Instructor Terry Wiseth

Survey A&PSurvey A&PREPRODUCTION

Part 1

Male System

Testespaired oval bodiesabout 1.5 in long

Tunica Vaginalis

Outer coveringvisceral peritoneum

Tunica Albuginea

Inner coveringwhite fibrous

connective tissue

Tunica Albuginea

Testes Layers

Tunica Vaginalis

Tunica Albuginea

Testes Layers

Testes Layers

TemperatureNormal body

temperature is too hot thus is lethal to spermso the testes are

outside of the abdominal cavity

where the temperature is about 2° C (3.6° F) lower

Temperaturea woman’s body

temperature is lowest around the time of ovulationto help insure sperm

live longer to reach the egg

If a man takes too many long, very hot bathssperm count can be

reduced

Scrotal Sac

Divided into lobulescontaining coiled

seminiferous tubulesempty into a central

network of tubules called the rete testis

Seminiferous TubulesTubules where sperm cells are formedCombined length in both testes is nearly

½ mile

Seminiferous Tubules

Made up of:1) Basement membrane2) Sertoli cells3) Spermatogonia

SpermatocytesSpermatidsSperm cells

Seminiferous Tubules

Seminiferous TubulesSpermatogonia

Sertoli Cells

Basement Membrane

Cellular Components

Interstitial Cells (Leydig Cells)Sertoli Cells

Cellular Components

Leydig Cells

Sertoli Cells

Interstitial Cells

Leydig Cellslie between Seminiferous Tubules Secrete testosterone

Leydig Cells

Leydig CellsSeminiferous Tubules

Leydig Cells

Leydig Cells

Leydig CellsLeydig Cells

Sertoli Cells

in lower epithelial layers within seminiferous tubules

Form blood-testes barriercells joined by tight junctions

Sertoli Cells

Sertoli cells are present before puberty and remains in place until death

Sertoli cells are a permanent populationdo not normally divide and proliferateunlike the various stages of the

developing sperm around them

Sertoli Cells

Sertoli Cells

Sertoli Cells

Supply nutrients to spermatids

Sertoli Cells

Sertoli Cells

Sertoli Cells

Sertoli Cells

Sertoli Cells

Sertoli Cells

Spermatogenesis

production of spermrequires 9 weeks

Spermatogonia

2N stem cells form basal layer of the seminiferous tubule

Mitotically divide to form primary spermatocytes

Primary Spermatocytes

1N cells Undergo meiosis I

(reduction division) to form two haploid secondary spermatocytes

Primary Spermatocytes

Secondary Spermatocytes

1N cells Complete meiosis II to form

four haploid spermatids connected by cytoplasmic bridges

Secondary Spermatocytes

Spermatids

1N Undergo structural change

(spermiogenesis) to form spermatozoa

Spermatids

Spermatids

Spermatids

Spermatids

Spermatids

Spermatids

Spermatids

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Sperm1N Head contains nucleus and

acrosomal cap containing enzymes

Midpiece contains two centrioles + microtubules, mitochondrial spiral

Tail contains flagellum surrounded by fibrous sheath

Sperm

Sperm Differentiation

Sperm Cells

Sperm Cells

Sperm cell invading Egg cell membrane

Epididymis

long coiled tubeabout 18-20 ft longComposed of head,

body and tail Receives sperm

from the rete testis

Epididymis

Epididymis Functions

Sperm storage and maturation (12-20 days)

Recycles damaged sperm

Epididymis Functions

Prevents premature capacitation

Surrounded by smooth muscle which contracts during ejaculation

Ductus Deferens

“vas deferens”tube continuous

with the epididymisCarries sperm to

the seminal vesicle from the testes

Ductus Deferens

Vasectomy

involves making a small slit in each scrotum

cutting the vas deferensnear where they begin

tying off the cut ends toprevent sperm fromleaving the scrotum

not designed to be areversible operation

Vasectomy

Vasectomy

VasectomyClick mouse to see next

image

Vasectomy Reversal

Performed as an outpatient surgery the procedure has shown to be 95 % successful

Vasectomy ???

One day, after a man had his annual physical, the doctor came out and said,

"You had a great checkup, Is there anything that you'd like to ask me?"

"Well," he said, "I was thinking about getting a vasectomy"

"That's a pretty big decision. Have you talked it over with your family?"

"Yeah, and they're in favor 15 to 2"

Click Mouse to see next line

Seminal Vesicles

pouch-like glands that empty into the ductus deferens at the ejaculatory duct

Secrete viscous alkaline fluid that constitutes about 60% of semen called seminal fluidseminal fluid

Seminal Vesicle

Seminal Vesicle

Seminal Fluid

Seminal vesicles produce 60 % of the seminal fluid (Semen)

Seminal Fluid

Contains substances which provide Contains substances which provide energy for the fluid and substances energy for the fluid and substances which protect the sperm from the acidic which protect the sperm from the acidic environment of the vaginaenvironment of the vagina

Ejaculatory Duct

short duct extends from the ductus deferens to urethra

Ejaculatory Duct

Prostate Gland

large gland surrounds prostatic urethra and ejaculatory ducts

Secretes thin white slightly acidic fluidSecretes about 30 % of the semen

Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer often leads to removal of the prostate

Normal Prostate Prostate Cancer

Prostate Cancer

Digital Rectal Exam

As unpleasant as it may be or seem, this is a man's first line of defense

The doctorchecks forpalpable(found by touch)abnormalities inthe prostate,through the thinwall of the rectum

Prostate Fluid

Prostate secretions are also used to energize and protect the sperm

Bulbourethral Glands

Cowper's glandpea-sizeposterior and lateral to membranous

urethra

Bulbourethral Fluid

bulbourethral fluid is secreted just before emission of the semen

Bulbourethral Gland

SemenSeminal vesicles produce 60 % of the semenProstate gland produces 30 % of the semenBulbourethral gland (Cowper’s gland)

produces 5 % of the semenTestes produce 5 % of the semen (Sperm)

Urethra

conducts urine or sperm away from the body

Urethra leads the length of the penis

Urethra

conducts urine or sperm away from the body

Urethra leads the length of the penis

Arousal

Arteries become filled with blood from the arteries that supply them and the pressure seals off the veins that drain these areas causing an erection

Viagra

Approved in March of 1998increases the body’s ability to achieve and

maintain an erection during sexual stimulation

Glans Penis

The head of the penisvery sensitive to stimulationcovered by the foreskinforeskin or prepuceprepuce

Circumcision

Removal of prepuceMedically, circumcision is not a

necessityrather a cultural “tradition”

Testosterone

Hormone produced by the Testes

Affects brain development

Sexual behaviorSexual drive

Puberty

At puberty the pituitary gland secretes larger amounts of hormoneswhich stimulates the seminiferous tubule to

develop and sperm production to occur

Testosterone

Testosterone Production in Men

Testosterone

promotes skeletal and muscular growthresponsible for secondary sexual

characteristicshair, voice, muscle

essential for spermproduction

Female Reproductive System

Female System

OvariesAbout 2 inches

long

Ovaries

Medullacentral portion containing loose connective

tissue, vessels and nerves

Ovaries

Cortexdense connective tissue and ovarian

follicles

Ovaries Tunica albuginea

white fibrous connective tissue layer outer surface layer of simple cuboidal

epithelium

Ovarian CancerOvarian cancer is

more common in women who have not had children and who smoke

There is strong evidence that women who regularly take the contraceptive pill will have a reduced risk

Ovarian Cysts

Noncancerous growths on the ovariesMost go away by themselves or may need to

be removed by surgery

Ovarian CystsMost go away by themselves or may need to

be removed by surgery

Ovarian CystsBirth control pills can prevent some ovarian

cysts

OviductsAlso called Fallopian tubesFallopian tubes and Uterine tubesUterine tubesabout 4 inches long Extends from ovary to uterus

InfundibulumFimbriated mouth (Funnel Shaped)near but not in direct contact with ovaryproduces local currents that sweep the

ovulated oocyte into the uterine tube

Oviduct

Oviduct Mucosa

inner layer of ciliated columnar epithelium and secretory cells with microvilli

Oviduct Mucosa

Oviduct Mucosa

Oviduct Mucosa

Oviduct Muscularis

3 layers of smooth muscleproduces peristaltic action that carries ova

Oviduct Muscularis

Oviduct Cilia

Uterus

Thick, muscular wallsThe lining of the uterus is called the

endometrium

Uterus

has a rich capillary supply to bring food to any embryo that might implant there

Uterus and Ovaries

Uterine FibroidsUterine fibroids (leiomyomas) are common

noncancerous (benign) tumors of the uterusThey grow from the muscular wall of the

uterus and are made up of muscle and fibrous tissue

Uterine FibroidsMay cause heavy bleeding and painMay require treatment, but not always a

hysterectomyAn accurate diagnosis can be achieved

through the use of trans-vaginal ultrasound, MRI, and endometrial biopsy

Uterine Fibroids

Fibroid Removal

Uterine Cancer

Normal Tissue Cancer Invasion

Pelvic ExamTechnique to check for abnormal uterine

growths

Hysterectomy

A hysterectomy is the removal of the uterusSurgery is performed through the abdomen or

through the vagina

Hysterectomy

Removal of the uterus

Hysterectomy

Hysterectomy

Laparoscopic view of uterine body being removed while cervix is left intact

Hysterectomy

Hysterectomy

EndometriosisEndometriosis is when endometrial glands

and stroma are found outside the uterusUp to 10% of women may have this condition

EndometriosisSometimes the old dark brown blood collects

over time from repeated hemorrhage in a cystic space in the ovary and produces a so-called "chocolate cyst"

Endometriosissmall areas of endometriosis have a reddish-

brown to bluish appearance

CervixThe bottom end of the uterus

Cervix

The cervix secretes mucus, the consistency of which varies with the stages in the menstrual cycle

Cervix

Cervix

Vagina Cervix

Uterus

Myometrium thick muscular wall containing 3 layers of

smooth muscle

Myometrium

Contains arteries with radial branches to endometrium

Myometrium

Myometrium

Endometrium inner glandular epithelium and underlying

connective tissue

Endometrium

Endometrium

Part of the endometrium is a temporary layer lost each month

supplied by arterioles branching from the radial arteries

Stratum basalis

Stratum functionalis

Endometrium

Pap SmearA simple, relatively inexpensive procedure

that can easily detect cancerous or precancerous conditions

A PapanicolaouPapanicolaou (Pap) Smear is named after an American physician of Greek origin who developed the technique. Pap smears have a reliability of 90% for detecting cervical cancer

Pap SmearDuring a Pap smear, cells from the outside

and the canal of the cervix are retrieved by gently scraping the outside of the cervix

Pap Smear

Procedure involves:collecting cells from the cervix and the

vagina preparing the cell sample for evaluation

under a microscope examining the cell

sample forinfections, abnormalcells that may growinto a canceroustumor, and cancer

Pap SmearThe features of normal squamous epithelial cells

can be seen at the center, with pale blue plate-like squamous cells that have small nuclei

Pap SmearThe dysplastic cells in the center extending to

upper right are smaller overall with darker, more irregular nuclei

Dysplastic Cells can

lead to Carcinoma

Pap Smear

The Pap smear cannot prove that a woman doesn't have cervical cancer, but it can detect 95 % of all cervical cancers and precancerous abnormalities

Pap Smear

Cancerous Epithelial Cells

(Small, irregular, cuboidal) (Large undefined nuclei)

Normal Epithelial Cell(Flat, small, defined, smooth

nucleus)

Cancerous Epithelial Cells

(Rare mitotic division)

Cervical Cancer

Cervical squamous cell carcinoma that is still limited to the cervix (stage I)

The tumor is a fungating red to tan to yellow mass

Cervical Cancer

Perimetrium Outer wall of uterus

Perimetrium

Vagina

thin-walled fibromuscular tube leading from the cervix to the external genitalia serves as a repository for spermserves as the birth canal

VaginaAcidic environment

that reduces microbial growthneutralized by

alkaline semen

Vaginathe openings of the vagina and urethra are

susceptible to bacterial infectionsif fecal bacteria are wiped towards them

Vagina

Vagina

Clitoris

This is the most sensitive point for female sexual stimulation

Some cultures do a procedure, similar to circumcisiona puberty ritual in teenage

girls in which the prepuce is cut

exposing the extremely-sensitive clitoris

Clitoris

Hymen

a membrane that partially covers the opening of the vagina

This is torn by the woman’s first sexual intercourseor other causes like

injury or vigorous physical activity

Hymen

EndReproduction

Part 1