Introduction to Chemistry

Chapters 1 & 2

Unit 1

• Laboratory Management:

pg 18-19 in textbook

• Experiments are designed for

students to learn chemistry by

doing chemistry.

• Each experiment provides the

opportunity to interact with matter,

make observations, and interpret

what is seen.

• In the laboratory safety is the

responsibility of the STUDENT

• The ONLY acceptable safety goal is

100%

Rules are essential for keeping

you safe in the laboratory

General guidelines

1. Conduct yourself in a

responsible manner at all

times in the laboratory

2. Follow all written and verbal

instructions carefully. If you do not

understand a direction or part of a

procedure, ASK YOUR TEACHER

BEFORE PROCEEDING WITH THE

ACTIVITY

3. Do not eat food, drink beverages, or

chew gum in the laboratory.

4. Never fool around in the

laboratory. Horseplay, practical

jokes, and pranks are dangerous

and prohibited.

5. Keep hands away from face, eyes,

mouth, and body while using

chemicals or lab equipment. Wash

your hands with soap and water

after performing all experiments.

6. Dispose of all chemical waste

properly. Never mix chemicals in sink

drains. Sinks are to be used only for

water. Check with your teacher for

disposal of chemicals and solutions

7. Know the locations and operating

procedures of all safety equipment

including: first aid kit(s), and fire

extinguisher. Know where the fire alarm

and the exits are located.

CLOTHING

1.Any time chemicals, heat, or glassware are

used, students will wear safety goggles. NO

EXCEPTIONS TO THIS RULE!

2. Dress properly during a laboratory

activity. Long hair, dangling jewelry, and

loose or baggy clothing are a hazard in the

laboratory. Long hair must be tied back, and

dangling jewelry and baggy clothing must be

secured. Shoes must completely cover the

foot. No sandals allowed on lab days.

ACCIDENTS AND

INJURIES

1. If a chemical should splash in your

eye(s) or on your skin, immediately

flush with running water for at least 20

minutes. Immediately (and loudly) yell

out the teacher's name to get the

teacher's attention

2. Report any accident (spill, breakage,

etc.) or injury (cut, burn, etc.) to the

teacher immediately, no matter how

trivial it seems. Do not panic

3. Do not taste, or smell any

chemicals

4. Check the label on all chemical

bottles twice before removing

any of the contents. Take only

as much chemical as you need.

Handling Glassware and Equipment

& Heating Substances:

1. Never handle broken glass with

your bare hands. Use a brush and

dustpan to clean up broken

glass. Place broken glass in the

designated glass disposal

container.

2. Examine glassware before each

use. Never use chipped, cracked,

or dirty glassware

3. If you do not understand how

to use a piece of equipment,

ASK THE TEACHER FOR HELP!

4. Never look into a container

that is being heated.

5. Do not operate a hot plate by

yourself. Take care that hair, clothing,

and hands are a safe distance from the

hot plate at all times. Use of hot plate is

only allowed in the presence of the

teacher.

6. Heated glassware remains very hot for a

long time. They should be set aside in a

designated place to cool, and picked up

with caution. Use tongs or heat

protective gloves if necessary

a) Fire Extinguisher

b) safety blanket

c) Eye wash

d) safety shower

e) fume hood

Why is it important to

know where to find the

safety equipment in the

lab?

Use of Instrumentation:

Measuring volume:

• Graduated cylinder

• Pipette

• Buret

Measuring Temperature:

• Thermometer

Measuring mass:

• -Triple beam balance

Holding glassware or apparatus:

• test tube holder

• tongs

• test tube rack

Heating or mixing substances

• Beaker

• Test tube

• Erlenmeyer flask

• Scientific

Method – one

logical

systematic

approach to

solving

problems

Step to the Scientific

Method

1. Observation – use senses

2. Hypothesis – educated guess

or proposal explanation for

what is observed

3. Experiment – running tests to

see if hypothesis is true

4. Conclusion – report the results

of your experiment

• Theory – a broad and

extensively tested explanation

of why experiments give certain

results

• Scientific Law – a concise

statement that summaries the

result of many observations and

experiments.

• Chemistry→ study of the

composition of matter

- The stuff things are made of

- The changes that matter undergoes

5 Major areas of Chemistry

1. Organic → study of all substances

containing carbon

2. Inorganic → study of substances not

containing carbon

3. Analytical → study of the composition of

substances

4. Physical → concerned with theories &

behavior of chemicals

5. Biochemistry → the chemistry of living

organisms

Why Study Chemistry?

• Everything in the world involves

chemistry in one way or the other

• You are made from chemicals & you

use chemicals

**What activities do you do during the

day that involves chemical

processes or chemical products?

**What environmental problems

involve chemistry?

• Ozone, global warming, pollution

Knowledge of the basics of chemistry

and other sciences can help you

arrive at informed opinions and take

appropriate actions on these

questions.

Applied Chemistry

• Scientific

knowledge is

used in ways to

answer

questions.

(Technology)

Pure Chemistry

• Accumulates

knowledge of

chemicals

Chemistry Far & Wide

Uses of Chemistry:

1. Materials

a. Metals: steel (iron &

carbon), brass, bronze

b. Plastics (polymers):

gigantic molecules with

important properties

Uses of Chemistry

• Plastics have a high strength

to weight ratio. Example: a

piece of plastic that weighs

the same, as a piece of steel is

5 to 6 times stronger

3. Photographs

4. Silicon memory chips

5. Optical fibers

Energy

• Fossil Fuels –

coal, oil, natural

gas

- Non renewable

- Pollution

More Energy

• Sun light

-Photosynthesis

Light + 6CO2 + 6H

2O → C

6H

12O

6 + 6O

2

- Solar

More Energy

• Batteries

- dry cell, alkaline, lithium - iodine

• Nuclear

-Fusion - sun – combining of

subatomic particles

- Fission - nuclear power plants –

breaking apart

Medicine & Biochemistry

• Penicillin, aspirin

• Materials for

pace makers,

synthetic blood,

skin

• Cloning →

producing an

exact genetic

copy of its parent

Agriculture

• Fertilizers

• Pesticides

• Genetic altering plants

Environments

• Pollutants

• Clean up of toxic waste

• Smog

• Carbon Dioxide

• Ozone

Astronomy & Space

• Chemical

composition of

moon and other

celestial objects

• Rockets