Post on 24-Feb-2016
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Imperialism, Alliances and War
Ch 26
I. European ImperialismImperialism- The policy of extending a nation’s authority by territorial acquisition or by establishing economic and political hegemony over other nations
Lenin- “Imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalism.”
Believed it was the evidence that a country or system would eventually fail
Overall, Most European countries were seeking new resources and ways to expand their economy
Also helped to build (and sometimes hurt) the economies of less developed nations
I. European ImperialismCauses for European Imperialism
Europe was more technologically advanced (for the most part) than the rest of the worldIn some cases was to seek raw materials for their newly developed industriesSome countries (Germany and Italy) were practicing it because the rest of Europe was doing it
Did not benefit themSocial Darwinism
They are the superior race/culture and it was their right to conquer more territory
I. European ImperialismHow it was practiced
Britain was the leading colonial powerFor the most part, was different than the usual take over the land and kick out the nativesImproved rails, roads, communication and industry to better help their own goalsEuropean power would create favorable relations (sometimes by intimidation) with the local rulers
If it didn’t work, they would annex that territoryProtectorate Status- figurehead rule with extensive protectionSphere’s of influence- special commercial and legal privilege- No outside political involvement
I. European ImperialismBritain
Major leader in Imperial raceSuez Canal helped aid thisMajor involvement in India, Egypt and South Africa
FranceFocus was North Africa and Indo-china
Germany Southern Coastal AfricaBismarck felt that Europe was more of a concern
I. European ImperialismUnited States
Monroe Doctrine 1823Western Hemisphere became a US ProtectorateSpanish-American War 1898
Result of Cuba seeking independence from Spain
US was interested in sugarProtectorate of CubaAnnexed Puerto RicoBought Philippines and GuamEventually led to US annexing Hawaii and Samoa
II. Alliances and Powder Kegs
Jingoism- An aggressive foreign policy that is fueled by extreme patriotism/nationalism
Very strong view that one’s nation is superiorFueled arms buildups and a heightened tension
II. Alliances and Powder KegsGermany
Bismarck was the initial mastermind behind the alliance system
Sought to keep balance of power and protect German territorial holdingsGoal was to make lasting peace with former enemies
Wanted to prevent two front war against France and Russia or France and Austria
3 Emperor’s LeagueGermany, Austria and Russia
Fell apart due to Russo-Turkish War (1875)Russia hoped to eventually unite all Slavs
Some were in Austria and their Balkan territories
Congress of Berlin 1878 ended this alliance and alienated Russia
II. Alliances and Powder Kegs
Dual Alliance 1879-19185 year renewable treaty between Austria and GermanyProtect each other from RussiaNeutral when any other country was involvedBismarck thought Russia would not work with FranceEventually leads to another 3 Emperor’s league (1881)
II. Alliances and Powder KegsTriple Alliance
Italy joins Dual Alliance (1882)Feared FranceSought to isolate France
Kaiser William (Wilhelm) II (r. 1888-1918)
Dismissed (forced resignation) Bismarck (1890)
Dismissed for subverting William’s plan to alter an anti-socialist bill
Mostly over an expanded navy and colonization
Led to the end of Bismarck’s alliance system
Germany becomes the enemy
II. Alliances and Powder Kegs
Triple Entente (1890-1907)Franco-Russian Alliance (1894)- result of Bismarck’s resignationWilhelm II tried to rival British power (particularly naval)
Sought to demonstrate worthiness as an allyColonized regions of Africa near British holdings
Entente CordialA set of British agreements with France against Germany
II. Alliances and Powder KegsThe Balkans
Known as the Powder KegSlavsOriginally under Ottoman control
Areas divided between Austria and Russia in Bosnian Crisis(1908)Russia got cheated and Serbs were unhappy with being added to Austria
1st Balkan War (1911) Bulgaria, Greece , Montenegro and Serbia fought against the Ottomans and pushed them back
Serbia started to become a threat to Austria and forced Austria to try to limit their territorial gains.Serbia and Russia were both embarressd over how the Balkan’s were handled
II. Alliances and Powder KegsSerbia
Archduke Franz FerdinandWent to Sarajevo (Bosnia) on a PR tourAssassinated by Gavrilo Princip (Black Hand) 6/28/1914Austria sought to punish Serbia
Russia vowed to back up their “Slavic Brothers”Germany vowed to back up Austria-Hungary
Had no choiceAustria waited a month before declaring war on 7/28
Resulted in Russia mobilizing its forces
III. The WarThe War Plan
Every country had pigeon-holed war plan arrangement
Depending on what happened, you would open another section of the planExtensive planning (overconfident) on both sides led to an overall stalemate
Germany had a 2 front warSchlieffen Plan- Quickly overwhelm France and Britain and move on to Russia while they are still trying to mobilize
Russia had a less developed rail systemDidn’t work- led to a stalemate
III. The WarWarfare
Millions died with little or no progressEntente- Dead 5,712,379 Wounded 12,809,280Central – Dead 4,010,241 Wounded 8,419,533New Weapons caused high casualties- Old War TacticsDiseases caused high casualties
GallipoliTried to open supply route to RussiaGain control of Constantinople
III. The WarRussia
High number of casualtiesAristocratic officersPoorly trained peasantsLack of coding in communications
Nicholas II tried to take control of armyHe gets blamed
Had to bail on Entente due to Communist uprisings at home
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) Russia officially pulls out of the war
Gives up Poland, Ukraine and the Baltic States
III. The WarRussia
March 1917Workers marched on Petrograd and the troops refused to fire on the workers
Nicholas II abdicates his throneDuma is put back in controlWorkers and soldiers organized into SovietsExecuted by Bolsheviks on July 17, 1918
April 19Germany sends Lenin from Switzerland to Petrograd to undermine the Russian Government
III. The WarRussia and the Bolsheviks
Lenin takes over Russia as a dictator after dispersing the newly elected Constituent Assembly
Officially pulls Russia out of the war, sacrificing significant territorial gains
In order to gain stronger control over RussiaCivil War
Between Red Russians (Communist) and White Russians (anti-communist)
1921- Communism and Lenin had defeated their opposition
III. The WarHome-fronts
Government takes over key industriesShortages of food and fuel
RationingWomen in the workforce
Women had to do the job of menSuffrage in US
Extreme NationalismPropagandaCitizens were very zealous
III. The WarColonies
Fought on the side of their colonial rulersSupplied large amounts of raw materialsJapan
Allied with Britain to expel Germany from Shangdong Peninsula Became an imperial power themselves
East Africa and Ottoman Empire sided with Germans
Ottoman Empire fell apart as a result
III. The WarUnited States
Joins in 1917 Helped break the stalemateBrought into the war after German sub sinks the Lusitania
And the Zimmermann Telegram (1917)
The EndGerman made a huge advance (March 1918)
Turning point- 2nd Battle of the MarneTanksSpanish FluGerman Surrender (shocked German people)
Armistice Day- Nov 11, 1919Versailles Conference 1919- blamed Germany
III. The AftermathTerms of peace created by Woodrow Wilson (US), Georges Clemenceau (France) Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (Italy) and David Lloyd George (Britain)France (Clemenceau) wanted to punish Germany
Take away territory and pay reparations
Wilson- Wanted peace and self-determination for people who wanted freedom
Wanted League of NationsDid not want to punish GermanyLeague of Nations
III. The AftermathPeace of Paris
Germany had no say- Representatives forced German territory broken up
Forced to pay reparations- collapsed economyAustria-Hungary split upLeague of NationsIgnored Japan and its encroachment of Chinese territoryUS vetoed League of Nations and made separate treaty with Germany- Even though Wilson signed the Treaty of Versailles
V. ConclusionWWI was the war to end all wars but actually brings about WWII
Germany felt like they were unfairly punished for the war
After all, they were not the ones who started the warGives Hitler a chance to come to power
Communism gained a firm hold in RussiaWomen gained more rightsWhite Supremacy looses hold in colonized holdings