Introduction to Chemistry

Chapters 1 & 2

Unit 1

• Laboratory Management:

• Experiments are designed for

students to learn chemistry by

doing chemistry.

• Each experiment provides the

opportunity to interact with matter,

make observations, and interpret

what is seen.

• In the laboratory safety is the

responsibility of the STUDENT

• The ONLY acceptable safety goal is

100%

Rules are essential for keeping

you safe in the laboratory

General guidelines

1. Conduct yourself in a

responsible manner at all

times in the laboratory

2. Follow all written and verbal

instructions carefully. If you do not

understand a direction or part of a

procedure, ASK YOUR TEACHER

BEFORE PROCEEDING WITH THE

ACTIVITY

3. Do not eat food, drink beverages, or

chew gum in the laboratory.

4. Never fool around in the laboratory. Horseplay, practicaljokes, and pranks are dangerous and prohibited.

5. Keep hands away from face, eyes, mouth, and body while using chemicals or lab equipment. Wash your hands with soap and water after performing all experiments.

6. Dispose of all chemical waste

properly. Never mix chemicals in sink

drains. Sinks are to be used only for

water. Check with your teacher for

disposal of chemicals and solutions

7. Know the locations and operating

procedures of all safety equipment

including: first aid kit(s), and fire

extinguisher. Know where the fire alarm

and the exits are located.

CLOTHING

1.Any time chemicals, heat, or glassware are

used, students will wear safety goggles. NO

EXCEPTIONS TO THIS RULE!

2. Dress properly during a laboratory

activity. Long hair, dangling jewelry, and

loose or baggy clothing are a hazard in the

laboratory. Long hair must be tied back, and

dangling jewelry and baggy clothing must be

secured. Shoes must completely cover the

foot. No sandals allowed on lab days.

ACCIDENTS AND

INJURIES

1. If a chemical should splash in your eye(s) or on your skin, immediately flush with running water for at least 20 minutes. Immediately (and loudly) yell out the teacher's name to get the teacher's attention

2. Report any accident (spill, breakage, etc.) or injury (cut, burn, etc.) to the teacher immediately, no matter how trivial it seems. Do not panic

3. Do not taste, or smell any

chemicals

4. Check the label on all chemical

bottles twice before removing

any of the contents. Take only

as much chemical as you need.

Handling Glassware and Equipment

& Heating Substances:

1. Never handle broken glass with your bare hands. Use a brush and dustpan to clean up broken glass. Place broken glass in the designated glass disposal container.

2. Examine glassware before each use. Never use chipped, cracked, or dirty glassware

3. If you do not understand how

to use a piece of equipment,

ASK THE TEACHER FOR HELP!

4. Never look into a container

that is being heated.

5. Do not operate a hot plate by yourself. Take care that hair, clothing, and hands are a safe distance from the hot plate at all times. Use of hot plate is only allowed in the presence of the teacher.

6. Heated glassware remains very hot for a long time. They should be set aside in a designated place to cool, and picked up with caution. Use tongs or heat protective gloves if necessary

a) Fire Extinguisher

b) safety blanket

c) Eye wash

d) safety shower

e) fume hood

Why is it important to

know where to find the

safety equipment in the

lab?

Use of Instrumentation:

Measuring volume:

• Graduated cylinder

• Pipette

• Buret

Measuring Temperature:

• Thermometer

Measuring mass:

• Triple beam balance

Holding glassware or apparatus:

• test tube holder

• tongs

• test tube rack

Heating or mixing substances

• Beaker

• Test tube

• Erlenmeyer flask

• Scientific

Method – one

logical

systematic

approach to

solving

problems

Step to the Scientific

Method

1. Observation – use senses

2. Hypothesis – educated guess or proposal explanation for what is observed

3. Experiment – running tests to see if hypothesis is true

4. Conclusion – report the results of your experiment

• Theory – a broad and extensively tested explanation of why experiments give certain results

• Scientific Law – a concise statement that summarizes the result of many observations and experiments.

• Chemistry→ science that deals

with the identification of the

substances of which matter is

composed; the investigation of

their properties and the ways in

which they interact, combine,

and change; and the use of

these processes to form new

substances

5 Major areas of Chemistry

1. Organic → study of all substances containing carbon

2. Inorganic → study of substances not containing carbon

3. Analytical → study of the composition of substances

4. Physical → concerned with theories & behavior of chemicals

5. Biochemistry → the chemistry of living organisms

Why Study Chemistry?

**What activities do you do during the

day that involves chemical

processes or chemical products?

**What environmental problems involve chemistry?

• Ozone, global warming, pollution

Knowledge of the basics of chemistry and other sciences can help you arrive at informed opinions and take appropriate actions on these questions.

Applied Chemistry

• Scientific

knowledge is

used in ways to

answer

questions.

(Technology)

Pure Chemistry

• Accumulates

knowledge of

chemicals

Chemistry Far & Wide

Uses of Chemistry:

• Materials

--Metals: steel (iron & carbon), brass, bronze

--Plastics (polymers): gigantic molecules with important properties

Uses of Chemistry

• Plastics have a high strength to weight ratio. Example: a piece of plastic that weighs the same, as a piece of steel is 5 to 6 times stronger

--Photographs

--Silicon memory chips

--Optical fibers

Energy

• Fossil Fuels –

coal, oil, natural

gas

- Non renewable

- Pollution

More Energy

• Sun light

-Photosynthesis

Light + 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

- Solar

More Energy

• Batteries

- dry cell, alkaline, lithium - iodine

• Nuclear

-Fusion - sun – combining of subatomic particles

- Fission - nuclear power plants –breaking apart

Medicine & Biochemistry

• Penicillin, aspirin

• Materials for

pace makers,

synthetic blood,

skin

• Cloning →

producing an

exact genetic

copy of its parent

Agriculture

• Fertilizers

• Pesticides

• Genetic altering plants

Environments

• Pollutants

• Clean up of toxic waste

• Smog

• Carbon Dioxide

• Ozone

Astronomy & Space

• Chemical

composition of

moon and other

celestial objects

• Rockets