Includes skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.

Serves a number of vital functions that are critical to your very survival.

There are 6 functions of the skin:WaterproofRegulates body temperatureA major sense organBody’s 1st line of defense against pathogensProtects against UV raysProtects internal organs

1. Epidermis: Outer most layerDead cells shed when clothing rubs your skin or

when you wash.

2. Dermis: Inner layer of skinMade up of connective tissue.Gives skin its elasticity, or spongy, flexible quality.

3. Hydodermis: Not part of skinAttaches skin to bone and muscle

Sebaceous(sih-BAY-shuhs) glands: Structures within the skin that produce an oily

secretion called sebum.

Sweat glands: perspiration

Ringworm: a common fungal infection that affects various parts of the body.

Athlete’s Foot: a fungal infection of the skin between the toes.

Boils: an inflamed pus-filled area of the skin. Usually infecting a hair follicle.

Warts: contagious growths on the outer layer of the skin caused by viruses.

Moles: small, round, slightly thickened, brown to dark brown spots on the skin.

Callus: an area of thickened skin that forms as a result of regular of continued friction or pressure.

5 functions:1. Allows movement2. Provides a supporting framework3. Protects organs4. Storage place for essential body minerals5. Produce red and white blood cells

CartilageStrong flexible materialProvides smooth movement

OssificationCartilage forming into a bone

LigamentsBone to Bone

TendonBone to Muscle

JointsWhere two bones meet

Hinge:Move back and forth in one plane (Knee, Elbow)

Ball & Socket:Allows most movement (Shoulder)

Pivot:One bone rotates around another (Head on Spine)

Gliding:Slide over one another (Hand and Foot)

Partially Movable:Limited movement (Vertebrae)

Immovable:Fixed, Does NOT move (Skull)

OsteoporosisResults from a loss of calcium in the bone.

ScoliosisLateral or side to side curvature of the spine.

FracturesAny type of break in the bone

Simple: Doesn’t stick out of skin Compound: Broken bone protrudes through skin

Moving BonesPumping BloodMoving food through digestive systemControlling air movement in and out of lungs

Voluntary: Skeletal musclesYou control these muscles

Example: Bicep, tricepInvoluntary: Smooth muscles

You do NOT control these musclesExample: Stomach, intestines,

esphagusCardiac:

Heart muscle

Acute – NewExamples: Sprain, strain

Treatment: RICEChronic – Old/recurring

Examples: Arthritis, old sprain, strainTreatment: heat before activity, ice after

Sprains & Strains1st degree: Few fibers torn2nd degree: ½ - ¾ torn – out for 2 days to 2

weeks3rd degree: Complete tear - Surgery

R – RestI – IceC – CompressionE - Elevation

Bag: 20 minutes every 2 hours – bag directly on skin

Ice cup: Dixie cup frozen with ice – peel and massage small area

Ice bucket: Bucket full of ice – add water – 20 minutes in the bucket

Your nervous system is the body’s communication network and control system.

Homeostasis: Keeping the body and its systems in balance.

Senses: Controls sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.

Consciousness: Makes you aware of the things around you.

Memory: Your ability to remember things.Emotions: Controls how you deal with things.Intelligence: Controls your capacity to learn

things.

Divided in 3 divisions.

Central Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System

Includes:BrainSpinal Cord

Functions:Takes in informationComputes that informationTransmits a response to the body

Example:Making a decision on something causing movement

of a body part.

Includes:12 pair of cranial nerves (head)31 pair of spinal nerves (off spinal cord)

Function:Carries impulses for movement from the brain out

to the body parts.

Example: Then carries impulses for sensations from body parts back to the brain.

Includes:Sympathetic Nerves: Speeds up organs or

prepares them for something. (starts the digestive system)

Para sympathetic Nerves: Shuts the organ down after it has been used. (shuts down the digestive system)

Functions:Regulates internal organs of the body

Example:Speeds up heart to beat faster and breathe

faster

The brain is the largest, most complex part of the nervous system. It weighs about 3 pounds and contains almost 100 billion neurons. Your brain helps you:Receive messagesThinkRememberReasonCoordinate your muscle movementsEmotionsSenses

The Brain

CerebrumThe largest part of the brain.Divided into 2 identical halves called the

cereberal hemispheres.Right hemisphere: Controls muscular activity

and receives sensory input from the left half of the body.

Left hemisphere: Controls the muscular activity and receives sensory input from the right half of the body.

4 lobesFrontal lobe controls voluntary

movements, motivation, mood, and aggression.

Parietal lobe is involved with a wide variety of sensory information-heat, cold, pain, touch, and body position in space.

Occipital lobe contains the sense of vision.Temporal lobe contains the senses of

hearing and smell, as well as memory, thought, and judgment.

Spinal CordAn extension of the brain that also controls REFLEXES!

Simple reflex: Knee jerk reflexThe impulse does not go all the way to the brain so it

saves times and acts as a protective reflex.You do not learn these – You have them.

Conditioned reflex: Acquired from past experienceEx. Mouth watering before you eat, nervous at scary

music in a movie, phobias from fearsHabits: When an impulse travels the same pathway so

much you react without really knowing it.Conscious: Separates us from others.

Ex. Ability to think and reason, right and wrong, learning to read

Digestive System

OrgansMouthPharynxEsophagusStomachSmall intestineLarge intestineLiverGallbladderPancreas

FunctionsDigestion: Breaks down food into molecules

that the body can use.Mechanical digestion: foods are physically

broken apart into smaller pieces. Chemical digestion: Chemicals produced by

your body break large molecules into smaller ones that your body can use.

Absorption: Process by which nutrients pass through the lining of your digestive system into your blood.

Elimination: Materials that are not absorbed are eliminated from the body as waste.

Cardiovascular System

FunctionsDelivering Materials to cellsRemoving wastes from cellsFight disease

The HeartEach side has 2

chambers.The upper chamber

called the atrium. Receives the blood entering the heart.

The lower chamber called the ventricle. Pump the blood out of heart.

BloodPlasma: The liquid component of the

blood.Red blood cells: Cells that carry oxygen

from the lungs to all the parts of your body.

White blood cells: Help protect you against diseases and foreign substances.

Platelets: Cell fragments that play an important role in the blood clotting process.

Blood Types