Post on 20-Apr-2022
Impacts of Voltage Reduction
Tom Shorttshort@epri.com
1
Topics
• Highlights of equipment testing• Seasonal impacts• Types of heating• Future performance of CVR
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Seasonal CVR FactorsEPRI Green Circuits Field Trials
Winter 0.33Shoulder 0.67Summer 0.77
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Residential HVAC Testing
EPRI HVAC Tests
Outdoor temp (F)
COP CVRf
82 3.2 0.61
95 3.0 0.41
115 2.0 0.27
Coefficient of Performance
inputEnergy energy Cooling COP =
6
COP versus Voltage
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255
COP
Voltage (V)
82F95F115F
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
180 200 220 240 260
Per-
unit
Aver
age
Ener
gy(C
OP
norm
alize
d at
240
V)
Voltage (240 V nominal)
82F95F115F
CVR =∆E/∆V
Air Conditioner Impacts from Voltage Reduction
1. Improved air conditioner efficiency
Air Conditioner Impacts from Voltage Reduction
1. Improved air conditioner efficiency
2. HVAC doesn’t need to work as hard
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1
Re
lati
ve R
eal P
ow
er
(pu
)
Voltage (pu)
Relative Power Comparison for Residental Lights
Incandescent
CFL
LED
Commercial Lighting
0.85
0.87
0.89
0.91
0.93
0.95
0.97
0.99
1.01
1.03
1.05
0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1
Rela
tive
Rea
l Pow
er (p
u)
Voltage (pu)
Comparison of Relative Real Power - T8, Metal Hallide,High Pressure Sodium
T8 Magnetic_MH Electronic_HPS
Impact of Season
Impact of Air Conditioner Age
Impact of Heating Type
Impact of Thermostatic Control of Heating
Seasonal CVR FactorsField Trials
Winter Shoulder SummerNEEA feeder 0.66 0.72 0.74NEEA customer 0.51 0.58 0.78EPRI Green Circuits 0.33 0.67 0.77Hydro Quebec 0.20 0.67
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EPRI Green Circuit Field Trials
Predictions of Residential CVR Factors
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Extras22
Summary of the Test Results -HVAC
HVAC – Cooling Mode
HVAC – Heating Mode
Outdoor Temp(F) Indoor Temp(F) CVR_Energy CVR_Demand Data Source47 70 0.59 0.667 New EPRI Testing
Outdoor Temp(F) Indoor Temp(F) CVR_Energy CVR_Demand Data Source82 70 0.61 0.57 New EPRI Testing95 70 0.401 0.4084 New EPRI Testing115 70 0.267 0.2185 New EPRI Testing85 80 0.26-0.73 0.6-0.42 Old EPRI Testing95 80 0.51-0.49 0.46-0.51 Old EPRI Testing115 80 0.34- -0.12 0.42-0.15 Old EPRI Testing95 80 0.272 0.475 PG&E95 80 0.56 0.6 SMUD
Lighting
Appliance CVR_Energy CVR_Demand1-phase induction motor with fan load 0.747 0.7473-phase induction motors with constant torque load 0.886 0.8863-phase induction motors with drives 0.21 0.21
Motors and Drives
Appliance CVR_Energy CVR_DemandIncandescent bulb 1.505 1.505CFL bulbs 0.783 0.783LED bulbs -0.061 -0.061Tube lights -0.070 -0.070Commercial lights with magnetic ballasts 1.204 1.204Commercial lights with electronic ballasts -0.036 -0.036
Appliance CVR_Energy CVR_DemandCRT TV 1.170 1.170LCD TV -0.055 -0.055LED TV -0.015 -0.015Desktop power supply -0.027 -0.027Cooking range Top -0.157 1.646Cooking range oven 0.071 2.178Clothes dryer 0.024 1.820New refrigerator 0.310 0.459Old refrigerator 1.073 0.746Washing machine 1.060 1.020Old Freezer 1.320 1.010Resistive water heater 0.114 1.770Microwave -0.230 1.354
Summary of Lighting Test Results Type CVRfReal CVRfReactive Median
PF Data Source
Incandescent 1.51 1.00 New EPRI Testing Incandescent 1.51 1.00 PNNL CFL 0.76 1.10 0.52 New EPRI Testing CFL 0.81 0.00 0.82 PNNL LED -0.02 0.46 0.98 New EPRI Testing LED -0.11 -0.42 0.96 PNNL Tube Lights, electronic ballast -0.07 0.68 0.99 New EPRI Testing HPS and MH with magnetic ballasts
1.20 1.11 0.98 New EPRI Testing
HPS, electronic balllast -0.03 2.05 0.99 New EPRI Testing MH, electronic ballast -0.04 1.79 0.98 New EPRI Testing Mercury Vapor 0.04 Old EPRI Testing Sodium 0.64 Old EPRI Testing
Type Real Power CVR Factor
Reactive Power CVR
Factor
Median Power Factor at Rated
Voltage1-phase induction motor with fan load
0.747 2.0846 0.8
3-phase induction motors with constant torque load
0.8862 NA 0.78 – 0.88
Induction Motors
Type Real Power CVR Factor
Reactive Power CVR
Factor
Median Power Factor at
Rated Voltage
3-phase induction motors with drives 0.21 0.6263 0.56
Induction Motors with Drives (75% and 50% Loading)