IntroductionComputer Organization and Architecture: Lesson 1

ORGANIZATION VS. ARCHITECTURE

Computer Organization Computer Architecture

Physical aspects of a computer system

Study on how various circuits and components fit together to create a working computer

Logical Aspects of a computer system

Focuses on the structure and behavior of a computer system

MAIN COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

Processor •Interpret and execute programs

Memory •Store both data and programs

I/O Mechanism •Transfer data to and from outside world

Principle of Equivalence of Hardware and Software:Anything that can be done with software can also be done with hardware, and anything that can be done with hardware can also be done with software.

Example Computer System

Pentium III 667 MHz133 MHz 64MB SDRAM32KB L1 cache, 256 KB L2 cache30GB EIDE hard drive (7200 RPM)48x max variable CD-ROM2 USB ports, 1 serial port, 1 parallel port19 “ monitor, 24mm AG, 1280x1024 at 85 GHzIntel 3D AGP Graphics Card56K PCI Voice Modem64-bit PCI soundcard

A Look Inside the Computer:

STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS

Computer Manufacturers have agreed to comply with connectivity and operational specifications established by a number of government and industry organizations.

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)

International Telecommunications Union (ITU)

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

International Organization on Standardization (ISO)

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Generation Zero:

Mechanical Calculating Machines

Generation One:

Vacuum Tube

Computers

Generation Two:

Transistorized

Computes

Generation Three:

Integrated Circuit

Computers

Generation Four:VLSI

Computers

MOORE’S LAW

“The density of transistors in an integrated

circuit will double every

year.”

-Gordon Moore

THE COMPUTER LEVEL HIERARCHY

User

System Software

Machine

Control

Digital

Logic

THE VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE

THE MODIFIED VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE