Impacts of Voltage Reduction

Tom Shorttshort@epri.com

1

Topics

• Highlights of equipment testing• Seasonal impacts• Types of heating• Future performance of CVR

2

Seasonal CVR FactorsEPRI Green Circuits Field Trials

Winter 0.33Shoulder 0.67Summer 0.77

3

Residential HVAC Testing

EPRI HVAC Tests

Outdoor temp (F)

COP CVRf

82 3.2 0.61

95 3.0 0.41

115 2.0 0.27

Coefficient of Performance

inputEnergy energy Cooling COP =

6

COP versus Voltage

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255

COP

Voltage (V)

82F95F115F

0.9

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

180 200 220 240 260

Per-

unit

Aver

age

Ener

gy(C

OP

norm

alize

d at

240

V)

Voltage (240 V nominal)

82F95F115F

CVR =∆E/∆V

Air Conditioner Impacts from Voltage Reduction

1. Improved air conditioner efficiency

Air Conditioner Impacts from Voltage Reduction

1. Improved air conditioner efficiency

2. HVAC doesn’t need to work as hard

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1

Re

lati

ve R

eal P

ow

er

(pu

)

Voltage (pu)

Relative Power Comparison for Residental Lights

Incandescent

CFL

LED

Commercial Lighting

0.85

0.87

0.89

0.91

0.93

0.95

0.97

0.99

1.01

1.03

1.05

0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1

Rela

tive

Rea

l Pow

er (p

u)

Voltage (pu)

Comparison of Relative Real Power - T8, Metal Hallide,High Pressure Sodium

T8 Magnetic_MH Electronic_HPS

Impact of Season

Impact of Air Conditioner Age

Impact of Heating Type

Impact of Thermostatic Control of Heating

Seasonal CVR FactorsField Trials

Winter Shoulder SummerNEEA feeder 0.66 0.72 0.74NEEA customer 0.51 0.58 0.78EPRI Green Circuits 0.33 0.67 0.77Hydro Quebec 0.20 0.67

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EPRI Green Circuit Field Trials

Predictions of Residential CVR Factors

21

Extras22

Summary of the Test Results -HVAC

HVAC – Cooling Mode

HVAC – Heating Mode

Outdoor Temp(F) Indoor Temp(F) CVR_Energy CVR_Demand Data Source47 70 0.59 0.667 New EPRI Testing

Outdoor Temp(F) Indoor Temp(F) CVR_Energy CVR_Demand Data Source82 70 0.61 0.57 New EPRI Testing95 70 0.401 0.4084 New EPRI Testing115 70 0.267 0.2185 New EPRI Testing85 80 0.26-0.73 0.6-0.42 Old EPRI Testing95 80 0.51-0.49 0.46-0.51 Old EPRI Testing115 80 0.34- -0.12 0.42-0.15 Old EPRI Testing95 80 0.272 0.475 PG&E95 80 0.56 0.6 SMUD

Lighting

Appliance CVR_Energy CVR_Demand1-phase induction motor with fan load 0.747 0.7473-phase induction motors with constant torque load 0.886 0.8863-phase induction motors with drives 0.21 0.21

Motors and Drives

Appliance CVR_Energy CVR_DemandIncandescent bulb 1.505 1.505CFL bulbs 0.783 0.783LED bulbs -0.061 -0.061Tube lights -0.070 -0.070Commercial lights with magnetic ballasts 1.204 1.204Commercial lights with electronic ballasts -0.036 -0.036

Appliance CVR_Energy CVR_DemandCRT TV 1.170 1.170LCD TV -0.055 -0.055LED TV -0.015 -0.015Desktop power supply -0.027 -0.027Cooking range Top -0.157 1.646Cooking range oven 0.071 2.178Clothes dryer 0.024 1.820New refrigerator 0.310 0.459Old refrigerator 1.073 0.746Washing machine 1.060 1.020Old Freezer 1.320 1.010Resistive water heater 0.114 1.770Microwave -0.230 1.354

Summary of Lighting Test Results Type CVRfReal CVRfReactive Median

PF Data Source

Incandescent 1.51 1.00 New EPRI Testing Incandescent 1.51 1.00 PNNL CFL 0.76 1.10 0.52 New EPRI Testing CFL 0.81 0.00 0.82 PNNL LED -0.02 0.46 0.98 New EPRI Testing LED -0.11 -0.42 0.96 PNNL Tube Lights, electronic ballast -0.07 0.68 0.99 New EPRI Testing HPS and MH with magnetic ballasts

1.20 1.11 0.98 New EPRI Testing

HPS, electronic balllast -0.03 2.05 0.99 New EPRI Testing MH, electronic ballast -0.04 1.79 0.98 New EPRI Testing Mercury Vapor 0.04 Old EPRI Testing Sodium 0.64 Old EPRI Testing

Type Real Power CVR Factor

Reactive Power CVR

Factor

Median Power Factor at Rated

Voltage1-phase induction motor with fan load

0.747 2.0846 0.8

3-phase induction motors with constant torque load

0.8862 NA 0.78 – 0.88

Induction Motors

Type Real Power CVR Factor

Reactive Power CVR

Factor

Median Power Factor at

Rated Voltage

3-phase induction motors with drives 0.21 0.6263 0.56

Induction Motors with Drives (75% and 50% Loading)