3 type o" o""hore drilling rig and tate#here each i ued
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Drilling Engineering
oreholes are made to reco6er oil and gasusing a machine kno!n as a drilling rig :hey can $e mo$ile e7uiment mounted
on trucks; tracks or trailers; or moreermanent land, or marine,$asedstructures )such as oil lat#orms;commonly called * :heterm re#ers to the comle' o#e7uiment thatis used to enetrate thesur#ace o# the Earth>s crust
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Main Drilling *ig E4uipment Sytem
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oitingSytem
5
-
6
$ro#n 7lock
Deadline
Traveling 7lock
Drum
Deadline +nchor
Storage *eel
8at Line
Dra##ork
9
:
5,
;
:
/
<
=
9
>ireline
Pipe elevator
;
55
Drum 7rake
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Top Drive Sytem
Topdrive
*ig "loor Drill pipe
?+@ "rame
Guiderail
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$irculation Sytem
Mud oue
Drill $ollar
7oreholeShalelide
Mud pit
Shale
haker
$hemical tankMud returnline
Dicharge
Mudpump
S#ivel
Kelly
Drill pipe
+nnulu
*eerve
pit
7it
Standpipe
*otary hoe
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Drilling Mud ! $irculated
Do#n >ell >hile Drilling
Purpoe o" drilling mud
• $lean drill cutting "rom hole
• Lu1ricate the drill tring
• $ool 1it• $ontrol "lo# o" ga and "luid "rom the
"ormation Ahydrotatic preureB
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Preparation o" Drilling Mud
• >ater% or oil%1aed "luid
• Thickened #ith polymer to li"t
"ormation cutting "rom #ell
• >eighted #ith clay and other material
to increae denity "or #ell control
• 0ther chemical are added to prevent
"ormation damage
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ydrotatic Preure
o" Mud A8luidB $olumn
• :he !eight o# the ?uid e'erts a #orce)hydrostatic ressure* in the !ell$ore
that controls #ormation ressure
hydrostatic ressure )si*
@ mud !eight )g* ' deth )#t* '0082
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E3ample 5
Pro1lem'
$alculate the hydrotatic preure e3erted 1y a 5,(/
ppg mud at
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0ver1alanced Drilling
• ydrotatic preure e3erted 1y column o"
"luid i greater than "ormation preure
• Prevent oilC ga and.or #ater "rom "lo#ing
into #ell
• $an caue damage to the "ormation due
to drilling mud "iltrate invaion
• uallyC -,, – /,, pi o" e3ce preure
i deired
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7alanced Drilling
• ydrotatic preure e3erted 1y column
o" "luid i appro3imately e4ual to
"ormation preure
• *educe chance o" drilling mud
damage
• !ncreae rik o" "lo# into #ell1ore AkickB
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nder1alanced Drilling
• ydrotatic preure e3erted 1y column o"
"luid i le than "ormation preure
• 8ormation "lo# oilC ga and.or #ater #hiledrilling
• $an 1e a a"ety haFard Acontrolled
1lo#outB #ithout proper control e4uipment
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8ormation 8racture Preure
• Preure at #hich a "ormation #ill crack
or "racture
•ually e3preed a a gradientCpreure a a "unction o" depthC pi."t
• >hile drillingC the hydrotatic preure
hould 1e le than the "racture preure
or igni"icant mud lo can occur into the
"ormation and the #ell could 1lo# out
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The Drill String and 7it
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7aic 7ottomhole Drilling +em1ly
• Drill ie
– ro6ides rotation to $it
• Drill collars
– ro6ide !eight on $it
• Drill $it
– rinds layers o# rock to make hole
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$ommon Type o" Drill 7it
• !nert
• Mill tooth
• Polycrytalline diamond compact
APD$B
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!nert 7it
*adial eal
*oller 1earing
or 1uhing
Thrut "ace
Greae reervoir
*eervoir cap
Diaphragm
$ar1ide tooth
7it leg
Shank
7it in"ormation
AiFeC typeC erial num1erB
$one
Shirttail
Greae reervoir
cap
et noFFle
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Mill Tooth 7it
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Polycrytalline Diamond $ompact
APD$B 7it
unk lot
!nterchangea1le
noFFle
PD$ cutter
7reaker lot
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The 7lo#%0ut Prevention Sytem
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7lo#%0ut Preventer7ell nipple
8lo# line8ill line
+nnular preventer
Pipe ram
Shear.1lind ram
Kill line $hoke
Pipe ram
Emergency kill line Emergency choke
70P rier
Drilling pool
$aing head
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People on the *ig
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Drilling Peronnel
M u d E n g ( $ e m e n t e r M u d L o g g e r 0 t h e r
S e r v i c e $ o (
* o t a r y
& e l p e r
* o u g h
H e c k
D e r r i c k m a n * o u t a 1 o u t
D r i l l e r $ r a n e 0 p ( M o t o r m a n * i g
M e c h a n i c
* i g
E l e c t r i c i a n
T o o l P u h e r
M u d L o g g e r
G e o l o g i t
$ o m p a n yM a n
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Drilling Peronnel A$ont@dB
M u d E n g ( $ e m e n t e r M u d L o g g e r 0 t h e r
S e r v i c e $ o (
* o t a r y
& e l p e r
* o u g h
H e c k
D e r r i c k m a n * o u t a 1 o u t
D r i l l e r $ r a n e 0 p ( M o t o r m a n * i g
M e c h a n i c
* i g
E l e c t r i c i a n
T o o l P u h e r
M u d L o g g e r
G e o l o g i t
$ o m p a n y
M a n
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Type o" Drilling *ig
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0""hore *ig Type
S#amp1arge
acket#ithtender
ack%up Semi%u1 8i3edPlat"orm
Drillhip
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-emisu$mersi$lesLake/-!am arges
Land igs
Drill -hi (ack Us +onohull :enders
Drilling *ig
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Land *ig
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Sedco 702 in TAD-mode offshore New Zealand
Semiu1meri1le
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Semiu1meri1le
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Type o" >ell
• Iertical
• Deviated
• oriFontal
• Slimhole
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Per"oration
$aing
Tu1ing
To production e4uipment
>ellhead
Ga or oil and
Iertical >ell
ydrocar1on
Packer
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S%hape Tangent
oriFontal
Deviated >ell Pro2ectorie
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Do#nhole
+em1ly "or
7uilding ole
+ngle
String ta1iliFer
Kicko"" u1
7ent u1
Lo#%peedC
high%tor4ue motor
pper 1earing
houing #ith ta1iliFer
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ole 0rientation
• Single hot urvey A1aicB – *un every =,, % 6,, "t and at 1it trip to
record hole angle
• Magnetic multi%hot – Tool run 1e"ore 1it trip
– *ecord hole angle #hile pulling out o" hole
• Gyrocope – Electronic urvey o" hole angle and direction
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oriFontal >ell $ompletion
-,,,%6,,, "t
/,,%:6, "t
J
5(6°%/°."t=,%-, "t radii
56,,%/,,, "t
J
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Slim ole Drilling
• Le e3penive 1ecaue'
– Le ite preparation
– Eaier e4uipment mo1iliFation
– *eduction in the amount o" conuma1le Adrill
1itC cementC mudC "uelB
– Le cutting to dipoe o"
– Smaller e4uipment
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Multi%Lateral >ell $ompletion
-tacked Lateral;+ultile Layers
lanar Lateral;-ingle Layer
lanar Bosed Lateral;-ingle Layer
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Guideline "or >ell Type 7aed pon
*eervoir $onideration
• Iertical #ell % thickC permea1le "ormation
• Iertical #ell #ith vertical hydraulic "racture %
thickC lo# permea1ility "ormation
• oriFontal #ell – ThinC permea1le "ormation
– Thin oil column overlaid 1y ga and.or underlaid
1y #ater
– Haturally "ractured reervoir• Multilateral % layered reervoir
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Drilling Pro1lem
• Stuck pipe
• 8ihing
• Lot circulation
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$aue o" Stuck Pipe
Drillpipe P1h P" P1h P"
7orehole
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Heed "or 8ihing
• Drill pipe le"t in hole At#ited o""C 1acked
o""C reult o" cementing operationB• !tem that have 1een dropped into the
hole Arig "loor toolC part o" the drill
tringB• Logging tool
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Lot $irculation7orehole
Mud
8iure in
"ormation
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Solution to Lot $irculation Pro1lem
• +dd plugging material uch a
celluloe chip to circulating mud
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*eading +ignment
Drilling and $ompletion
• SPE.!+D$ /:95/C The Evolution o"
Pro"ita1le Drilling in Prudhoe 7ay' +$ae o" +dapting to Survive
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Summary
>ell Stimulation
• *eaon to timulate
• Stimulation treatment – Matri3 acidiFing
– ydraulic "racturing
• Stimulation candidate• E""ect o" kin "actor on preure
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Summary
Drilling and $ompletion
• *otary drilling rig
• Drilling "luid• Type o" drilling rig
• Deviated #ell
• Drilling pro1lem• $ompletion method
• >ell timulation