Post on 16-Dec-2015
INLAND WATERWAYS TRANSPORTATION IN INDIA WITH REFERENCE TO COAL
Dr.R.Giri Prasad,
Associate Professor & HOD,
Dept. of Petroleum Technology,
Aditya Engineering College, Kakinda, Andhra Pradesh, India
4TH COAL MARKET IN INDIA 2014,
22ND AUGUST 2014, NEW DELHI, IBK MEDIA
INTRODUCTION• The share of India’s inland water transport (IWT) cargo traffic to
the logistics market is significantly lower at 0.5 as compared to China at 8.7 percent, the US at 8.3 percent and Europe at 7 percent. However, the Indian IWT landscape holds immense potential due to its characteristic advantages over other modes of transportation, especially for coal movement.
• India has about 14,500 km of navigable inland waterways, of which 5,200 km (36 percent) of major rivers and 485 km (3 percent) of canals are conducive to the movement of mechanised vessels. Among these navigable waterways, five National Waterways (NWs) — NWs 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, spanning approximately 4,400 km — have been outlined as potential inland waterways at the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers, the West Coast Canal, the Godavari and Krishna rivers, and the East Coast Canal, respectively. NW 6, which stretches across 121 km, has been proposed on the Barak River.
WATERWAYS OF INDIA
HISTORY OF INLAND WATER TRANSPORTATION
• Inland Water Transportation was important mode in the past• In 19th century steamers were plying from Kolkata up to
Garhmukteshwar and Dibrugarh in the Ganga & Brahmaputra respectively
• Development of Railways & Roads gave IWT a setback• In 1970s, IWT for NER revived with IWT&T Protocol between
India & Bangladesh • In 1980s and 1990s, CIWTC used to ply vessels from Kolkata
to Guwahati and Karimganj routes• Transported over 4 lakh tonne cargo in 1989-90, now
engaged only in lighter age movement
7
INDO – BANGLADESH PROTOCOL
ROUTES
JHAR
KHAN
D
B A N G L A D E S H
BIHAR
WEST BENGAL
A S S A M
M E G H A L A Y A
MANIPUR
MIZORAM
TRIPURA
HALDIA
KOLKATA
NW
-1
DHUBRIPANDU
TEJPURSILGHAT
JOGIGHOPA
SHISHUMARA
DHULIAN
KARIMGANJ
RAJSHAHI
NARAYANGANJ
DHAKA
Brahmaputra R.
Barak
LAKHIPUR
Bay of Bengal
I N D I A31
31C
DISPUR
40
51
SHILLONG
54
AIZWALAGARTALA
36 37
37
44
53
Jamuna R.
Ganga R.M
eghn
a R.
`
Kusiyara R.
Surma R.
Meghna R.
Sunderbans
Hoogh
ly R
.NW-2
BAGHABARI
Baral R.
CHILMARI
BAHADURABAD
SIRAJGANJ
ZAKIGANJ
FENCHUGANJSHERPUR
MARKULI
AJMIRIGANJ
BHAIRAB BAZAR
CHANDPUR
BARISAL
KAUKHALI
MONGLA
KHULNA
CHALNA
NAMKHANA
Raimangal R.
GODAGARI
ARICHA
ASHUGANJ
Ganga R.
Bhagirathi R.
ORISSA
Padma R.
Myanmar (Burma)
IMPHAL
KOHIMA
NAGALAND
53
34
35
2
6 41
31
Legend
Kolkata - Guwahati/Pandu ...... 1535 kmKolkata - Karimganj...................1318 kmDhulian-Rajshahi...........................78 km
Protocol route distances
N
BHANGA
AKHAURA
DAIKHAWA
LegendDeclared National waterwayProposed National waterwayProtocol routeRoadRailNH
51
ANGTIHARA
SYLHET
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
KOTTAPURAM
ALUVA
UDYOGAMANDAL CANAL
KAKKANAD(CSEZ)CHAMPAKKARA CANALKOCHI
MARADU
VAIKOM
CHERTHALATHANNERMUKKOM
LOCK CUM BARRAGE
ALAPPUZHA
THRIKKUNNAPUZHA
KAYAMKULAM
THRIKKUNNAPUZHALOCK GATE
CHAVARA
KOLLAM
47
220
49
17
208
N
Arabian SeaLegend
Waterway alignmentRoadRailImportant places
West Coast Canal(Kottapuram – Kollam)
Champakkara & Udyogamandal canals
National Waterway-3
River distanceKottapuram - Kollam 168 kmUdyogamandal canal 23 kmChampakkara canal 14 kmTotal length 205 km
K
E
R
A
L
A
Development cost- Rs 1515 cr (2010prices)
Notified on 25.11.2008
Development cost- Rs 4210 cr (2010 prices)Notified on 25.11.2008
BhangaBadarpur
Silchar
Length –121 km Development cost -Rs 120 cr (at 2011 prices) Status: Declaration in process
Proposed National Waterway – 6 : River Barak
Stretch Km
Bhanga - Lakhipur 121
ROAD AND RAIL NETWORKRoads have always been the primary mode of transport in India. India has one of the largest road networks of approximately 42.36 lakh kms. As per the Road Transport & Highways Department around 60% of the total freight and around 87% of passenger traffic is carried by Indian roads. Traffic is forecasted to grow at around 8-10% p.a.
A large portion of railway sidings is single line and is utilized by passenger as well as freight trains. The sharing of railway sidings amongst the passenger and freight trains causes disruption in the smooth functioning of the trains. Long waiting times and uncertainty of arrival are the two primary reasons for the delay in time of freight goods.
The overall freight traffic has been continuously rising. Over the last 10 years, traffic has grown at a CAGR of 6.27%. IR‟s available infrastructure does not have enough capacity to cater to this traffic leading to severe network capacity constraints.
WORLD COAL RESERVES
United States 29%
Russia 20%China
14%
Australia 10%
India 8%
Germany 5%
Kazakhstan 4%
Ukraine 4%
South Africa 4%
Serbia 2%
Coal: demand - supply gap
• Power generation capacity: a critical requirement
• Coal: the main source of energy
• Current coal demand: 696 MMT
• May become 1000 MMT by 2017
• Estimated coal to be imported : 137 MMT
2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-120
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
550
597.98
656.31696.03
497.289999999999535.23
573.42 559
52.71 62.7582.89
137.03
COAL DEMAND(MMT)DOMESTIC (MMT)IMPORTED(MMT)
Installed Capacity –Fuel wise
Gas10%
Nuclear3%
Renewable10%
Hydro 20% Coal
54%
Diesel1%
Generation Installed Capacity (as on 31.12.2011) : 187 GW
Year Installed Capacity [GW]
2007 124
By 2012 190
By 2017 290
By 2022 425
By 2027 575
By 2032 800
Power Sector Overview
INLAND WATER TRANSPORTATION ADVANTAGES
150500
4000
0500
1000150020002500300035004000
Road Rail IWT
Fuel efficiency: One HP movesKgs
Road
Rail
IWT
24
85 105
04080
120
Road Rail IWT
One liter of fuel moves(T-km)
Road
Rail
IWT
5.2
2.51
0246
Road Rail IWT
Operating cost (international level)Cents /T km
Road
Rail
IWT
Note: the information is for indicative comparison only,Source: Inland Waterways Authority of India.
Parameters IWT Rail Road
Energy efficiency: 1 horse power (HP) can move what weight cargo (kg)?
4,000 500 150
Fuel efficiency: 1 liter of fuel can move how much freight (ton – km)?
105 85 24
Equivalent single unit carrying capacity
1 barge 15 rail wagons 60 trucks
Air pollution Low Medium High
Land Acquisition Low High High
Capital required Low High High
IWT USAGE OTHER COUNTRIESCoal is the largest commodity by volume moving on waterways
–USA’s thermal power plants use waterways for > 20 % of coal
–Germany: 45%
–China: 17%
–India: practically nil
Hence, overdependence on railways needs to be reduced: road is out of question : IWT a realistic supplementary option, especially for imported coal
Coal transportation bottlenecks
• Railway Congestion• Shortage of rakes• Shortage of bottom opening wagons Railway network has its own limitations in terms of
zonal capacities, inter-zone re-deployment of rakes, etc.
• Port congestion• Low draft at some ports like Haldia
THANK YOU
Thermal power plants along NW-1
Allahabad
Haldia
136
8 Barauni
Barh
15
718
19
Bara Karchana
6
911 10 Pirpainti
Buxar
Bhagalpur
Lakhisarai1617
Anapara Obra
NTPC Plants
State Govt Plants
1
3
4
2
Bandel
Budge Budge
Kolaghat
14
Muzaffarpur
12
8
Kahalgaon
5 Farakka
Sagardighi
8 Expansion
Proposed Power Plants
20 Installed power: around 15,000 MW
Total coal requirement: around 75 MMTPA Imported coal: around 15 MMTPA
• NTPC’s TPS at Farakka & Kahalgaon face acute shortage of coal
• They require 3-4 MMT of imported coal• But due to several reasons, transportation of this coal
has been a difficult and costly proposition for NTPC Draft constraint at Haldia: Available draft-7.0 m High waiting time at Paradip port Limited rake availability for transportation from port High Logistics cost leads to high delivered cost of
coal Handling/ transition losses Delayed delivery leading to additional losses
After sustained persuasion by IWAI, NTPC gave commitment for transportation of 3 MMTPA imported coal by IWT for these plants for 7 years
IWAI & NTPC developed a project with entire funding by private sector
Project comprises of: Transhipment equipment at sea; about 40 barges; a terminal at Farakka; and coal conveyors from terminal to coal stack yard at Farakka
Approximate cost: Rs 650 crore By open tendering Jindal ITF identified as L1 bidder Tripartite agreement signed among IWAI, NTPC & Jindal ITF
on 11.8.11 Supply of coal to start in December, 2012 This could be a path breaking project for IWT in India
Support provided by IWAI/NTPC
• Guaranteed cargo by NTPC- 3 MMTPA for 7 years• Assurance from IWAI to provide LAD OF 2.5 Mts.
between Haldia- Farakka for at least 330 days in a year– Suitable for 1500 T – 2000 T barges
• Vertical clearance of 10 Mts.• Assured night navigation facility • Connectivity through DGPS stations• Facilitation of transfer of land at Farakka for terminal
JITF PROPOSED SOLUTION
Transshipper at high sea
Destination
Barges on NW-1
: Jetty with grab unloaders at destination
Vessel types
Tug and Dumb Barge
Estuarine Ship
Pushboat and Dumb Barges
River Barge
Conclusion
• Water is a critical mode of transportation for any economy. Although it is a cost-effective and environment-friendly mode of transport, its share in the modal mix in India is significantly less than that in developed countries. Domestic shipping provides significant fuel and cost savings over road and rail transport and, thus, offers several opportunities to meet the demand for bulk transportation to nearby areas and along the coast, which is highly relevant for India. However, its low penetration in the country is a result of the long period it takes to transport goods, the unavailability of return cargo, lack of awareness of its benefits and various regulatory policies.
• Only 7 per cent of Indian cargo moves through the water as against more than 40 per cent in China and European Union, despite having rivers and a long coastline.
• With 10-11 TPS already in the vicinity of NW-1 and 10 more coming up; it will be unfortunate if we still do not use IWT for coal transportation thereon
• Railways can simply not meet this demand- if waterways are not used, power generation will suffer- there is no other way
• Haldia- Farakka coal transportation project can therefore be a trailblazer• Currently, Indian companies do not use the coastal route because of lack of roads and
railways connecting ports to factories or consumption centres. The new government, in its maiden budget, allotted Rs4,200 crore to develop Ganga for inland waterway, giving a major push to coal transportation in the region.