Instructor Terry Wiseth Survey A&P REPRODUCTION Part 1.
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Transcript of Instructor Terry Wiseth Survey A&P REPRODUCTION Part 1.
Instructor Terry Wiseth
Survey A&PSurvey A&PREPRODUCTION
Part 1
Male System
Testespaired oval bodiesabout 1.5 in long
Tunica Vaginalis
Outer coveringvisceral peritoneum
Tunica Albuginea
Inner coveringwhite fibrous
connective tissue
Tunica Albuginea
Testes Layers
Tunica Vaginalis
Tunica Albuginea
Testes Layers
Testes Layers
TemperatureNormal body
temperature is too hot thus is lethal to spermso the testes are
outside of the abdominal cavity
where the temperature is about 2° C (3.6° F) lower
Temperaturea woman’s body
temperature is lowest around the time of ovulationto help insure sperm
live longer to reach the egg
If a man takes too many long, very hot bathssperm count can be
reduced
Scrotal Sac
Divided into lobulescontaining coiled
seminiferous tubulesempty into a central
network of tubules called the rete testis
Seminiferous TubulesTubules where sperm cells are formedCombined length in both testes is nearly
½ mile
Seminiferous Tubules
Made up of:1) Basement membrane2) Sertoli cells3) Spermatogonia
SpermatocytesSpermatidsSperm cells
Seminiferous Tubules
Seminiferous TubulesSpermatogonia
Sertoli Cells
Basement Membrane
Cellular Components
Interstitial Cells (Leydig Cells)Sertoli Cells
Cellular Components
Leydig Cells
Sertoli Cells
Interstitial Cells
Leydig Cellslie between Seminiferous Tubules Secrete testosterone
Leydig Cells
Leydig CellsSeminiferous Tubules
Leydig Cells
Leydig Cells
Leydig CellsLeydig Cells
Sertoli Cells
in lower epithelial layers within seminiferous tubules
Form blood-testes barriercells joined by tight junctions
Sertoli Cells
Sertoli cells are present before puberty and remains in place until death
Sertoli cells are a permanent populationdo not normally divide and proliferateunlike the various stages of the
developing sperm around them
Sertoli Cells
Sertoli Cells
Sertoli Cells
Supply nutrients to spermatids
Sertoli Cells
Sertoli Cells
Sertoli Cells
Sertoli Cells
Sertoli Cells
Sertoli Cells
Spermatogenesis
production of spermrequires 9 weeks
Spermatogonia
2N stem cells form basal layer of the seminiferous tubule
Mitotically divide to form primary spermatocytes
Primary Spermatocytes
1N cells Undergo meiosis I
(reduction division) to form two haploid secondary spermatocytes
Primary Spermatocytes
Secondary Spermatocytes
1N cells Complete meiosis II to form
four haploid spermatids connected by cytoplasmic bridges
Secondary Spermatocytes
Spermatids
1N Undergo structural change
(spermiogenesis) to form spermatozoa
Spermatids
Spermatids
Spermatids
Spermatids
Spermatids
Spermatids
Spermatids
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Sperm1N Head contains nucleus and
acrosomal cap containing enzymes
Midpiece contains two centrioles + microtubules, mitochondrial spiral
Tail contains flagellum surrounded by fibrous sheath
Sperm
Sperm Differentiation
Sperm Cells
Sperm Cells
Sperm cell invading Egg cell membrane
Epididymis
long coiled tubeabout 18-20 ft longComposed of head,
body and tail Receives sperm
from the rete testis
Epididymis
Epididymis Functions
Sperm storage and maturation (12-20 days)
Recycles damaged sperm
Epididymis Functions
Prevents premature capacitation
Surrounded by smooth muscle which contracts during ejaculation
Ductus Deferens
“vas deferens”tube continuous
with the epididymisCarries sperm to
the seminal vesicle from the testes
Ductus Deferens
Vasectomy
involves making a small slit in each scrotum
cutting the vas deferensnear where they begin
tying off the cut ends toprevent sperm fromleaving the scrotum
not designed to be areversible operation
Vasectomy
Vasectomy
VasectomyClick mouse to see next
image
Vasectomy Reversal
Performed as an outpatient surgery the procedure has shown to be 95 % successful
Vasectomy ???
One day, after a man had his annual physical, the doctor came out and said,
"You had a great checkup, Is there anything that you'd like to ask me?"
"Well," he said, "I was thinking about getting a vasectomy"
"That's a pretty big decision. Have you talked it over with your family?"
"Yeah, and they're in favor 15 to 2"
Click Mouse to see next line
Seminal Vesicles
pouch-like glands that empty into the ductus deferens at the ejaculatory duct
Secrete viscous alkaline fluid that constitutes about 60% of semen called seminal fluidseminal fluid
Seminal Vesicle
Seminal Vesicle
Seminal Fluid
Seminal vesicles produce 60 % of the seminal fluid (Semen)
Seminal Fluid
Contains substances which provide Contains substances which provide energy for the fluid and substances energy for the fluid and substances which protect the sperm from the acidic which protect the sperm from the acidic environment of the vaginaenvironment of the vagina
Ejaculatory Duct
short duct extends from the ductus deferens to urethra
Ejaculatory Duct
Prostate Gland
large gland surrounds prostatic urethra and ejaculatory ducts
Secretes thin white slightly acidic fluidSecretes about 30 % of the semen
Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer often leads to removal of the prostate
Normal Prostate Prostate Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Digital Rectal Exam
As unpleasant as it may be or seem, this is a man's first line of defense
The doctorchecks forpalpable(found by touch)abnormalities inthe prostate,through the thinwall of the rectum
Prostate Fluid
Prostate secretions are also used to energize and protect the sperm
Bulbourethral Glands
Cowper's glandpea-sizeposterior and lateral to membranous
urethra
Bulbourethral Fluid
bulbourethral fluid is secreted just before emission of the semen
Bulbourethral Gland
SemenSeminal vesicles produce 60 % of the semenProstate gland produces 30 % of the semenBulbourethral gland (Cowper’s gland)
produces 5 % of the semenTestes produce 5 % of the semen (Sperm)
Urethra
conducts urine or sperm away from the body
Urethra leads the length of the penis
Urethra
conducts urine or sperm away from the body
Urethra leads the length of the penis
Arousal
Arteries become filled with blood from the arteries that supply them and the pressure seals off the veins that drain these areas causing an erection
Viagra
Approved in March of 1998increases the body’s ability to achieve and
maintain an erection during sexual stimulation
Glans Penis
The head of the penisvery sensitive to stimulationcovered by the foreskinforeskin or prepuceprepuce
Circumcision
Removal of prepuceMedically, circumcision is not a
necessityrather a cultural “tradition”
Testosterone
Hormone produced by the Testes
Affects brain development
Sexual behaviorSexual drive
Puberty
At puberty the pituitary gland secretes larger amounts of hormoneswhich stimulates the seminiferous tubule to
develop and sperm production to occur
Testosterone
Testosterone Production in Men
Testosterone
promotes skeletal and muscular growthresponsible for secondary sexual
characteristicshair, voice, muscle
essential for spermproduction
Female Reproductive System
Female System
OvariesAbout 2 inches
long
Ovaries
Medullacentral portion containing loose connective
tissue, vessels and nerves
Ovaries
Cortexdense connective tissue and ovarian
follicles
Ovaries Tunica albuginea
white fibrous connective tissue layer outer surface layer of simple cuboidal
epithelium
Ovarian CancerOvarian cancer is
more common in women who have not had children and who smoke
There is strong evidence that women who regularly take the contraceptive pill will have a reduced risk
Ovarian Cysts
Noncancerous growths on the ovariesMost go away by themselves or may need to
be removed by surgery
Ovarian CystsMost go away by themselves or may need to
be removed by surgery
Ovarian CystsBirth control pills can prevent some ovarian
cysts
OviductsAlso called Fallopian tubesFallopian tubes and Uterine tubesUterine tubesabout 4 inches long Extends from ovary to uterus
InfundibulumFimbriated mouth (Funnel Shaped)near but not in direct contact with ovaryproduces local currents that sweep the
ovulated oocyte into the uterine tube
Oviduct
Oviduct Mucosa
inner layer of ciliated columnar epithelium and secretory cells with microvilli
Oviduct Mucosa
Oviduct Mucosa
Oviduct Mucosa
Oviduct Muscularis
3 layers of smooth muscleproduces peristaltic action that carries ova
Oviduct Muscularis
Oviduct Cilia
Uterus
Thick, muscular wallsThe lining of the uterus is called the
endometrium
Uterus
has a rich capillary supply to bring food to any embryo that might implant there
Uterus and Ovaries
Uterine FibroidsUterine fibroids (leiomyomas) are common
noncancerous (benign) tumors of the uterusThey grow from the muscular wall of the
uterus and are made up of muscle and fibrous tissue
Uterine FibroidsMay cause heavy bleeding and painMay require treatment, but not always a
hysterectomyAn accurate diagnosis can be achieved
through the use of trans-vaginal ultrasound, MRI, and endometrial biopsy
Uterine Fibroids
Fibroid Removal
Uterine Cancer
Normal Tissue Cancer Invasion
Pelvic ExamTechnique to check for abnormal uterine
growths
Hysterectomy
A hysterectomy is the removal of the uterusSurgery is performed through the abdomen or
through the vagina
Hysterectomy
Removal of the uterus
Hysterectomy
Hysterectomy
Laparoscopic view of uterine body being removed while cervix is left intact
Hysterectomy
Hysterectomy
EndometriosisEndometriosis is when endometrial glands
and stroma are found outside the uterusUp to 10% of women may have this condition
EndometriosisSometimes the old dark brown blood collects
over time from repeated hemorrhage in a cystic space in the ovary and produces a so-called "chocolate cyst"
Endometriosissmall areas of endometriosis have a reddish-
brown to bluish appearance
CervixThe bottom end of the uterus
Cervix
The cervix secretes mucus, the consistency of which varies with the stages in the menstrual cycle
Cervix
Cervix
Vagina Cervix
Uterus
Myometrium thick muscular wall containing 3 layers of
smooth muscle
Myometrium
Contains arteries with radial branches to endometrium
Myometrium
Myometrium
Endometrium inner glandular epithelium and underlying
connective tissue
Endometrium
Endometrium
Part of the endometrium is a temporary layer lost each month
supplied by arterioles branching from the radial arteries
Stratum basalis
Stratum functionalis
Endometrium
Pap SmearA simple, relatively inexpensive procedure
that can easily detect cancerous or precancerous conditions
A PapanicolaouPapanicolaou (Pap) Smear is named after an American physician of Greek origin who developed the technique. Pap smears have a reliability of 90% for detecting cervical cancer
Pap SmearDuring a Pap smear, cells from the outside
and the canal of the cervix are retrieved by gently scraping the outside of the cervix
Pap Smear
Procedure involves:collecting cells from the cervix and the
vagina preparing the cell sample for evaluation
under a microscope examining the cell
sample forinfections, abnormalcells that may growinto a canceroustumor, and cancer
Pap SmearThe features of normal squamous epithelial cells
can be seen at the center, with pale blue plate-like squamous cells that have small nuclei
Pap SmearThe dysplastic cells in the center extending to
upper right are smaller overall with darker, more irregular nuclei
Dysplastic Cells can
lead to Carcinoma
Pap Smear
The Pap smear cannot prove that a woman doesn't have cervical cancer, but it can detect 95 % of all cervical cancers and precancerous abnormalities
Pap Smear
Cancerous Epithelial Cells
(Small, irregular, cuboidal) (Large undefined nuclei)
Normal Epithelial Cell(Flat, small, defined, smooth
nucleus)
Cancerous Epithelial Cells
(Rare mitotic division)
Cervical Cancer
Cervical squamous cell carcinoma that is still limited to the cervix (stage I)
The tumor is a fungating red to tan to yellow mass
Cervical Cancer
Perimetrium Outer wall of uterus
Perimetrium
Vagina
thin-walled fibromuscular tube leading from the cervix to the external genitalia serves as a repository for spermserves as the birth canal
VaginaAcidic environment
that reduces microbial growthneutralized by
alkaline semen
Vaginathe openings of the vagina and urethra are
susceptible to bacterial infectionsif fecal bacteria are wiped towards them
Vagina
Vagina
Clitoris
This is the most sensitive point for female sexual stimulation
Some cultures do a procedure, similar to circumcisiona puberty ritual in teenage
girls in which the prepuce is cut
exposing the extremely-sensitive clitoris
Clitoris
Hymen
a membrane that partially covers the opening of the vagina
This is torn by the woman’s first sexual intercourseor other causes like
injury or vigorous physical activity
Hymen
EndReproduction
Part 1