Post on 18-Nov-2014
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Individual differences determine our preferred
behaviors.
By studying and understanding these tendencies, OB can
more accurately predict individual and group
interactions. Self awareness - a conscious understanding of ourselves
(personality, talents, preferences and biases).
Awareness of others - recognizing and being attuned to the
styles, moods, and personality of others.
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Heredity and environment
Heredity sets the limits on the
development of personality characteristics.
Environment determines development
within these limits.
About a 50-50 heredity-environment split.
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Personality
Combination of characteristics that
comprise the unique nature of a person as
that person reacts and interacts with
others.
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People and circumstances control my
fate!
I control what happens to me!
EXTERNALS
INTERNALS
What are your Machiavellian tendencies?
Take the Mach test to find out.
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Self-monitoring
A person’s ability to adjust his/her behavior
to external, situational (environmental)
factors.
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Life stressors
Family events
Economic difficulties
Personal affairs
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Stress and performanceConstructive stress (or
eustress) Moderate levels of stress act in
a positive way for both individuals and organization.
Destructive stress (or distress) Low and especially high levels
of stress act in a negative way for both individuals and organization.
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Values
Broad preferences concerning appropriate
courses of action or outcomes.
Values influence behavior and attitudes.
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Terminal values
Reflect a person’s preferences concerning
the “ends” to be achieved.
Instrumental values
reflect a person’s beliefs about the means
for achieving desired ends
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Gordon Allport’s values categories
Theoretical- discover truth through reasoning.
Economic – usefulness, practicality.
Aesthetic – value beauty and form.
Social - value people and relationships.
Political – interest in power and influence.
Religious – interest in unity.
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Maglino’s categories of workplace values
Achievement
Helping and concern for others
Honesty
Fairness
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Value congruence
Occurs when individuals express positive
feelings upon encountering others who
exhibit values similar to their own.
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Current trends in the workplace:
From valuing shared values such as
duty, honesty, organizational loyalty.
To valuing meaningful work, self-
fulfillment, and pursuit of leisure.
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Culture
The learned and shared way of thinking
and acting among a group of people or
society.
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1) Power Distance
2) Uncertainty avoidance
3) Individualism-collectivism
4) Masculinity-femininity
5) Long-term/ short-term
orientation
How willing are people to accept status and power?
How strongly to people preferred structured organizations?
Which is more valued – the individual or the group?
Are stereotypical m/f traits valued?
Save for the future and be persistent, or ‘live for today’?
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Workforce diversity
The presence of individual human
characteristics that make people different
from one another.
Practices and policies that seek to include
people who are considered in some way
different from the prevailing group.
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Stereotyping
Occurs when one thinks of an individual
belonging to a group and the characteristics
commonly associated with the group are
assigned to the individual in question.
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Benefits of focusing on diversity: Diverse talents and backgrounds contribute to
competitive advantage.
Promotes creativity and innovation.
Workforce better reflects customer base.
Increased employment increases productivity
and benefits larger community.
Reduced legal noncompliance costs.
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Race
Gender
Ethnicity
Economic
Education
Disability
Religion
Religion
Sexual
Orientation
Marital Status
Parental Status
Military
Experience
Gender
After steady progress,
advancement of
women to higher
levels has stalled.
“Leaking pipeline”
#of women decreases
the more senior the
roles become.
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Race and Ethnicity
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
includes protections against discrimination in all
areas of recruitment, hiring, and promotion.
Workplace attitudes have changed: from focus
on legal compliance to a focus on inclusion.
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Social Identity Theory
Developed to understand the psychological
basis of discrimination.
Categorizing yourself as a member of a
social group leads to ‘in-group’
identification.
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Age
Diverse workforce (40% Baby Boomers, 36%
GenXers, 16% Millenials).
Differences in work ethic among groups can
result in organizational stress.
Interesting discussion of this subject on
current blogs. (e.g. CNNMoney)
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Disability
Any form of impairment or handicap.
Advocates are seeking new definition in order to
remove the stigma that has been associated
with the term ‘disability
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Important lessons for valuing and
supporting diversity.
Appreciate differences.
Acknowledge that diversity shapes the organization.
Respect the needs of all.
Practice inclusion.
Avoid linking differences to stereotypes.
Commit to social responsibility.
2-30Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.