Indopersica English-Sindhi Part 1

sɪndʱiˑ

ينڌسSindhi

indōpersica

Script

Part One

The Sindhi letters and words described in this book are each

accompanied by a pronunciation key in the International Phonetic

Alphabet (IPA). Please refer to these IPA keys for the exact

pronunciation of a Sindhi letter or word.

The IPA is a scientific notation used for accurately transcribing the

sounds of most human languages. More about the IPA can be

found at http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/ and

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipa .

The similarities described in this book between the

pronunciations of Sindhi letters and ‘corresponding’ English

letters are only guidelines and should be considered as such.

Read Sindhi right to left

ڪThis letter has a sound similar to

k in skip

This letter has a sound similar to

g in go

These are the letters we’ve just seen

p in speak

b in bat

These are the letters we’ve seen so far

tch in catch

dge in badge

These are the letters we’ve seen so far

ڪ گb p

پ بʥ ʨ

This sign has a sound similar to

a in America

This sign is written above a letter

This is how the sign for ə is written

ɡə kə

ڪ گ bə pə

پ ب ʥə ʨə چ ج

i in pin

This sign is written below a letter

This is how the sign for ɪ is written

ɡɪ kɪ

ڪ گ bɪ pɪ

پ ب ʥɪ ʨɪ چ ج

u in bull

Thissign is written above a letter

This is how the sign for ʊ is written

ɡʊ kʊ

ڪ گ bʊ pʊ

پ ب ʥʊ ʨʊ چ ج

Look at these sequences

made from the letters and signs we’ve just seen

ɡəɡɪɡʊ kəkɪkʊ

ڪ ڪ ڪ گ گ گ bəbɪbʊ pəpɪpʊ

پ پ پ ب ب ب ʥəʥɪʥʊ ʨəʨɪʨʊ

چ چ چ ج ج ج

Did you notice how the letters ‘join’ one another?

Here’s one of those letters, along with vowel signs –

kʊ kɪ kə

ڪ + ڪ + ڪ =

kəkɪkʊ

ڪ ڪ ڪ

Here’s another one of those letters,with vowel signs –

ɡʊ ɡɪ ɡə

گ + گ + گ =

ɡəɡɪɡʊ

گ گ گ

These letters join in similar ways –

pəpɪpʊ pʊ pɪ pə

پ + پ + پ = پ پ پ

bəbɪbʊ bʊ bɪ bə

ب + ب + ب = ب ب ب

These letters, too, join in similar ways –

ʨəʨɪʨʊ ʨʊ ʨɪ ʨə

چ چ چ + چ + چ = چ

ʥəʥɪʥʊ ʥʊ ʥɪ ʥə

ج ج ج + ج + ج = ج

Let’s try some more combinations of joining letters –

kəʨɪ ʨɪ kə

ڪ + چ = ڪ چ

ʥʊbə bə ʥʊ

ب ج + ب = ج

ɡɪpʊ pʊ ɡɪ

گ + پ = گ پ

y in yo-yo

r in Italian Roma

This is a ‘rolled’ /r/, as in Spanish or Italian

l in lad

v in victory

This is how the sign for ə is written on these letters

rə jə

ي ر ʋə lə

This is how the sign for ɪ is written on these letters

rɪ jɪ

ي ر ʋɪ lɪ

This is how the sign for ʊ is written on these letters

rʊ jʊ

ي ر ʋʊ lʊ

rərɪrʊ jəjɪjʊ

ر ر ي ر ي ي ʋəʋɪʋʊ ləlɪlʊ

و ل ل ل و و

Did you notice?

These letters don’t join the next one!

ʋəʋɪʋʊ rərɪrʊ

و و ر و ر ر

So, while most of the letters join the next one,

all of them don’t

These are some actual Sindhi words

Can you read them? –

ل گ ل پ ر پ ل ڪ

ج پ ڪ چ چ و ج چ

ر پ ل ب ج ڪ ڪ چ

ر ڪل ب پ ر پ گ ج

Here are their pronunciations and meanings –

pʊlᶦ pərə ɡʊlʊ kʊlʊ

ل گ ل پ ر پ ل ڪ bridge but flower total

ʥəʥʊ ʋɪʨʊ ʨəkʊ ʨəpʊ

ج پ چ ڪ چ چ و ج judge during bite lip

kəkərʊ ʥəbalʊ ʨʊpᶦ

ر پ ل ب ج ڪ ڪ چ cloud mountain silence

kləbə pɪpᶦrʊ ɡəʥərʊ

ر ل ب ڪ پ ر پ گ ج club

peepul tree

(Ficus religiosa) carrot

Did you notice the superscript letter in the pronunciation key

for these words? –

pʊlᶦ ʨʊpᶦ pɪpᶦrʊ

This means that the vowel ɪ is pronounced very lightly, almost not at all

s in sit

sh in ship

هThis letter has a sound similar to

h in hat

س شɦ

This is how the signs for ə, i and ʊ are written on these letters

ɦə ɕə sə

س ش ه ɦɪ ɕɪ sɪ

س ش ه ɦʊ ɕʊ sʊ

س ش ه

ɕəɕɪɕʊ səsɪsʊ

س س س ش ش ش ɦəɦɪɦʊ

ه ه ھ

These letters join in similar ways –

səsɪsʊ sʊ sɪ sə

س س س + س + س = س

ɕəɕɪɕʊ ɕʊ ɕɪ ɕə

ش ش س + ش + ش = ش

causes the pronunciation of certain vowels before and after it ه

to change slightly.

If the vowel immediately before ه ɦ is ə

which sounds like

ai in fair

In other words –

əɦ becomes ɛɦ

əɦə becomes ɛɦɛ

əɦɪ becomes ɛɦɪ

əɦʊ becomes ɛɦʊ

Note that this rule does not apply

if the vowel immediately after ه ɦ is a long vowel.

We will come across long vowels later in this book.

Some pronunciation examples will make this vowel-change rule

a little clearer.

Can you read these Sindhi words? –

ر ب س ه س ه ل ڪ ڪ ج س س ش ر س س ه ڪ ھ ه ر ب س س

ب ب ر پ ه ر س ڪ ھ و ش ڪ ل ب ه ت ر ه ر ش چ پ چ س ش

sɪrə sɪbʊ kɛɦʊ ɦəlʊ

ر ب س ل ه ه ڪ س brick sew speak move, run

ɕəkʊ səsʊ sɪʥʊ rəsʊ

ڪ ج س س ش ر س س suspicion mother-in-law sun juice

ɦɪkʊ rɛɦʊ sɛɦʊ bəsᶦ

ب س ه س ه ر ڪ ھ a, one stay endure enough

səbəbʊ pɛɦɛrʊ ɕʊkʊrʊ ʋɪɦʊ

ب ب ر ر ه پ س ڪ ھ و ش reason wear gratitude poison

bɛɦᶦtərᶦ ɕəkᶦlᶦ ɕɛɦɛrʊ səʨʊ pəʨʊ

ت ر ه ب ل ش ڪ ه ر چ پ چ س ش better appearance, form city, town really, truly

z in zebra

f in fat

fə zə

ز ف fɪ zɪ

ز ف fʊ zʊ

fəfɪfʊ zəzɪzʊ

ف ز ف ف ز ز

These letters look similar, and behave similarly –

rərɪrʊ rʊ rɪ rə

ر ر ر + ر + ر = ر

zəzɪzʊ zʊ zɪ zə

ز ز ز + ز + ز = ز

Neither of them joins the following letter, much like –

ʋəʋɪʋʊ ʋʊ ʋɪ ʋə

و و و + و + و = و

Here are some Sindhi words

containing the letters we’ve just seen –

ش ف ر ڪ لف

بز رف ب س

ر ھ گ ب ز ر ز

Could you read them?

kʊlfʊ fərɕʊ

ش ف ر ڪ لف lock floor

səbzʊ bərfʊ

بز رف ب س green snow, ice

bʊzʊrɡʊ zɛɦɛrʊ

ر ھ گ ب ز ر ز elder, senior poison

n in new

m in mother

This is how the signsfor ə, i and ʊ are written on these letters

mə nə

ن م mɪ nɪ

ن م mʊ nʊ

məmɪmʊ nənɪnʊ

م ن ن ن م م

Notice how these letters do not look similar when not joined,

but look similar when joined–

jəjɪjʊ jʊ jɪ jə

ي ي + ي + ي = ي ي

nənɪnʊ nʊ nɪ nə

ن + ن + ن = ن ن ن

Did you notice?

When joined, the only difference in

how they look is

the number of dots –

jənəjɪnɪjʊnʊrə

ي ن ن ر ي ن ي

In fact, when joined, ي j and ن n

look very similar to پ p and ب b –

pəbəpɪbɪpʊbʊrə

پ ب ب ر پ ب پ

Some more Sindhi words –

م م ڪ ن پ ن چ ڪ

م م م ر ن پ ش ل گ ر م ڪ

زن ن ر سم و ر ن م چ ج

لڪ م پ نج ر مب ن م ن ه ج

Here’s how they sound and what they mean –

ʨʊmʊ pənʊ kənʊ kəmʊ

م م ڪ ن پ ن چ ڪ kiss leaf ear work

pəɕəmə nərəmʊ ɡərəmʊ kəməlʊ

م م م ر ن پ ش ل گ ر م ڪ wool soft hot lotus

ʋəznʊ rəsmʊ ʨərənʊ ʥənəmʊ

زن ن ر سم و ر ن م چ ج weight custom foot birth

jɛɦɛnʊmʊ nəmbərʊ pənʥə mʊlkʊ

لڪ م پ نج ر مب ن م ن ه ج hell number five country

ch in Scottish loch

r in French au revoir

ɣə xə

خ غ ɣɪ xɪ

خ غ ɣʊ xʊ

ɣəɣɪɣʊ xəxɪxʊ

خ خ خ غ غ غ

Notice the similarity in how these letters look?

ʥəʥɪʥʊ ʨəʨɪʨʊ xəxɪxʊ

ج ج چ ج چ خ چ خ خ

The only difference in how they look is

the number of dots

Can you read these Sindhi words? –

ل س ل غ ب ر ب غ م خ غ

ل ڪ خ ش خ رچ م ز خ ز غ

How many did you get right?

ɣʊsʊlʊ bəɣəlʊ xəbərə ɣəmʊ

ل س ل غ ب ر ب غ م خ غ bath armpit news grief

zəxmʊ xərʨʊ xʊɕkʊ ɣəzəlʊ

ل ڪ خ ش خ رچ م ز خ ز غ wound expenditure dry sonnet

t in Spanish toro

To pronounce this letter, the tip of your tongue

touches the back of your front teeth

d in Spanish diez

touches the back of your front teeth

This is how the signs for ə, ɪ and ʊ are written on these letters

də tə

ت د dɪ tɪ

ت د dʊ tʊ

dədɪdʊ tətɪtʊ

ت ت ت د د د

Notice the similarity in how these letters look?

bəbɪbʊ pəpɪpʊ tətɪtʊ

ت ت ت پ پ پ ب ب ب

The only difference in how they look is

The number of dots

The letters below look similar when joined, but different when not joined!

nənɪnʊrə jəjɪjʊrə tətɪtʊrə

ن ر ي ر ن ن ت ر ي ي ت ت

nə jə tə

ت ي ن

These letters behave similarly, in that they don’t join the next one –

dədɪdʊ dʊ dɪ də

د د د + د + د = د

rərɪrʊ rʊ rɪ rə

ر ر ر + ر + ر = ر

zəzɪzʊ zʊ zɪ zə

ز ز ز + ز + ز = ز

ʋəʋɪʋʊ ʋʊ ʋɪ ʋə

و و و + و + و = و

Here are some Sindhi words with the new letters we’ve just seen –

ت ل چ ر د ر د ت

د ڪ د ب ت م د ت پ س

د م س خت ج ت م س ت ل خ پ

فت ر م خت ل ف ن د شم ن رد گ د

And here’s how you pronounce them, and what they mean –

ʨɪtʊ dɪlᶦ dərʊ tɪrʊ

ت ل چ ر د ر د ت mind heart door sesame seed

bədəkə mədədə sətə təpʊ

د ڪ د ب ت م د ت پ س duck help seven fever

məsʥɪdᶦ səxtʊ xətəmʊ pɪtəlʊ

د م س خت ج ت م س ت ل خ پ mosque hard finished brass

mʊxtəlɪfʊ dəftərʊ dʊɕmənʊ ɡərdənʊ

فت ر ف ل خت م ن د شم ن رد گ د different office enemy neck

t in ash tray

curls right back and touches the roof of your mouth

d in rushed

curls right back and touches the roof of your mouth

This is how the signs for ə, ɪ and ʊ are written on these letters

ɖə ʈə

ٽ ڊ ɖɪ ʈɪ

ٽ ڊ ɖʊ ʈʊ

ɖəɖɪɖʊ ʈəʈɪʈʊ

ٽ ٽ ٽ ڊ ڊ ڊ

Can you see how similar these groups of letters are,

in pronunciation and shape?

dədɪdʊ tətɪtʊ

د د ت ت ت د

ɖəɖɪɖʊ

ʈəʈɪʈʊ

ڊ ڊ ٽ ٽ ٽ ڊ

They are similar in terms of behaviour, too

t ت ʈ behaves exactly like ٽ

andڊ ɖ behaves exactly like د d

We’ve already seen the behaviour of ت and د on pages 76 and 77

Can you read this sequence?

لٽ لت لي لن لب لپ

You should have read –

pəlbəlnəljəltəlʈəl

Here are some Sindhi words with the new letters we’ve just seen –

ٽ ٽ ٽ پ ٽ ٽ پ س

ٽ ڊ پ س

And here’s how you pronounce them, and what they mean –

ɖəpʊ pʊʈʊ ʈʊʈʊ sʊʈʊ

ٽ ٽ ٽ پ ٽ ڊ پ س fear son break thread

mɪnəʈʊ məʈərʊ

ر ٽ م ٽ ن م minute green peas

That’s all for now.

See you in the next part!

End of Part One

Typeset in Segoe UI (English & IPA) and Lateef (Sindhi)

For more information on the Sindhi script and its history –

http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm

References:

Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing. Sindhi English Dictionary

http://www.crulp.org/sed/

Machida, Kazuhiko. Intensive Language Courses – Sindhi, ILCAA, Tokyo

http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~kmach/html/aa_sindhi/vocabulary/vocab.htm

Mewaram, Parmanand. A Sindhi-English Dictionary

http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/mewaram/

Stack, George. A Dictionary – Sindhi and English

http://goo.gl/fcHGD

Wiktionary. हिनदी-हिनधी शबदकोश

http://hi.wiktionary.org/wiki/हिनदी-हिनधी_शबदकोश

v2012-12-13

Indopersica English-Sindhi Part 1

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